杜全福
【摘要】“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中一個(gè)十分重要的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn),是高考的重點(diǎn),也是近年來(lái)各省市高考英語(yǔ)試題考查的熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have done有兩大功能:一是表示推測(cè);二是表示虛擬。
【關(guān)鍵詞】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 用法 高考題 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 高考英語(yǔ)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是高中階段一個(gè)難以掌握的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,且一直是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。下面筆者結(jié)合近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)試題談?wù)劇扒閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”的幾種常見(jiàn)但卻容易混淆的用法:
一、must+ have+過(guò)去分詞:表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。只用于肯定的陳述句中(在否定句及疑問(wèn)句中用can)意思是“一定、已經(jīng)”。
e.g: If he had already been there, I must have been seen him.
Her watch must have stopped .I will go and call her.
【高考鏈接】
Jack described his father, who ___ a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man.
A. would be B. would have been
C. must be D. must have been
(2010安徽卷,32)
【答案】 D
【簡(jiǎn)析】
此題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示推測(cè)的用法,推測(cè)過(guò)去用must +have done的結(jié)構(gòu),正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。
二、may\might + have +過(guò)去分詞:表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行不肯定的推測(cè)。可用于肯定句(意思是“可能已經(jīng)”、也許)和否定句(意思是“可能沒(méi)有”);might的語(yǔ)氣沒(méi)有may那么肯定。might + have +過(guò)去分詞:還可表示“本來(lái)可能......”,但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事;另外,還可表示“本來(lái)應(yīng)該或可以做某事”之意,含有輕微的責(zé)備語(yǔ)氣。
e.g: She may have read the book. He might not have got your letter.
He might have arrived there by now.
You might given him more help,though you were busy.
【高考鏈接】
— I can't find my purse anywhere.— You ___ have lost it while shopping.
A. may B. Can C. should D. would
(2008重慶卷,30)
【答案】 A
【簡(jiǎn)析】
此題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may表示推測(cè)的用法。may表示推測(cè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為并用于肯定句中,應(yīng)用may + have done的結(jié)構(gòu)。can表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為或狀態(tài)的推測(cè),只用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中,故排除選項(xiàng)B,正確答案為A. may。
【歸納】“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have done”表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測(cè)或估計(jì)的用法。
【總評(píng)】
“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have done”表示推測(cè)的用法是近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)試題考查的熱點(diǎn),考生在備考時(shí)一定要分清can /could / may / might / must表示推測(cè)的不同含義和用法,如注意區(qū)分can't /couldn't have done表示“不可能做過(guò)”的含義,而may not / mightn't have done表示“可能沒(méi)做過(guò)”的含義,另外要特別注意牢記can / could / may / might / must分別是用于何種句式。
三、cant\ couldnt+have +過(guò)去分詞:表示對(duì)過(guò)去某種行為或存在的狀態(tài)或不肯定推測(cè),can常用語(yǔ)否定句(意思“不可能已經(jīng)”)和疑問(wèn)句;除用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句外,還可用于肯定句(意思是“那時(shí)可能,本來(lái)可以”)。
e.g : They can not have finished the work so soon.Where can he have gone? In those circumstance we could have done better.
【高考鏈接】
But for their help, we ___ the program in time.
A. can not finish B. will not finish
C. had not finished D. could not have finished
(2009安徽卷,34)
【答案】 D
【簡(jiǎn)析】
此題考查含蓄虛擬條件句。介詞短語(yǔ)but for(要不是) their help相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句(if it hadn't been for their help),從句用had done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬,主句應(yīng)用could + have done結(jié)構(gòu),故選D. could not have finished。
*本文系甘肅省2015年度教育科學(xué)“十二五“規(guī)劃課題階段性研究成果,課題批準(zhǔn)號(hào):GS[ 2015 ]GHB0403。