吳 浪,許韶君 綜述 楊勝利 審校
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環(huán)境內(nèi)分泌干擾物暴露與兒童肥胖的研究進展
吳浪1,2,許韶君3綜述楊勝利1審校
【摘要】環(huán)境內(nèi)分泌干擾物(endocrine disruptor chemicals, EDCs)在環(huán)境中無處不在,通過污染的食物、水及暴露于EDCs的日常使用物品而被人體吸收,并可在人類的血液、尿液中檢測到EDCs及其代謝產(chǎn)物。近年來,肥胖發(fā)生率逐年增加,已成為世界各國面臨的一個嚴重公共衛(wèi)生問題。大量研究表明,EDCs會干擾機體內(nèi)脂肪代謝并可能引發(fā)肥胖。筆者對該因素與兒童肥胖之間關聯(lián)的研究進展綜述如下。
【關鍵詞】內(nèi)分泌干擾物;肥胖癥;兒童
【中國圖書分類號】R58;R17
作者單位: 1. 100039北京,武警總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科;230032合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學:2.第二臨床學院,3.公共衛(wèi)生學院
兒童肥胖已成為一個倍受關注的全球性公共衛(wèi)生問題。過去幾十年里,無論是在發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家,兒童肥胖及其相關疾病的患病率均不斷增高[1]。有研究表明,兒童超重和肥胖增加了成年期糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病、腦卒中的發(fā)病率和過早死亡的風險[2]。
不良生活方式是肥胖的重要誘因,最近的研究表明EDCs可能是肥胖的另一個不容忽視的危險因素,并且研究已證實EDCs暴露對肥胖發(fā)生的影響,特別是在個體發(fā)育的關鍵時期。兒童處于人體的生長發(fā)育階段,對EDCs暴露尤其敏感[3,4]。筆者將對EDCs暴露與兒童肥胖之間的關聯(lián)進行綜述。
EDCs是指環(huán)境中存在的能夠干擾生物體內(nèi)源性激素的合成、釋放、轉運、結合或清除,從而影響機體的內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定、生殖發(fā)育及行為的外源性物質。人類普遍暴露于EDCs中,雙酚A、鄰苯二甲酸酯(phthalates, PAEs)和持久性有機污染物(persistent organic pollutant, POPs)可以在美國各地幾乎所有年齡組人群的脂肪、血液和尿液里被檢測到[5]。然而,關于EDCs對人類健康影響的研究仍有限,無論是學術界還是管理部門對于絕大多數(shù)EDCs的危害及其作用機制等問題尚存在爭議[6]。
1.1雙酚A雙酚A是世界上使用最廣泛的工業(yè)化合物之一,作為生產(chǎn)聚碳酸酯塑料和環(huán)氧樹脂的主要原料,用于生活用品如食品、飲料的包裝等。Ryan等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露于雙酚A的兒童肥胖和代謝性疾病的發(fā)病風險增加。Trasande等[8]研究結果顯示,尿中雙酚A濃度與兒童青少年肥胖密切相關,尿中雙酚A濃度≥1.5 ng/ml的兒童青少年肥胖風險比雙酚A濃度<1.5 ng/ml的兒童青少年增大2.57倍。
1.2PAEsPAEs是塑料工業(yè)中使用最廣泛、品種最多、產(chǎn)量最大的增塑劑,被普遍應用在日常及高分子塑膠產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中,如玩具、食品包裝材料、乙烯地板和壁紙、潤滑劑、洗滌劑、個人護理用品、醫(yī)用血袋和膠管等。作為普遍存在的EDCs和新的致肥原(obesogens),PAEs是導致肥胖和代謝紊亂的重要危險因素之一[9]。PAEs主要通過呼吸道、消化道、皮膚等途徑進入人體。美國國民健康和營養(yǎng)調(diào)查(the national health and nutrition examination survey, NHANES)數(shù)據(jù)表明,在調(diào)查兒童的血清中均可檢測出PAEs及其代謝產(chǎn)物[10]。Teitelbaum等[11]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),超重兒童尿液中PAEs的濃度與其體型呈正相關。
1.3POPsPOPs是指在環(huán)境中難降解、高脂溶性、可以在食物鏈中富集放大, 能夠通過各種傳輸途徑而進行全球遷移的一類半揮發(fā)性且毒性極大的污染物。盡管大多數(shù)POPs被禁止使用,但它們?nèi)詮V泛應用于工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程,如農(nóng)藥、建材、紡織、化工、電子電器等,這意味著大多數(shù)人在日常生活中都會接觸到這類有害物質。人體暴露于POPs中,無論其濃度高低均會導致代謝功能紊亂[12],盡管目前對兒童肥胖與POPs的關聯(lián)研究有限,但仍有相關研究顯示兒童早期接觸POPs和肥胖有顯著關系[13]。多氯聯(lián)苯(polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB)是一種廣泛應用于工業(yè)的POPs,有研究表明兒童的體重指數(shù)(body mass index, BMI) 與其血清PCB118濃度呈正相關,而且男孩的體重與其血清中六氯苯(hexachlorobezene, HCB)的濃度成正比[14]。
1.4重金屬有機錫、三丁基錫(tributyhin, TBT)和三苯基錫(triphenltin, TPT)和砷是常見的具有內(nèi)分泌干擾物特性的金屬元素,另外,鎘、鎳、鉛和汞也與肥胖相關。TBT作為殺菌劑、熱穩(wěn)定劑和化學催化劑被廣泛用于農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè),具有促進脂肪生成和儲存的作用[15]。動物研究結果表明,長期暴露于低劑量的TBT可以導致肥胖、肝脂肪變性并誘導胰島素抵抗[16]。
越來越多的研究開始關注EDCs對肥胖的作用機制?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明EDCs可干擾人體的脂肪代謝和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的正常功能,破壞控制體重的穩(wěn)態(tài)機制[17]。EDCs可能通過改變體重和脂質平衡相關的細胞信號通路導致肥胖[18]。EDCs通過激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活型受體(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, PPAR),干擾雌激素的信號通路,影響脂肪因子的代謝,從而促進脂肪形成和脂質積累[19,20],見表1。
表1 EDCs致兒童肥胖可能的作用機制[13]
2.1激活PPAR核激素受體家族之一的PPAR是脂肪酸活化轉錄因子,具有調(diào)控脂肪代謝和糖代謝的作用。已知有三種亞型:PPAR-α,β/δ和γ,PPARα參與脂類分解,在脂肪酸氧化和脂蛋白代謝的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,而PAEs和多氟烷基化合物可激活體內(nèi)的PPARα[21,22]。PPARγ是成熟脂肪細胞分化和行使功能所需的核受體,在脂肪生成過程中經(jīng)誘導表達[23],影響脂肪生成和胰島素敏感性[24]。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示EDCs如PAEs、TBT和三氟咪唑(triflumizole, TFZ)等均可激活PPARγ,誘導多能間質干細胞向脂肪細胞分化和增加體內(nèi)脂肪量[25-27]。雙酚A可以誘導激活PPARγ,使PPARγ相關的生理功能受損[28,29]。
2.2干擾雌激素的信號通路激素可以調(diào)節(jié)機體的生長發(fā)育和物質代謝。EDCs通過干擾人體正常激素的合成及代謝,影響內(nèi)分泌激素的動態(tài)平衡[30]。大多數(shù)環(huán)境EDCs與類固醇激素受體具有較高的親和力,其中包括雌激素受體(estrogen receptor, ER)、孕激素受體(progestrone receptor, PR)和雄激素受體(androgen receptor, AR)。目前已知的兩種雌激素受體是ERα和ERβ。雌激素可激活ERα減少食物攝入和延緩體重增加[30];雌激素還可激活ERβ調(diào)節(jié)能量代謝過程,包括葡萄糖轉運、糖酵解、三羧酸循環(huán)及脂肪酸β氧化和合成[31]。EDCs作為ER受體的激動劑或拮抗劑,可以協(xié)同或拮抗特定組織的雌激素反應,導致受體依賴的轉錄信號通路失調(diào),從而擾亂人體的物質代謝平衡[32]。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的雌激素相關受體(estrogen related receptor, ERR)家族的成員之一ERRγ,可以緊密結合雙酚A,它們之間具有較高的親和力,其親和常數(shù)(affinity constant, KD)為5.5 nM[33]。PAE具有雌激素的特性及抗雄激素生物效應,可能會干擾脂肪和碳水化合物的代謝,增加機體肥胖的風險[34]。
2.3影響脂肪因子的代謝脂肪組織不僅被視為一個單純的脂質貯藏室,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)演變成一個內(nèi)分泌器官,在能量平衡中發(fā)揮重要作用。脂肪組織可能是肥胖者體內(nèi)最大的內(nèi)分泌器官之一,可以分泌產(chǎn)生多種脂肪因子,包括瘦素、抵抗素、脂聯(lián)素和內(nèi)脂素等[35]。脂肪因子可導致胰島素抵抗和中心性肥胖。大腦通過整合各種代謝信號控制能量和體重平衡。瘦素傳達外周能量攝入和消耗的信號到大腦,產(chǎn)生抑制食欲和促進能量消耗的信號,以抑制體重增加[36]。脂聯(lián)素——成熟脂肪細胞的標記物,調(diào)節(jié)胰島素敏感性、葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)和脂質生成,對脂肪組織致胰島素抵抗具有拮抗作用[37]。有研究顯示,肥胖兒童脂聯(lián)素的含量是降低的,尤其伴有代謝綜合征的肥胖兒童,其體內(nèi)的脂聯(lián)素濃度較不伴有上述疾病的肥胖兒童低[38]。目前已確定一些EDCs影響上述脂肪因子代謝的機制。研究證明,BPA通過影響脂肪細胞分化、脂質積累、葡萄糖運輸和脂聯(lián)素分泌促進體重增加的發(fā)生發(fā)展[39]。在脂肪細胞的分化過程中,大多數(shù)EDCs能夠影響瘦素和脂聯(lián)素的釋放,從而誘導脂質積累。
兒童期超重和肥胖對個體的身心健康有著不可忽視的影響,而大量數(shù)據(jù)表明EDCs可促進兒童肥胖的發(fā)生發(fā)展。EDCs在多種環(huán)境介質(空氣、水、土壤和灰塵)中不斷被檢測到,可以認為EDCs廣泛存在于環(huán)境中。機體可以通過污染的水和食物等途徑吸收EDCs,故隨著時間的推移,其對人類健康造成的潛在威脅將越來越顯著。EDCs與肥胖及肥胖相關疾病的關聯(lián)研究是一個令人興奮的新領域,目前的數(shù)據(jù)表明其對兒童青少年的生長發(fā)育產(chǎn)生不利影響。但人們對EDCs引起肥胖具體作用機制的研究仍存在不足,需要進一步的探索研究?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)足以引起人們對EDCs的重視,并促使有關部門制定相關產(chǎn)業(yè)及環(huán)保方面法律法規(guī)的客觀依據(jù),并希望能盡快制定出適合我國國情的有效防治方案。
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(2016-01-05收稿2016-01-22修回)
(責任編輯宋宮儒)
Research progress of the effect of environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals on obesity in children
WU Lang1,2, XU Shaojun3, and YANG Shengli1. 1. Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China;2. The Second Clinical College, 3. School of Public Health,Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
【Abstract】Environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals(EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The absorption of EDCs into human body can be through EDC-exposed food, water and everyday items. The detection of EDCs and its metabolites in human blood and urine indicates that EDCs have a deleterious impact on human health. In recent years, the increasing incidence of obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world. A large number of studies have manifested that EDCs can disturb human natural lipometabolism and cause obesity. In this paper, the correlation between EDCs and obesity in children are reviewed.
【Keywords】endocrine disruptors; obesity; child
Corresponding author:YANG Shengli, E-mail: yangshengli@medmail.com.cn
通訊作者:楊勝利,E-mail:yangshengli@medmail.com.cn
作者簡介:吳浪,碩士研究生在讀,E-mail:wulang56@sina.com
DOI:10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2016.02.013