何莉
摘要:短文改錯(cuò)是集語(yǔ)法知識(shí)與語(yǔ)言技能為一體的綜合性英語(yǔ)試題,旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的評(píng)價(jià)與校正能力和對(duì)詞匯、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇三要素的把握能力。要求考生在閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上,綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí),根據(jù)上下文找出錯(cuò)誤,再加以改正。在此過(guò)程中,也考查了學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法、詞匯、英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣搭配、思維能力等方面的綜合能力。學(xué)生在該題型中成績(jī)不理想。因此,如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在這方面的能力,最大限度提高短文改錯(cuò)的得分率,成了很多英語(yǔ)教師要思考的問(wèn)題。
關(guān)鍵詞:高中英語(yǔ);短文改錯(cuò)
一、時(shí)態(tài)是否一致
時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤是每年高考短文改錯(cuò)中必設(shè)的改錯(cuò)題。要有目的地去檢查文中的每一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與上下文、語(yǔ)境以及該句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是否一致。例如:
1、Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past. is應(yīng)改為was,使之與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past一致。
2、I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away. And it is really great to see most of my old friends again.is 應(yīng)改為was,與前面分句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
3、They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking and laughing together.have 與前面句子中offered時(shí)態(tài)不一致,應(yīng)改為had。
4、Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang. learn(得知)在這里不是表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,應(yīng)改為過(guò)去時(shí)learned。(本來(lái)此處還可改為have learned, 由于短文改錯(cuò)題要求,每行只允許改一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,故have learned不能接受。)
5、My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our football team.(NMET 98)全文都是用的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),此句中的was顯然與上下文語(yǔ)境不符,應(yīng)改為am。
6、Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the taller building in New York... hurry應(yīng)改為hurried,才可與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last Sunday一致。
二、主謂是否一致
在檢查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是否正確的同時(shí),還要注意檢查該動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上是否與主語(yǔ)保持一致。如:
1、Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. cost應(yīng)改為costs,因其主語(yǔ)是it(為形式主語(yǔ)),且上下文均為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2、The new boy or girl in school quickly become one of the classes...
由or連接的兩個(gè)以上的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)由靠近謂語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,故become應(yīng)改為becomes。
3、Playing football not only...but also give us a sense off air play and team spirit.
此句的主語(yǔ)是playing football,視為第三人稱單數(shù),其謂語(yǔ)give 應(yīng)改為gives。
4、There are branch library in many villages.
句中主語(yǔ)library應(yīng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式libraries,因?yàn)榍懊媸莟here are,主謂應(yīng)一致。
主謂語(yǔ)一致的情況較為復(fù)雜,考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)要留心歸納。有些特殊句式的主謂一致問(wèn)題很容易被忽視,如倒裝句、關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)的情況等,答題時(shí)要高度重視。
三、指代是否一致
對(duì)于短文中出現(xiàn)的每一個(gè)代詞都要查一下它所指代的內(nèi)容以及在句中的作用,注意其數(shù)、格、詞性是否正確和前后一致,包括人稱代詞、反身代詞、關(guān)系代詞以及疑問(wèn)代詞等。指代錯(cuò)誤也是高考改錯(cuò)題中常設(shè)的改錯(cuò)題。如:
1、We climb everywhere, not only in America. They have been to Europe...
根據(jù)上下文,句中的They屬指代不一致,應(yīng)改為We。
2、The game speaks for themselves.
句中的反身代詞themselves應(yīng)改為單數(shù)itself,因?yàn)橹复氖菃螖?shù)主語(yǔ)the game。
3、And I cant forget the food you cooked for I.
人稱代詞在作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格,I應(yīng)改為me。
4、The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
句子的主語(yǔ)the Smiths表示的是復(fù)數(shù)概念“史密斯一家人”,故其指代詞應(yīng)該用第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)their而不是his。
5、I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
關(guān)系副詞where在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可作主語(yǔ),應(yīng)將其改為關(guān)系代詞which。
6、The sport teaches us the importance of obedience. Each player must obey the captain, who is the leader of the team. And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game.縱觀全篇短文,都是用的第一人稱。這里突然冒出一個(gè)第三人稱they,顯然不一致,應(yīng)改為we。
四、平行結(jié)構(gòu)是否平行一致
由and,or,but,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only ...but also...,as well as等并列連詞和詞組連接的結(jié)構(gòu)可稱為平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)在詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式上往往要求前后一致。答題時(shí)要留心平行結(jié)構(gòu)前后是否對(duì)等平行,這也是常設(shè)的錯(cuò)誤。例如:
1、Modern people know...,have better food,and to live in cleaner surroundings.
應(yīng)將to live前的to刪掉,因?yàn)閍nd連接的是know,have,live三個(gè)并列平行的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,其時(shí)態(tài)和形式必須一致。
2、He said it was best to stay until help ar?-rived rather than go into the forest and getting lost.
go ...and getting顯然不平行,應(yīng)將getting改為get。
3、It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.
句中的drove顯然與and前面的to meet不平行,應(yīng)改為drive。