徐啟富++向前

閱讀理解是中考英語(yǔ)試題的核心部分，也是考試成敗的關(guān)鍵所在。2015年全國(guó)各地區(qū)中考英語(yǔ)試題中，閱讀理解中單項(xiàng)選擇題的使用率超過(guò)90%，每個(gè)小題的賦分大多是2分，總分20分左右。盡管學(xué)生在讀懂文章方面沒(méi)有太大問(wèn)題，但要確保得滿分，卻非常之難或者說(shuō)沒(méi)有把握。因此，本文擬就單項(xiàng)選擇類閱讀理解題的命題方向、解題技巧以及能力訓(xùn)練方法三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析，并結(jié)合實(shí)例探討提升單項(xiàng)選擇類閱讀理解解題能力的可行性途徑。讀完本文，相信你會(huì)覺(jué)得閱讀其實(shí)是一件“閱讀閱有味，越讀越開(kāi)心”的事。

一、了解命題目標(biāo)特點(diǎn)，知己知彼方能勝利

面對(duì)任何一種測(cè)試，我們首先要明確此類題型的目標(biāo)，即此類題型考查哪方面的能力；然后要了解此類題型的特點(diǎn)，即此類題型一般會(huì)以什么方式、內(nèi)容呈現(xiàn)。根據(jù)這兩點(diǎn)，結(jié)合眾多中考真題，我們認(rèn)為，單項(xiàng)選擇類閱讀理解題的命題特點(diǎn)有如下幾點(diǎn)：

（一）命題考查目標(biāo)

1.考查學(xué)生對(duì)主題思想的概括與歸納能力

閱讀一篇文章，并能概括文章的主要思想與主要觀點(diǎn)，是閱讀能力的基本體現(xiàn)，因此，考查學(xué)生的概括與歸納能力是閱讀理解題的檢測(cè)重點(diǎn)。通常以文章主旨概括題、段落大意總結(jié)題和文章標(biāo)題歸納題等形式出現(xiàn)。

2.考查對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)能力

在宏觀掌握文章主旨的前提下，學(xué)生必須能夠理解文章的表層意義，并能帶著問(wèn)題，尋找文章本身所提供的各方面的信息，以查找文章的各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。通常以細(xì)節(jié)題或判斷題等形式出現(xiàn)。

3.考查判斷推理的能力

要求學(xué)生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)字里行間所表達(dá)的深層含義進(jìn)行推理識(shí)別。通常以邏輯推理題、作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、文章來(lái)源題、預(yù)測(cè)題等形式出現(xiàn)。

4.考查猜測(cè)詞義的能力

要求學(xué)生利用上下文線索或基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)來(lái)判斷詞義。通常以判斷生詞意思題、識(shí)別指代關(guān)系題等形式出現(xiàn)。

（二）命題基本特點(diǎn)

1.問(wèn)題緊貼文本

閱讀理解題的忌諱是學(xué)生不需要閱讀文本，只需要憑借常識(shí)就可以作答。因此，問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)一定來(lái)源于文本、生成于文本。學(xué)生答題時(shí)必須緊扣文本本身，必須回到文本中去尋找答案，而不能想當(dāng)然地作答。為幫助自己厘清思路，學(xué)生可以在答題過(guò)程中把所選答案的依據(jù)在閱讀文段中標(biāo)記出來(lái)。

2.問(wèn)題均勻分布

閱讀理解題中的問(wèn)題一般會(huì)均勻分布在文段各個(gè)部分，而問(wèn)題的順序是根據(jù)閱讀文章的順序分布的?；诖隧?xiàng)原則，有關(guān)文段后面內(nèi)容的問(wèn)題一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在與文段前部?jī)?nèi)容有關(guān)的問(wèn)題之前，這樣學(xué)生可以大致判斷答案在文段中的位置或范圍。

3.題干稍作變動(dòng)

題干的設(shè)計(jì)一般都不會(huì)照搬原文，而是稍作變動(dòng)；大多數(shù)題干都措辭簡(jiǎn)潔，不含生詞。基于此，學(xué)生應(yīng)認(rèn)真審題，特別注意干擾項(xiàng)在措辭上與文段內(nèi)容的細(xì)微區(qū)別。

4.選項(xiàng)基本對(duì)稱

為保證測(cè)試的科學(xué)性，避免給學(xué)生造成不必要的干擾，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，單項(xiàng)選擇題在選項(xiàng)設(shè)置上都會(huì)做到長(zhǎng)度基本相當(dāng)，或者兩長(zhǎng)兩短。因此，學(xué)生不要抱著僥幸的心理進(jìn)行選擇，所謂“三長(zhǎng)一短選最短，三短一長(zhǎng)選最長(zhǎng)”的竅門在應(yīng)試中是不可取的。

二、分類訓(xùn)練提升能力，有的放矢方顯實(shí)效

基于單項(xiàng)選擇類閱讀理解考查的四個(gè)側(cè)重點(diǎn)，筆者將單項(xiàng)選擇類閱讀理解題分為四大類，即主旨大意題、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題。下面，筆者將結(jié)合具體的中考真題論述各類題型的解題技巧和策略：

（一）主旨大意題

進(jìn)行中心主旨概括，關(guān)鍵是要厘清脈絡(luò)、找準(zhǔn)主題句。文章的中心思路，即作者的基本思路，往往是通過(guò)主題句表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。主題句一般概括了文章的大意，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，位置靈活，可能出現(xiàn)在段落的開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾，也可能在開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，還有可能蘊(yùn)含在整篇文章之中。因此，我們要根據(jù)文中所述事實(shí)或提供的線索來(lái)概括總結(jié)。

示例1：

（2015年福州卷閱讀理解D篇）Have you noticed Your life becomin9 a little easier？Now，when you go to a certain shopping mall，you can enjoy its free Wi-Fi there.When you want to take a taxi，you can book one with your phone.In fact，all these can be seen as the basic parts of asmartcity.

The idea of a smart city was brought up by US company IBM in 2010.Generally，a smart city is a city that uses digital technologies such as the Internet to improve city planning，save money and resources，and make our life convenient.How smart can a city be？Here are great examples that we can learn from.

In 2009，Dubuque became the first smart city in the US.The city used smart water meters to take the place of traditional water meters.They can detect（探測(cè)）water waste and leakage（泄漏）and send data to let the house owner know.The same system is used for other city resources like electricity and natural gas.This way，people know how they use their resources and are glad to help reduce waste.

Santander in Spain also gives us a look at the future.If people point a phone toward a near-by bus stop，the phone immediately shows all bus lines that serve the stop as well as their arrival times.The government organized a research team and provided an App（應(yīng)用程序）that collects data on almost everything：light，temperature，and the movements of cars and people.Opening the App near a supermarket provides immediate in-formation on special offers.

70.What's the main idea of the passage？

A.Digital technologies help improve city planning.

B.Smart cities will make our future life bet-ter and smarter.

C.Smart cities are very common in both Dubuque and Santander.

D.Spain and the US take the leading posi-tion in building smart cities.文章呈“總分”結(jié)構(gòu)：第一段是總起，引出話題“智能型城市給我們生活帶來(lái)的影響”；而后三段以舉例的方式進(jìn)行分述。整篇文章的主題句位于第一段首尾兩處，通過(guò)主題句以及隨后幾段中的舉例內(nèi)容，我們可以歸納出全文的主旨大意為“智能型城市能使我們未來(lái)的生活更好、更智能化”。因此，正確答案為B。

示例2：

（2015年武漢卷閱讀理解B篇）Donna Ash-lock，a 14-year-old girl from California，was very sick.She had a bad heart."Donna needs a new heart，"her doctor said."She must have a new heart，or she will die soon."

Felipe Carza，15，was worried about Donna.Felipe was Donna's friend.He liked Donna very much.He liked her freckles（雀斑），and he liked her smile.Felipe didn't want Donna to die.

Felipe talked to his mother about Donna.“I am going to die，"Felipe told his mother."And I am going to give my heart to Donna."

Felipe's mother didn't pay much attention to Felipe."Felipe is just kidding，"she thought.¨Felipe is not going to die.He's strong and healthy."

But Felipe was not healthy.He had terrible headaches sometimes."My head really hurts，"he often told his friends.Felipe never told his par-ents about his headaches.

One morning Felipe woke up with a sharp pain in his head.He was dizzy（眩暈的），and he couldn't breathe.His parents rushed Felipe to the hospital.Doctors at the hospital had terrible news for them."Felipe's brain is dead，" the doctors said."We can't save him."

The parents were very sad.But they remem-bered Felipe's words."Felipe wanted to give his heart to Donna."they told the doctors.

The doctors did several tests.Then they told the parents，"We can give Felipe's heart to Don-na.”

The doctors took out Felipe's heart and rushed the heart to Donna.Other doctors took out Donna's heart and put Felipe's heart in her chest.In a short time the heart began to beat.

The operation was a success. Felipe's heart was beating in Donna's chest，but Donna didn't know it.Her parents and doctors didn't tell her.They waited until she was stronger；then they told her about Felipe."I feel very sad，"Donna said."But I'm thankful to Felipe."

Three months after the operation Donna went back to school.She has to have regular checkups，and she has to take medicine every day.But she is living a normal life.

Felipe's brother John says，"Every time we see Donna，we think of Felipe.She has Felipe's heart in her.I hat gives us great peace.”

65.Which of the following may probably be the best title for the passage？

A.The Gift

B.The Operation

C.The Peace

D.The Illness

解題思路：通過(guò)快速瀏覽可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，此篇文章為記敘文體裁，并沒(méi)有十分明確的主題句，但根據(jù)故事的情節(jié)發(fā)展，我們可以很清楚地了解文章的大意，即“Felipe臨終前將其心臟捐給了他的朋友Donna，挽救了Donna的生命”。而在文章末尾，John的一句話“That gives us great peace.”也點(diǎn)明了本文的主題，即“幫助別人能給自己以及周圍的人帶來(lái)心靈的祥和、寧?kù)o”。因此，正確答案為C。

示例3：

（2015年宜昌卷閱讀理解B篇）We all know that exercise is good for your health.But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.Running，for example，may help to protect against heart disease and other health problems.Runningmay also help you live longer.

Recently，researchers studied more than 55，000 adults.About a quarter of the adults have a good habit of running.The study found these runners were much healthier than non-runners.In fact，the runners lived，on average （平均），three years longer than the non-runners.

Running may be good exercise，but it can be difficult on the body.Here are commonly shared ideas among fitness experts（健身專家）to lower the risk of injury（受傷）for people who are new to running.

Take it easy.

Do not run too much，too soon or too fast.Most people get running injuries when they push themselves too hard.The body needs time to get used to increases in distance（里程）or speed.

Get good running shoes.

There is no single best shoe for every runner.You should find the shoe that offers the best fit and support for your feet.More importantly，you should have a new pair of shoes every 500 to 800 kilometers.

Take good notes.

Take time after each run to write down notes about what you did and how you felt.Look for things that happen again and again.For example，you may find that your knees hurt when you run sometimes.But perhaps you feel great when you have a rest between running days.These notes will help you make the best plan for running.

61.The writer wants to tell us in the first paragraph___________.

A.good health comes from running

B.running is the best exercise

C.health problem can be solved by good ex-ercise

D.not all exercise is equally（同樣的）good

解題思路：本題要求概括第一段的主旨大意，重點(diǎn)就應(yīng)該放在找出第一段的主題句。而對(duì)于其他段落內(nèi)容，我們只需要掃讀一下其首句及小標(biāo)題即可。第一段的主題句很容易找到，即“We all know that exerclse is good for your health.But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.”，其中表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞but引出了第一段的主題思想，故而可以確定答案為D。