胡盡美

[時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句]

主要由when，whenever，after，before，as，（ever）since，once，as soon as，（not）until，while等連詞引導(dǎo)。

1. 比較while， when， as。

（1）as， when引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。

Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car， a man came up to me.

（2）當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as或while。

When you have finished your work， you may have a rest.

（3）從句表示“隨時(shí)間推移”連詞能用as，不用when或while。

As the day went on， the weather got worse.

2. 表示“一……就……”的結(jié)構(gòu)，hardly/scarcely ... when/before， no sooner ... than和as soon as都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。如：

I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as I got home， it began to rain.

注意 如果hardly，scarcely或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：

Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

例1 One Friday， we were packing to leave for a weekend away my daughter heard cries for help.

A. after B. while

C. since D. when

解析 D。句意表示我們正在收拾行李，這時(shí)我的女兒聽(tīng)到求救的呼喊。be doing ... when表示“正在做某事，這時(shí)（突然）……”，是一種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)。

例2 It was April 29， 2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

A. that B. when

C. since D. before

解析 B。句意：2001年4月29日，威廉王子和凱特步入了婚姻的殿堂。

例3 I used to love that film I was a child， but I dont feel it that way any more.

A. once B. when

C. since D. although

解析 B。句意：當(dāng)我還是一個(gè)小孩子的時(shí)候， 我喜歡那部影片。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示 “當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”；C項(xiàng)也可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句， 但意思為 “自從……以來(lái)”。

例4 I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

A. when B. than

C. until D. after

解析 A?？疾楣潭ň湫蚳ardly ... when ... 的用法，要辨認(rèn)出固定句型hardly ... when ...。句意：我剛到辦公室，我妻子就給我打電話讓我立刻回家。

[地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句]

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where，wherever引導(dǎo)。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

我住的地方樹(shù)很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。

例5 A number of high buildings have arisen _______ there was nothing a year ago but ruins.

A. when B. where

C. before D. until

解析 B。此處是where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“在……地方”。句意：很多高樓在一年前還是廢墟的地方矗立起來(lái)了。

例6 If you happen to get lost in the wild， youd better stay ______ you are and wait for help.

A. why B. where

C. who D. what

解析 B。where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)表明主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，即：你最好呆在你現(xiàn)在所在的地方。

[方式狀語(yǔ)從句]

方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as， （just） as ... so ... ， as if， as though引導(dǎo)。

（1）as， （just） as ... so ... 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as ... so ... 結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文體。如：

As water is to fish， so air is to man.

我們離不開(kāi)空氣，猶如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水。

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。

Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。

（2）as if， as though的比較。

兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。常譯作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”。如：

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.

他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）

They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed.

他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣）

說(shuō)明：as if/as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。如：

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子，像要說(shuō)什么似的。

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。

例7 regular exercise is very important， its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

A. It B. As

C. Although D. Unless

解析 C。although“盡管”；as“如”；unless“除非”。句意：盡管有規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng)很重要，但是在睡前運(yùn)動(dòng)不是一個(gè)好主意。

[原因狀語(yǔ)從句]

原因狀語(yǔ)從句可由as，because，since及for引導(dǎo)，比較：because， since， as和for。

（1）because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見(jiàn)的或已為人們所知，就用as或since。

I didnt go， because I was afraid.

Since/As the weather is so bad， we have to delay our journey.

（2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是通過(guò)多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。

He is absent today， because/for he is ill.

He must be ill， for he is absent today.

例8 —Did you return Freds call？

—I didnt need to Ill see him tomorrow.

A. though B. unless

C. when D. because

解析 D。因?yàn)镮ll see him tomorrow是I didnt need to的原因， 故該空格處用because表示原因。

[目的狀語(yǔ)從句 ]

表示目的狀語(yǔ)的從句可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等詞引導(dǎo)，如：

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

He wrote the name down lest/for fear that he should forget it.

You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.

例9 Leave your key with your neighbor you lock yourself out one day.

A. as long as B. even though

C. in case D. as if

解析 C。句意：把你的鑰匙留給你的鄰居，以防你把自己鎖在外面了。A項(xiàng)意思為“只要”；B項(xiàng)意思為“盡管”；C項(xiàng)意思為“以防”；D項(xiàng)意思為“好像”。

[結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句型]

結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so ... that或such ... that引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個(gè)句型，首先要了解so和such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。

比較：so和such。其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many，few，much，little連用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many/few flowers such nice flowers

so much/little money such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于many，但a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。

so ... that與such ... that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。

The boy is so young that he cant go to school.

=He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.

[條件狀語(yǔ)從句]

連接詞主要有if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，provided （that）等。if引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種。

unless=if not

Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.=

If you are not too tied， lets go out for a walk.

例10 You will be late you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until

C. if D. or

解析 A。句意：除非你立即走，否則你就會(huì)遲到的?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為If you dong leave immediately， you will be late。B、D句意不對(duì)，or表轉(zhuǎn)折。

例11 The medicine works more effectively you drink some hot water after taking it.

A. as B. until

C. although D. if

解析 D。句意：這種藥的效果更明顯， 如果你在吃藥后喝一些開(kāi)水的話。