劉習(xí)文
有提示詞語法填空要求使用括號(hào)內(nèi)詞語的正確形式填空,主要考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換或詞形變化等。本文結(jié)合高考題談?wù)務(wù)Z法填空題中的動(dòng)詞考查應(yīng)對(duì)技巧。
謂語動(dòng)詞
若句中沒有謂語動(dòng)詞,或雖有謂語動(dòng)詞,但需填的動(dòng)詞與之是并列關(guān)系時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語動(dòng)詞。填謂語動(dòng)詞要考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致這四個(gè)方面。
針對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查:
1. 上下文時(shí)態(tài)要一致??瓷舷挛闹^語動(dòng)詞是什么時(shí)態(tài),空白處要填的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)與上下文的時(shí)態(tài)一致。這是高考語法填空中確定時(shí)態(tài)的最重要的依據(jù)。但需注意:客觀事實(shí)或真理可能時(shí)態(tài)不一致;直接引語的時(shí)態(tài)可能會(huì)與引號(hào)外的句子時(shí)態(tài)不一致。
2. 并列謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要一致。如:
While making great efforts to run away, she fell (fall) over the hill and died.
3. 注意時(shí)間狀語等信息詞。如recently, so far, up to now, up to the present, in the past few years常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用;如by the end of, since 1980, for three years常與完成時(shí)連用。
4. 考慮固定句式。體會(huì)以下句式中的時(shí)態(tài):
This is the second time that I have spoken to a foreigner./It was the second time that I had spoken to a foreigner.
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move./I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rang.
I was doing my homework when she suddenly walked in./I was on the point of going out when the phone rang.
針對(duì)語態(tài)的考查:
主語是謂語動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與主語在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用主動(dòng)語態(tài);主語是謂語動(dòng)詞的承受者時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與主語在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
... but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We were told (tell) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week ...
針對(duì)語氣的考查:
是否用虛擬語氣,主要由一些特殊的詞或句式來決定。如:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sunglasses. He walked in as if he had bought (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
因buy在人稱代詞he后作謂語,又由語境可知,他不是真的買下了這個(gè)學(xué)校, 只是他走進(jìn)來時(shí)的那種氣勢(shì)好像他買下了這所學(xué)校一樣,故應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,與過去的事實(shí)相反,故填had bought。
針對(duì)主謂一致的考查:
Being too anxious to help an event develop often results (result) in the contrary to our intention.
例1 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) I______(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
解析 was allowed。本句是單句,后面沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞,需填的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為謂語動(dòng)詞。因主語與allow是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài);從全文的時(shí)態(tài)看,這里要用一般過去時(shí),故填was allowed。
例2 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) It was raining lightly when I______(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care.
解析 arrived。由主句謂語動(dòng)詞was raining和第二句的謂語動(dòng)詞didnt care可知,arrive應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí),故填arrived。
例3 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Yangshuo______(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers conducted by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析 is。指目前的狀態(tài)或客觀存在的狀態(tài),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),下一句的謂語動(dòng)詞names是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),也有提示作用;主語Yangshuo是第三人稱單數(shù),故填is。
非謂語動(dòng)詞
若句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞,但又不是并列謂語時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是非謂語動(dòng)詞。若是非謂語動(dòng)詞就要確定是用現(xiàn)在分詞形式,過去分詞形式,還是不定式形式。
作主語或賓語時(shí),通常用現(xiàn)在分詞形式表示進(jìn)行或一般情況,用不定式表示具體或?qū)淼那闆r。如:
... but it is not enough only memorize (memorize) rules from a grammar book.
目的狀語或者在形容詞后作狀語,一般用不定式。如:
To complete (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.
作伴隨狀語,常用分詞。與邏輯主語是主謂關(guān)系時(shí),用現(xiàn)在分詞;是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),用過去分詞。如:
He saw the stone, saying (say) to himself,“The night will be very dark.”
不論非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中作何種成分,若判斷需要用分詞,與邏輯主語是主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞形式,是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系用過去分詞形式。如:
There will be a meeting, starting (start) later this year to review the film.
例4 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) I was the first Western TV reporter ______(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 permitted。因句中有系動(dòng)詞was,所以permit應(yīng)為非謂語動(dòng)詞;又因permit與reporter是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過去分詞permitted做后置定語。
例5 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) My ambassadorial duties will include______(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu ...
解析 introducing。謂語動(dòng)詞是will include,設(shè)空處作include 的賓語,應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞,故填introducing。
例6 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ______(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析 living。因在says后的賓語從句中已有謂語arranges,所以live應(yīng)為非謂語動(dòng)詞;又因people與live是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語。
動(dòng)詞的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
詞性轉(zhuǎn)換要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)上下文的意思和語法規(guī)則寫出所給提示詞的派生詞,包括常用的派生前綴和后綴,還要根據(jù)句子成分,分析空白處該用什么詞性的詞。近幾年全國(guó)卷詞類轉(zhuǎn)換考查比較多的是形容詞變副詞、形容詞變名詞、名詞變形容詞、動(dòng)詞變名詞等。同學(xué)們要牢記動(dòng)詞與名詞、形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律。
例7 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) But for tourists like me, pandas are its top______(attract).
解析 attraction。根據(jù)語境,設(shè)空前有形容詞物主代詞its及形容詞top修飾,空白處應(yīng)該是名詞,所給詞attract是動(dòng)詞,所以用其名詞形式,故填attraction。
例8 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ______ (achieve).
解析 a chievement。句意為“然后,首先處理最重要的任務(wù),你會(huì)感覺到一種真正的成就感”。介詞of后面應(yīng)用名詞作賓語, a sense of achievement意為“成就感”,故填achievement。
例9 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) ... influenced the ______(develop) of chopsticks.
解析 development。根據(jù)空格前的定冠詞the和后面的介詞of可知,空白處應(yīng)是名詞,故填development。