文/五花肉

五環(huán)漫談

奧林匹克的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)化史

The History of Olympic Standard

文/五花肉

在人類發(fā)展的歷史長河中，奧林匹克運(yùn)動可以稱得上是歷史最為悠久的社會文化現(xiàn)象之一。2016年8月5日-21日，第31屆夏季奧運(yùn)會將在巴西的里約熱內(nèi)盧舉行。本刊繼“畫中有話”、“樂中有話”專欄之后，2016年新推出“五環(huán)漫談”專欄，為讀者講述體育運(yùn)動與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間的小故事。

—編者

Olympic Games are one of the oldest social phenomena during the human history. The 31st Summer Olympics are to be held on August 5th-21st, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After “The Story in the Music”and “The Story in the Picture” columns, we present a new column “The Story of the Olympics” to tell the stories between the Olympics and standards in 2016.從古希臘神話到古代奧運(yùn)會，再到現(xiàn)代聲勢浩大的奧運(yùn)盛會，奧林匹克運(yùn)動的每一個發(fā)展階段都與當(dāng)時社會發(fā)展有著密不可分的關(guān)系，留下了具有鮮明時代特征的規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有的被歷史慢慢淘汰了，有的則被人們代代傳承保留下來，逐漸演變成為今天的奧林匹克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。

—From the editor

From ancient Greek myths to ancient Olympic Games, and to modern Olympic Games, every development stage of Olympics is closely related to the state of social development and leaves the norms and standards with distinctive characteristics of the times. Some of norms and standards were phased out; others have been passing on from generation to generation and gradually evolve into an Olympic standard system.

古希臘傳說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：戰(zhàn)斗 Ancient Greek Myth Standard： Fight

在古希臘傳說中，佩洛普斯被認(rèn)為是古希臘運(yùn)動會的創(chuàng)始人。當(dāng)時，伊利斯國王為了給自己的女兒挑選一個文武雙全的駙馬，要求應(yīng)選者必須和自己比賽戰(zhàn)車。最終，宙斯的孫子、公主的心上人佩洛普斯獲得勝利。在佩洛普斯與公主的婚禮上，安排了戰(zhàn)車、角斗等比賽，這次婚禮便成了最初的古奧運(yùn)會。

Pelops is considered as the founder of ancient Greek games according to ancient Greek myth. In order to choose a husband for his daughter, King Oenomaus decreed that candidate was required to compete in a chariot race with him. Finally, Zeus's grandson and Princess's beloved Pelops was proclaimed the winner. On the wedding, Pelops held the chariot race and gladiatorial contest, which is the initiation of ancient Olympic Games.

在古希臘傳說中，幾乎每一個故事都離不開戰(zhàn)爭這個的元素，人們崇拜強(qiáng)大的勝利者，戰(zhàn)斗，就是這個時代的奧林匹克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

War is an indispensable element of ancient Greek myths where people worshipped the victor. Fight was the Olympic standard at that time.

古代奧林匹克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：和平 Ancient Olympic Standard： Peace

有文字記載的古代奧運(yùn)會始于公元前776年，古希臘3個城邦的國王達(dá)成協(xié)議，決定在7月中旬到8月中旬之間恢復(fù)在奧林匹亞舉行的宗教慶典——體育大會，每四年一次。屆時，慶典期間停止戰(zhàn)爭行動成為大家共同遵守的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這就是著名的“奧林匹克神圣休戰(zhàn)”。古代奧運(yùn)會共舉辦了293屆，到公元394年結(jié)束，歷時1170年。

The first recorded Olympic Games were held in 776 BC. Three kings in ancient Greece signed a treaty to revive the athletic competitions. As a result, a religious festival held in Olympia from the mid-July to mid-August every four years. People observed the truce standard in the festival duration, which was known asthe “Olympic Truce”. Ending in 394 AD, ancient Olympic Games held 293 sessions in 1170 years.

在這個戰(zhàn)火紛飛的時代，和平是人們最為渴求的夢想，“奧林匹克神圣休戰(zhàn)”使這個夢想成為現(xiàn)實，哪怕只有短短的一個月時間。

In the war-ridden time, peace was the deepest dream,“Olympic Truce” bring this dream to life—if only for just one month.

現(xiàn)代奧林匹克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：公平 Modern Olympic Standard： Fair Play

19世紀(jì)末，法國人皮埃爾 · 德 · 顧拜旦創(chuàng)立了真正意義上的現(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動會，被譽(yù)為現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)之父。1894年6月23日，國際奧林匹克委員會成立，顧拜旦親自起草并主持制訂了《奧林匹克憲章》，確立了相互了解、友誼、團(tuán)結(jié)和公平競爭的奧林匹克精神。

At the end of 19th century, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the modern Olympics, founded the modern Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee was established on 23rd June in 1894. Coubertin presided over making Olympic Charter and advocated the Olympic Spirit which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

從此，公平競爭，便成為現(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動的核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是所有奧林匹克運(yùn)動參與者共同堅守的道德規(guī)范。Fair play is the core Olympic standard, which is common code of ethics all Olympic participants should stick to.

結(jié) 語 Conclusion

一百多年來，現(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動項目逐漸擴(kuò)容，競技規(guī)則不斷修改完善，但公平競爭這一核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始終未變。正如顧拜旦在他《體育頌》中所寫到的“體育，你就是正義！你體現(xiàn)了社會生活中追求不到的公平合理。任何人不可超過速度一分一秒，逾越高度一分一厘，取得成功的關(guān)鍵，只能是體力與精神融為一體”。

Modern Olympic events have been enlarged and rules have been through continuous modif i cation and perfection for over more than one hundred years, it never changes the fair play standard. As Coubertin wrote in Ode to Sport, “Sport, you are Justice! The perfect equity for which men strive in vain in their social institutions is your constant companion. No one can jump a centimeter higher than the height he can jump, nor run a minute longer than the length he can run. The limits of his success are determined solely by his own physical and moral strength”.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）