甘肅 董耀忠

詞義猜測題和推理判斷題高分秘籍

甘肅 董耀忠

在考生熟練掌握了有效的解題思路、具備了較為扎實的語法功底和詞匯基礎(chǔ)外，就高考閱讀題中相關(guān)主旨、細節(jié)、猜義和推斷等題而言，講求訓(xùn)練和答題的方法策略更是提高答題的效率和質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。以下著重例舉闡釋閱讀理解中猜測詞義和推理判斷題的幾種解題方法和策略。

一、解題策略與方法

（一）猜測詞義的八種方法

猜測詞義是提高閱讀速度的關(guān)鍵。閱讀中，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會如何靈活運用以下八種猜測詞義的方法。

方法一：定義法。是指在閱讀中通過定語從句或相關(guān)解釋內(nèi)容來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】Besides，careless blogging can also affect blog viewers.When you are angry or frustrated，your blog is the first place you turn to.The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later.

（來源：http://www.genshuixue.com/tiku/m227093856khhmk1i1866ki22153lihl.html）

【問題】The underlined word “rational” in the paragraph probably means________.

A.right B.perfect

C.helpful D.reasonable

【分析】D。通過從句“which you may regret later（可能以后會后悔）”，以及“When you are angry or frustrated（當(dāng)你沮喪時寫博客）”，均可推得所寫內(nèi)容可能會不太合理，即“not reasonable”。

方法二：常識法。是指在閱讀中通過運用客觀常識或客觀實際來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】Then there was silence.Mikey had scored all right，but in the wrong goal（球門），ending the game in a tie.For a moment there was a total hush.

（來源：http://www.1010jiajiao.com/gzyy/shiti_id_61f117e2566e6fa6ea31e1f741cd4e17/）

【問題】What does the underlined word “hush” probably mean?

A.Horry. B.Disaster.

C.Excitement. D.Silence.

【分析】D。Mikey進了球，但進錯了球門，根據(jù)客觀常識可推得人們的第一反應(yīng)應(yīng)是“寂靜”或“鴉雀無聲”。

方法三：同位法。是指在閱讀中通過同位語或破折號部分來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】They traveled a long way ，at last got to a castle，a large building in old times.

（來源：http://www.zybang.com/question/62a4033ed1cab916024978f23a8c72e7.html）

【問題】The underlined word “castle” probably means ________.

A.教堂 B.城堡

C.街區(qū) D.胡同

【分析】B。根據(jù)同位語部分“a large building in old times” 給出的確切解釋可知，“城堡”語義最為恰當(dāng)。

方法四：關(guān)鍵詞法。是指在閱讀中通過利用關(guān)鍵詞來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】My palms were itching to slap her for being so rude but the poor mother continued to cajole her，hoping that the gentle persuasion would work wonders.

（來源：http://www.iliyu.com/gaokao/zixun/gaozhao/2309153/）

【問題】The underlined word “cajole” probably means ________.

A.persuade B.scold

C.forgive D.punish

【分析】A。通過伴隨狀語“hoping that the gentle persuasion would work wonders”的語義和其中的關(guān)鍵詞“persuasion”可得答案。

方法五：對比法。是指在閱讀中通過前后句之間的邏輯關(guān)系對比來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.Her teacher is speaking something in her office now.

（來源：http://www.zybang.com/question/7abc38e374b37f12b6ad133e3056623a.html）

【問題】The underlined word “prompt” probably means _______.

A.on time B.out of date

C.too late D.overtime

【分析】A?！癰ut”一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。but后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)課中途才來”，因此通過對比反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準(zhǔn)時”的結(jié)論。

方法六：構(gòu)詞法。是指在閱讀中通過前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】In 2005，after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班），which had outlawed TV，1 in 5 Afghans had one.The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

（來源：http://www.7cxk.com/gaokao/s/2158.html）

【問題】The underlined word “outlawed” probably means_______.

A.allowed B.banned

C.offered D.refused

【分析】B。根據(jù)句意“塔利班垮臺后，五分之一的人開始有了電視”，以及構(gòu)詞法可得“outlawed”意為“宣布……不合法”，即：在該政府執(zhí)政時，電視是被禁止的。

方法七：因果法。是指在閱讀中通過句子前后之間的因果關(guān)系來猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】At the time of crime，he felt no emotion but later he began to feel guilty，so he went to the police and told them the whole story.

（來源：http://local.joelonsoftware.com/wiki/User:Wnwyjdwpygw）

【問題】In the passage，the word “guilty” nearly means_______.

A.unhappy B.happy

C.sad D.wrong

【分析】D。通過文中“feel guilty”的結(jié)果“so he went to the police and told them the whole story”，即去自首，可反推出原因為感到“有罪的、內(nèi)疚的”。

方法八：上下文法。是指在閱讀中通過聯(lián)系上下文以猜測生詞語義的方法。

【典例】Discreetly（謹慎地），I remained standing a few feet away and lit a cigarette to wait my turn.It was when I threw the dead match on the ground that I noticed something bright red trickling from under the call box door.

（來源：http://gaokao.koolearn.com/20150305/846888.html）

【問題】The underlined word “trickling” in the paragraph probably means________.

A.rushing out suddenly

B.shining slowing

C.flowing slowly in drops

D.appearing slowly in a red color

【分析】C。通過上文“站在幾英尺遠的地方點燃香煙”到“threw the dead match on the ground（往地下扔煙頭）”以及上文中的“to wait my turn”到下文“under the call box door（在電話亭門口等待打電話）”，可見“something bright red”，即鮮紅色的某物來自電話亭里打電話的那個人，通過上下文更能推得順著電話亭的底部往下滴的應(yīng)該是血。

（二）推理判斷的十種方法

閱讀是獲取信息的一種手段，推理判斷是提高閱讀質(zhì)量的一種基本功。閱讀中，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會如何恰當(dāng)運用以下十種方法，以正確推理判斷出文章所涉及的相關(guān)信息。

方法一：寫作意圖法。主要用于解決作者寫作意圖類題目，是指通過抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向的推理來判斷作者寫作意圖或?qū)懽髂康牡姆椒ā?/p>

【典例】Five million people visit Grand Canyon in the US every year.For the purpose of helping protect Grand Canyon for your fellow visitors and future generations，please follow the guideless below.

（來源：http://www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g3/201111/00w4g303181923.html）

【問題】What’s the main purpose of the text?

A.To provide travel information.

B.To report some recent news.

C.To teach tourists hiking skills.

D.To introduce the wildlife.

【分析】A。從“please follow the guideless below”即可推得本文主要是講要去那里旅游的注意事項。

方法二：態(tài)度傾向法。主要用于解決作者寫作態(tài)度類題目，是指通過準(zhǔn)確理解語段中的隱含信息來判斷作者態(tài)度的方法。

【典例】On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor care.We talked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my father’s funny facial expression.Gone was my father’s critical（挑剔的） air and strictrules.Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？What had held him back before?

（來源：http://www.zybang.com/question/8f22439a4e0fbdb7ade2d3967a20d878.htm）

【問題】What does the author think of her father after her visit ?

A.More critical.

B.More talkative.

C.Gentle and friendly.

D.Strict and hard-working.

【分析】C。根據(jù)文中“Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？”等句的隱含信息，可推得作者認為她的父親很友好。

方法三：深層推理法。主要用于解決深層推理類題目，是指在準(zhǔn)確理解文章中句子字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上，運用自己已有的知識和經(jīng)驗來推測作者的言外之意或弦外之音的方法。

【典例】A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.“That’s right，”said the old man.“Ninety-nine years old，and I haven’t an enemy in the world.They’re all dead.”

“Well，sir，”said the interviewer，“I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”

The old man looked at the young man closely，and said，“I can’t see why you shouldn’t.You look fit and healthy to me!”

（來源：http://m.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g1/201408/d6adg103389002.html）

【問題】What kind of man would you say the old man was?

A.He was ill.

B.He was unconscious.

C.He was very proud and sure of his health.

D.He was very polite to young people.

【分析】C。從老人所說的“‘That’s right，’ said the old man.‘Ninety-nine years old，and I haven’t an enemy in the world.They’re all dead.’”等句中可看到老人對自己高壽的自豪。最后一段，老人說：“I can’t see why you shouldn’t.You look fit and healthy to me!” 這句話又體現(xiàn)了老人對自己健康狀況的自豪和自信。

方法四：結(jié)論推理法。主要用于解決結(jié)論推理類題目，是指通過對文章已知信息的理解來推斷各種有可能或一定能出現(xiàn)的各種結(jié)論的方法。

【典例】Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an openair market.They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly.“A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it，” Salvatori said.“At first it would be an experiment.But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants，as well as tourist attraction.”

（來源：http://myzyw.zx98.com/English/z02/201402/25142.html）

【問題】It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports_______.

A.the protection of different cultures

B.the plan of an open-air market

C.the request of merchants

D.the attitude of shoppers

【分析】A。從文中“Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars（從加拿大政府一個多元文化項目中，三個學(xué)生獲取了2 000美元的基金）”可得知A項正確。反之，試想想，如果加拿大政府不支持對不同文化的保護，能設(shè)多元文化保護項目嗎？能撥出2 000美金給學(xué)生們從事多元文化的研究嗎？自然“the protection of different cultures”就是正確結(jié)論了。

方法五：組織結(jié)構(gòu)法。主要用于解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查類題目，是指通過根據(jù)文章已有的結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容來推敲判斷原文未寫到的信息或相關(guān)已有信息在文中所起作用的方法。

【典例】Another way is energy conservation（節(jié)能），which means using energy more efficiently（有效地）.In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy.They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in.The house is heated by the lights，the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it.

（來源：http://www.zybang.com/question/9fe9eea1801826c4b39a2e9d0f20b9e0.html）

【問題】The writer tells about the “special house” because they________.

A.show the excellent skills of the builders

B.serve as an example of energy conservation

C.are heated by different sources of energy

D.are warmer than other types of houses

【分析】B。根據(jù)首句，本段的中心主題是節(jié)能，顯然后文“special house”的提及是作為一個例子來具體說明它是節(jié)能的一種具體方式。

方法六：體裁出處法。主要用于解決文章體裁出處類題目，是指通過文章所述內(nèi)容或文章的結(jié)構(gòu)形式來推理判斷文章所屬體裁的方法。

【典例】China’s first lunar probe Chang’e Ⅰ has broken the country’s space exploration record by traveling farther from the planet than any other Chinese satellite after it moved to the far point of its third orbit on Tuesday afternoon.

The satellite moved to about 120 000 kilometers away from the earth at 5：40 p.m.on Tuesday，...

（來源：http://www.1010jiajiao.com/paper_id_14613）

【問題】In which part of a newspaper does the passage most probably appear?

A.Economics.

B.Politics.

C.Science and Technology.

D.Entertainment and Sports.

【分析】C。根據(jù)文章主要介紹Chang’e Ⅰ的發(fā)射、運行等相關(guān)信息，即可判定文章是關(guān)于科技領(lǐng)域的。

方法七：歸納推理法。主要用于解決歸納推理題，是指通過對文中的細節(jié)信息鏈的歸納整理來推斷問題答案的方法。

【典例】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly，for example by dipping（浸）it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle—that is，it will break easily.Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished，by annealing it.The metal is heated，and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time.The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly，the softer it becomes.Annealing can also be used on other material，such as glass.

（來源：http://www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g3/201408/gsh9g303419203.html）

【問題】In annealing，the required hardness of metal depends on________.

A.the quantity of water used

B.the temperature of the metal

C.the softness of the metal

D.the timing of the operation

【分析】D。根據(jù)文中的“The metal is heated，...length of time.”“The longer...the softer it becomes.”等句，可得出結(jié)論：在退火過程中，金屬的硬度受冷卻時間長短的影響。

方法八：細節(jié)推理法。主要用于解決細節(jié)類推理題，是指通過利用問題題干中的關(guān)鍵信息和其對應(yīng)在文中的某個句子結(jié)合推理問題答案的方法。

【典例】When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day，I was very happy.She was at least fifteen years younger than I.One day she signed me to come near.When I walked over，she asked，“Are you single?”“Why，yes.” I answered，smiling at her happily.“So is my mother.” she said，“Would you like to meet her?”（來源：http://www.yingyu.com/e/20120207/4f30f5402fcf8_3.shtml）

【問題】The waitress said“ Are you single?” to the writer because________.

A.she lived near his house

B.he often went to visit her mother

C.she wanted to be friendly with him

D.she loved him very much

【分析】C。通過理解關(guān)鍵句“‘So is my mother.’she said，‘Would you like to meet her?’”及題干中女孩兒問作者是否單身，可推得其目的是想取得他的好感，進而撮合他和她母親。

方法九：邏輯推理法。主要用于解決邏輯推理類題目，是指通過對已給信息的邏輯關(guān)系的理解推敲來推理答案的方法。

【典例】A visitor visits an island where two tribes live.One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies.The truth tellers live on the western side of the island，and those who lie live on the eastern side.The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question.He asks the native，“Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.”When the messenger returns，he says，“He said he lives on the western side of the island.” Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure?（來源：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_44c9bedf01017wx9.html）

【問題】According to the messenger’s answer，the visitor can conclude that________.

A.the messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth

B.the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie

C.it’s hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not

D.the messenger probably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true

【分析】A。從文中信息可知，講真話的部落住在島的西部，撒謊的部落住在島的東部。這個信使去問遠方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡趰u的哪一邊（東部還是西部）。遠方的當(dāng)?shù)厝酥荒苡袃煞N情況，要么住在島的西部，要么住在島的東部。如果他住在島的西部，他就是一個講真話的人，就會如實回答他住在西部。如果他住在島的東部，他就是一個撒謊的人。他本來住在東部，但在回答時，必須要說謊，他只能回答他住在西部。所以遠方的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬还苁亲≡跂|部還是西部，他的回答只有一個：“我住在西部”。如果信使告訴參觀者遠方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡谖鞑?，信使無疑是說了真話，那么信使一定是住在島的西部。

方法十：正誤判斷法。主要用于解決細節(jié)信息的正誤判斷類題目，是指通過利用原文信息追根溯源，理解判定被選各項所涉及信息對錯的方法，常可用優(yōu)選或排除兩種思路。

【典例】The sand hills still breathed heat from yesterday ’s sun，though the top of the sand was cool.He ran down to the beach impatiently，but there was no one，just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.

The light changed suddenly.The first rays of sunlight stretched（延伸） across the sea.The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world.

Over the first rocks，along to the point.Tim glanced back.The beach was still empty.The sun sailed higher in the sky.

He could see the cave now，even darker in the morning light.The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.He had to force himself to go closer.Why was it so much more mysterious（神秘的） now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble.He needn’t go in all the way.

（來源：http://www.zybang.com/question/7724b15d3b19e188b0beebcf8f9cb704.html）

【問題】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?

A.The sea looked like a piece of gold.

B.Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived.

C.Tim was the only person on the beach.

D.The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.

【分析】C。此類題主要涉及三錯一對和三對一錯兩種，所謂“對”是指符合原文，所謂“錯”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及。推敲四個選項，A項（大?？雌饋硐褚粔K兒金子），文中沒有提及，文中涉及金子（gold）的句子是“The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.（海水退去之后，沙灘的顏色變得比黑金更暗）”，與此不符；B項（Tim到達時，海鳥都飛走了）與原文中的“seabirds were marching up and down watching the waves.（海鳥上下飛翔，俯瞰海浪）”相矛盾；D項（當(dāng)Tim到達洞穴時，天色暗下來了）與“The sun sailed higher in the sky.（太陽已經(jīng)高高地升上了天空）”相矛盾；原文中的“but there was no one（一個人都沒有）”與“The beach was still empty（海灘上仍然不見人蹤）”和C項（Tim was the only person on the beach.）互相印證，意義一致。

二、訓(xùn)練要求

考生在掌握了一些有效的解題方法與答題策略之后，更重要的是要做到堅持練習(xí)，方可逐漸找到拿到題后決定如何讀、怎樣讀的答題應(yīng)試悟性，避免“走彎路、走錯路”。訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)做到：

1.限時訓(xùn)練。在平均6分鐘以內(nèi)或約6分鐘的時間內(nèi)完成一篇文章的閱讀和作答，練就答題的速度和目光跨度。

2.重視課外閱讀，積累廣泛的有關(guān)人文、社會、文化、科技、環(huán)保、天文、歷史、地理、時代焦點和人物故事等方面的信息或知識，增加自身的語言信息儲備，豐富看待事物的閱歷?？荚囍?，若遇閱讀的文章較難，且文章為自我熟知的信息或當(dāng)前社會的熱點話題，可用已知的相關(guān)信息輔助完成對文章大意的理解和對答案的選擇推敲。

3.避免答案推敲中的思維定式，練就選擇答案時的果斷意識。

4.若遇閱讀的文章較易，切不可無意中將自己的已知信息或主觀看法強加于文章的理解和答案選擇中，避免走入誤區(qū)。

總之，做好高考英語閱讀理解題，要講求方法，但并無定法，我們可以不斷探索總結(jié)。有一點值得我們記?。骸办o心閱讀，題文結(jié)合；理解題干，找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵；排除干擾，思維周全”是一種永恒的解題方略。

（作者單位：甘肅省漳縣第一中學(xué)）