貴州 岑耀坤

定語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)揭秘

貴州 岑耀坤

一、專(zhuān)題演練

請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的作文。文中共有8處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

My father，who are a well-known doctor in our small town，always works hard. He devotes most of his spare time to reading，that makes him knowledgeable. I still remember one day last month he stayed at home reading as usual. Suddenly，he received a phone call and then rushed to the hospital to where he works there. He was told there came a woman patient but the doctor on duty couldn’t find the reason which she was so seriously ill. My father immediately started to work and finally saved her life. The patient later came to thank my father，without whom help she said she would have been dead. In general，I’m very proud of my father，which has set a good example to me.

【答案與解析】

1. 第一句將are改為is。定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致，該句中先行詞“My father”是單數(shù)。故應(yīng)將are改為is。

2. 第二句將that改為which。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，which可譯為“這一點(diǎn)”，該句中的“which”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。

3. 第三句在month后加when。先行詞“one day”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，從句應(yīng)用when 引導(dǎo)。

4. 第四句去掉第二個(gè)to和去掉there。where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句替代先行詞“the hospital”，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，其前面不用介詞。另外，where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中的there屬于成分重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉。

5. 第五句將which改為why或者在which前加for。當(dāng)先行詞“reason”在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用why或for which引導(dǎo)。

6. 第七句將whom改為whose。先行詞“my father”在從句中作名詞help的定語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用whose引導(dǎo)從句。

7. 第八句將which改為who。指人的先行詞“my father”在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用who引導(dǎo)從句。

二、易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)揭秘

（一）關(guān)系詞被誤用

【典例】1. He was very rude to the Customs officer，who of course made things even worse.

【解析】將who改為which。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，通常置于主句之后，which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，可譯為“這一點(diǎn)”。該句中的“the Customs officer”并不是先行詞，which指代的是整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。

【典例】2. Is this the reason why he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？

【解析】去掉why或?qū)hy改為that/which。先行詞“the reason”在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用why或for which引導(dǎo)從句，但當(dāng)先行詞“the reason”在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)從句。該句中的先行詞“the reason”在從句中充當(dāng)explained的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用that或which引導(dǎo)從句，也可省略。

【典例】3. This is one of the most exciting football games which I have ever seen.

【解析】將which改為that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或者序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句通常用that而不用which引導(dǎo)。該句中的先行詞“games”在從句中作“seen”的賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞that也可省略。

【典例】4. You can find whatever you need at the shopping center，where is always busy at the weekend.

【解析】將where改為which。表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)從句，但若表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)從句。該句中的先行詞“the shopping center”在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)從句。

【典例】5. His letter reminded me of the happy time when we spent together in high school.

【解析】去掉when或?qū)hen改為that/which。表示時(shí)間的先行詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)從句，但若表示時(shí)間的先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用that/which引導(dǎo)從句。該句中的先行詞“the happytime”在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作“spent”的賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用that或which，也可省略。

【典例】6. She is talking about the people and things which interested her greatly during her stay there.

【解析】將which改為that。當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句通常用that引導(dǎo)。

【典例】7. Did he say anything which appealed to you especially？

【解析】將which改為that。當(dāng)先行詞是anything，something，nothing，everything等不定代詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句通常用that而不用which引導(dǎo)。

【典例】8. All which you need to do is keep calm in face of danger.

【解析】去掉which或?qū)hich改為that。當(dāng)先行詞前有all修飾，或者先行詞就是all時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。該句中的先行詞“all”在從句中充當(dāng)do的賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞也可省略。

【典例】9. It is known to us all，light travels faster than sound.

【解析】將It改為As。as引導(dǎo)位于主句前的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，指代的是后面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，可譯為“這一點(diǎn)”，有時(shí)可表示“正如”的意思。該句中的“As”在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。

【典例】10. It was not what he said but the way which he said it that made me angry.

【解析】去掉which或?qū)hich改為that，或者在which前加in。當(dāng)先行詞“the way”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用that或in which引導(dǎo)，也可省略引導(dǎo)詞。

【典例】11. This is the car in that we got here.

【解析】將that改為which。介詞后的關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)，只能用which，不可用that。

（二）從句成分被重復(fù)

【典例】1. The only thing that I like it is art.

【解析】去掉it。該句中的先行詞“the only thing”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)like的賓語(yǔ)，從句應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)，也可省略，it多余。

【典例】2. Margaret was born in 1900 in Atlanta，where she lived all of her life there.

【解析】去掉there。where在本句中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，代替先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故there多余。

（三）從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被誤用

【典例】1. I，who is your best friend，will surely do what I can to help you.

【解析】將is改為am。定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由先行詞決定。該句中的先行詞為句子主語(yǔ)“I”，應(yīng)與am而不是is搭配。

【典例】2. Jessica is the only one of the teachers who were given an opportunity to travel to New York.

【解析】將were改為was。當(dāng)先行詞為“the only one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式；若先行詞是“one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

（四）關(guān)系詞被遺漏

【典例】1. These houses are sold at such a low price people expected.

【解析】在people前加as。關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，先行詞前通常有such或the same修飾，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)均不可省略。該句中的先行詞“a low price”前有such修飾，故用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作“expected”的賓語(yǔ)。

【典例】2. Women drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who don’t.

【解析】在drink前加who/that。該句中的先行詞“women”在從句中作主語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞不可省略。另外，也可將drink改為drinking，此時(shí)為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。

（五）從句介詞多余或被誤用、遺漏

【典例】1. The gentleman with whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.

【解析】將with改為about。從句中隱藏的結(jié)構(gòu)是“tell sb. about sth./sb.”，故將先行詞代入從句后應(yīng)為“you told me about the gentleman yesterday”，用about whom引導(dǎo)從句。

【典例】2. York，in which I visited last year，is a nice old city.

【解析】去掉in。先行詞“York”在從句中作visited的賓語(yǔ)，用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，介詞in多余。

【典例】3. The music，which the elderly were dancing，sounded a bit familiar to me.

【解析】在which前加to或者在dancing后加to。dance to the music意為“隨著音樂(lè)舞蹈”，該句將先行詞代入從句中時(shí)應(yīng)添加介詞to。

（作者單位：貴州省六枝特區(qū)六盤(pán)水市第二中學(xué)）