新疆 馬琳娜 常玉國(特級教師)
細分閱讀理解目標 提升精準打擊力度
新疆 馬琳娜 常玉國(特級教師)
《高考大綱》及《說明》對閱讀理解要求如下:要求考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等,并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息??忌鷳埽?.理解主旨要義;2.理解文中具體信息;3.根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義;4.做出判斷和推理;5.理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6.理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。
傳統(tǒng)備考中,我們把這些目標概括為:細節(jié)理解、主旨大意、推理判斷、詞義猜測、態(tài)度觀點和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)六大類。這樣劃分的方式看起來簡潔明了,但在實際訓練中,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個分類還是過于寬泛,有些題目的判斷常常出現(xiàn)交集——似乎可以歸在這一類,也可以歸在另一類,從而對我們的準確判斷形成一定的干擾,導致預判目標失誤,命中率受到影響。
所謂“細分閱讀理解目標”,就是根據(jù)高考閱讀題目中實際出現(xiàn)的情形,把閱讀理解考查目標細化為十一個類型,簡化瞄準程序,提升精準打擊度。簡單地說,就是“看到(題目)——想到(方法)——找到(目標)——打到(正確答案)”。現(xiàn)將該方法介紹如下:
1.事實細節(jié)型
【題目特征】就文章中所給的信息,提出一些關(guān)于6 w/h的問題,即:what/which/who/when/why/where/how這種類型的題。其特點是只要在文章中有提及,就可以準確找到相關(guān)答案,不需要思考和推理。此類問題約占高考閱讀理解題目的50%左右。
【考題難度】容易。
【常見形式】
(1)In the opinion of the writer,what is the most important in choosing a friend?
(2)Which name is accepted in New Zealand?
(3)When can a student miss a test according to the passage?
(4)Why did the writer say that he would have a long night?
【易錯誤區(qū)】看起來最像的那個選項往往是錯的!表達被悄悄更換了頻率和程度副詞,如下例(1)(2);選項省略了否定詞,如下例(3);改變了動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài),如下例(4);重點詞匯被替換,如下例(5)。
(1)(原文)He always feels tired on his work.
(選項)He sometimes feels tired on his work.
(2)(原文)The book is only for children.
(選項)The book is almost for children.
(3)(原文)The building has not finished yet.
(選項)The building has finished.
(4)(原文)The project almost finished.
(選項)The project has finished.
(5)(原文)A mother went into a theatre and sat at the table.Suddenly,she spotted a friend and went there.
(選項)A mother went into a theatre and sat at the table.Suddenly,she met a friend and went there.
【解題妙招】1.對和原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)、字面形式比較像的要特別關(guān)注。2.做題時,要養(yǎng)成把每個選項都看完的習慣,不要看到一個“合適的”就選,“更合適的”或許在后面。
【高考鏈接】(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)(限于篇幅,原文略。下同)
22.What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?
A.Her lack of proper training in law.
B.Her little work experience in court.
C.The discrimination against women.
D.The poor financial conditions.
【解析】C。本題考查事實細節(jié)。根據(jù)其所在段落里的“she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.”可得知答案。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016 ·伯樂馬高三月考卷·六)
24.Which description is right from the text?
A.Tyler probably had a bad name in the school.
B.The author loved to ask her students difficult questions.
(原文)I would ask students questions,which could get the kids involved.
C.Tyler couldn’t answer any question in class.
(原文)Every time I called on Tyler,he would answer the questions carelessly.He knew the answers when he listened but he didn’t want to be called on.
D.Tyler never listened to the teacher carefully.
(原文)文章沒有提及這一點,never太絕對。
【解析】正確答案為A項。
2.主旨大意型
【題目特征】根據(jù)文章總結(jié)出文章的中心思想或?qū)懽髂康?。做這類題,一般可以利用全文大意快速瀏覽法,即把每段的首句串起來快速總結(jié)。如果是某一段的主旨大意,可以把中間論證部分去掉,只重點閱讀此段首尾部分的內(nèi)容。
【考題難度】適中。
【常見形式】
(1)The passage mainly discusses_______.
(2)What’s the main idea about the passage?
(3)What does the author intend to do by writing the text?
(4)What the purpose of the passage?
【易錯誤區(qū)】考生容易以偏概全,一葉障目,看見一些高頻詞匯就去找相關(guān)選項。
【解題妙招】一定要注重全篇各段的首句及某段的首尾句。
【高考鏈接】(2016·江蘇卷)
60.The passage is mainly about________.
A.the helping behaviors of young children
B.ways to train children’s shared intentionality
C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D.the development of intelligence in children
【解析】C。通讀全文,可知本文是一篇科普說明文。A,B,D項都有文章的部分內(nèi)容,不屬于中心思想。
3.推理判斷型
【題目特征】推理題型,顧名思義,是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,總結(jié)或推理出一個文中沒有直接表達的結(jié)論。需要考生用腦力思考并總結(jié)概括出一個精準全面的答案。
【考題難度】難。
【常見形式】
(1)From the passage,we can infer_______.
(2)We can learn from the text_______.
(3)The author implies that________.
(4)The last paragraph reveals that________.
(5)We can conclude from the text that_______.
【易錯誤區(qū)】直接選擇文章中提及或出現(xiàn)的信息點。
【解題妙招】切記:解答此類題目時,文中看到的就是不對的!
【高考鏈接】(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)
24.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?
A.They are highly educated.
B.They are truly creative.
C.They are pioneers.
D.They are peace-lovers.
【解析】C。推理判斷題。仔細閱讀原文,我們不難看出這四位女性所具有的共性:都是某個領域的先驅(qū)。需要注意的是文中出現(xiàn)的“peace,education”這些字眼;同時,要避免以某一人的特點來概括眾人的共性。
4.詞義猜測型
【題目特征】猜測文中出現(xiàn)的畫線詞或短語的意義。此類題目又可分為三種:一是純粹的生詞;二是熟詞新義;三是代詞指代。需要考生利用段落大意來聯(lián)想判斷,猜測詞義。
【考題難度】較難。
【常見形式】
(1)The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ ______.
(2)What does the term “au pair” in the text mean?
(3)The underlined word “intimidated” in the fourth paragraph probably means “________”.
(4)Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
【易錯誤區(qū)】脫離語境,隨意猜測。
【解題妙招】如果單詞是名詞或者動詞,需要重點看單詞后面所說的話,就是單詞內(nèi)容的表達。如果畫線單詞是代詞,就應該根據(jù)畫線單詞前面的內(nèi)容進行判斷,因為代詞一般都是代指前文中提到過的事物。如果四個詞均不認識,則可以用排除法把類似的詞先排除掉,剩下的詞匯可利用構(gòu)詞法的前綴、后綴來判斷。
【高考鏈接】(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But I’m just not creative.”
27.What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Mistake. B.Drawback.
C.Difficulty. D.Burden.
【解析】B。詞義猜測題。此處畫線詞為名詞,根據(jù)其后一句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處,故畫線詞義為“drawback(缺點)”。
5.擬定標題型
【題目特征】考查考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容來擬一個符合作者及文章意圖內(nèi)容的標題??疾榭忌奶釤捘芰?。
【考題難度】難。
【常見形式】
(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
(2)The best title/ headline for this passage might be _______.
(3)What can be a suitable title for the text?
(4)The topic of the passage is________.
【易錯誤區(qū)】(一)過于籠統(tǒng),不知所云;(二)以偏概全,主次不分;(三)移花接木,偷換概念;(四)無中生有,生搬硬套。
【解題妙招】要掌握三個關(guān)鍵點:全、精、準。
全:就是題目要包括文章提及的主要事物,不遺漏。
精:所擬題目必須直指什么人什么事什么道理,接地氣,不推理。
準:所擬題目不能主觀延續(xù)、擴張、臆想或縮小作者的寫作內(nèi)容及意圖,不升華。
有一點需要特別注意,如果是新聞稿,根據(jù)新聞的要素,標題需要新穎“賣關(guān)子”,所以新聞稿的標題一般要吸引讀者眼球,需要一個“高大上”的標題來掩護文章內(nèi)容。
【高考鏈接】(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)
Bruce Pederson,the managing director of BookCrossing,says,“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”
32.What is the best title for the text?
A.Online Reading: A Virtual Tour
B.Electronic Books: A New Trend
C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D.A Website Links People through Books
【解析】D。標題概括題。根據(jù)文章第三段可知BookCrossing.com把人生命中最重要的兩個事物:人和書聯(lián)系在一起。D項內(nèi)容能夠涵蓋文章的中心思想。
6.圖表運算題
【題目特征】考生根據(jù)文中信息做一些跨學科題目,可能涉及數(shù)學運算或識圖解意。需要掌握題中所給出的數(shù)據(jù)及圖表信息,能夠讀懂相關(guān)的運算表法及圖示內(nèi)容。
【考題難度】適中。
【常見形式】
(1)How much money should be paid if an adult with a child(under 12) attend the exhibition?
(2)How many years the author spent on writing?
(3)When he starts to work?
【易錯誤區(qū)】考生因為看不懂運算詞匯,所以面對簡單的數(shù)學運算沒有方法。必會單詞:增加:increase/ add/ put on;減少:decrease/reduce/dwindle/cut down;運算符號:plus/add/and/minus/time/divide...
【高考鏈接】(2016·上海卷)
71.If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement,what would happen by the year 2100?
A.The human population would increase by one third.
B.Little over 50% of all species would still exist.
C.Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
D.The Agreements’ minimum goal would not be reached.
【解析】D。根據(jù)文章第二段“This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Pans promises to reduce carbon emissions”可知,如果各國的氣體排放能夠符合巴黎協(xié)議的要求,到2100年氣溫會比現(xiàn)在高三度。而根據(jù)第三段“To meet this minimum goal”可知,最小的目標是上升兩度。也就是說即使各國的氣體排放能夠符合巴黎協(xié)議的要求,也達不到最小的目標。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016年衡水中學信息卷,全國統(tǒng)一考試模擬試題)
Stephen Collins Foster was born on July 4th,1826 in the northeastern state of Pennsylvania.He was the ninth child of William and Eliza Foster.He did not have much musical training.But he had a great natural ability for music.Stephen Foster began writing songs in 1840.In 1847,he wrote his first successful song,Oh! Susanna.
21.How old was Stephen Foster when he began writing songs?
A.37. B.14. C.34. D.16.
【解析】B。根據(jù)文章信息,1826年出生,1840年開始寫歌,1840-1826=14。
7.態(tài)度觀點題型
【題目特征】此類題型有兩種:一是要求考生根據(jù)文段來判斷作者對某事的態(tài)度;二是要求考生判斷文中某人對文章的某觀點或某事件的態(tài)度。
【考題難度】中。
【常見形式】
(1)What can we see from the author’s words?
(2)What’s the author’s attitude to the idea?
(3)What is the attitude of the man in the passage towards the matter?
【易錯誤區(qū)】1.斷章取義,找錯信息點。2.主觀臆斷,以自己的觀點來判斷作者或主人公的態(tài)度。
【解題妙招】1.考生應該多關(guān)注文中人物的話語,即“……”中的內(nèi)容。2.話語中要注重形容詞,同時兼顧連詞。3.記住常見的一些表達態(tài)度立場的詞匯。如:支持:support/in favor of;反對:against/oppose/combat;中立:neutral/impartial;積極:positive/active/constructive;消極:negative/passive;樂觀:optimistic/bright;沮喪:depressed/pessimistic;感激:thankful/appreciative;漠不關(guān)心:indifferent。
【高考鏈接】(2016·四川卷)
30.What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?
A.Cautious. B.Doubtful.
C.Uninterested. D.Appreciative.
【解析】D。根據(jù)文章中的“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years”可推知,Gin很欣賞他們的生活方式。
8.常識題型
【題目特征】考生可以根據(jù)自己積累的經(jīng)驗和常識進行選擇。
【考題難度】容易。
【常見形式】
(1)What is the most important thing in study?
(2)How to keep warm in ancient time?
【易錯誤區(qū)】1.缺乏常識,過于偏執(zhí)。2.依賴常識,沒有注意文章中的特殊之處。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2015年名師導讀高一版Unit 1 Friendship)
1.Good friends need_______.
A.honesty B.beauty
C.rudeness D.calm
【解析】A。根據(jù)常識可很容易判斷出這道題選A項。
9.寫作技巧題型
【題目特征】要求考生讀完文章可以分析出作者的寫作方式和說明方法,以及文章所采用的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。
【考題難度】適中。
【常見形式】
(1)How does the author develop the passage?
A.By analyzing. B.By telling story.
C.By presenting examples. D.By comparing.
(2)What is the structure of the passage?
【易錯誤區(qū)】1.題目用詞比較專業(yè)和學術(shù),考生的障礙在于看不懂題目。2.缺乏文體格式方面的基本常識。
【解題妙招】掌握選項里的相關(guān)詞匯才是王道,例如:analyze分析,telling/stating陳述,presenting examples舉例,comparing對比,stress/emphasize強調(diào),look back回顧,flashback 倒敘,rhetorical question設問,interview 采訪,dialogue對話,conclude總結(jié),analogy類比,infer推理,discuss議論,comment on 評論。
【高考鏈接】(2016·四川卷)
35.How does the author support the theme of the text?
A.By giving examples.
B.By stating arguments.
C.By explaining statistical data.
D.By providing research results.
【解析】D。根據(jù)第一段“But now a study has found...”和第二段“Researchers have discovered that...”以及第三段“The study,by researchers from Seoul,South Korea...”可知,應選D項。
【高考鏈接】(2016·北京卷)
70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要點)C:Conclusion
【解析】C。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。根據(jù)第四段“Learning to deal with the social world is equally important”中的“equally important”和第五段中的“Moreover”可知,第四段和第五段是第三段的次要論點。
10.文章出處題型
【題目特征】考生能夠判斷文章的背景出處和體裁信息,從而推理出文章摘自哪里。
【考題難度】容易。
【常見形式】新聞報道、雜志、旅游手冊、廣告、日記、書信等。
【易錯誤區(qū)】考生有時會分不清科學報道和新聞消息之間的區(qū)別,容易誤判。
【高考鏈接】(2012·福建卷)
62.The passage is probably taken out of_______.
A.a novel B.a report
C.a diary D.an essay
【解析】A。全文的故事情節(jié)通過對話的形式展開,根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容可知,本文選自一部小說。
11.寫作意圖題
【題目特征】近幾年高考很常見的題型,通讀全文,根據(jù)文章體裁來判斷作者的寫作意圖。
【考題難度】難。
【常見形式】
(1)Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
(2)What does the story intend to tell us?
【易錯誤區(qū)】考生喜歡主觀判斷作者意圖,不能客觀地根據(jù)信息來判斷。
【解題妙招】這類型題一般可根據(jù)文章的尾段來獲取題目信息。要注意尾段作者表述觀點時用的形容詞及連詞,從而判斷作者意圖。
【高考鏈接】(2016·北京卷)
Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time,I feel good about myself because I’m doing something,not because someone told me I was doing good.I feel whole.This is why you’re saving my life.
58.Tanis wrote this letter in order to_______.
A.explain why she was interested in the computer
B.share the ideas she had for her profession
C.show how grateful she was to the center
D.describe the courses she had taken so far
【解析】C。寫作意圖題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time,I feel good about myself”可知,作者寫信的目的是表達感謝,故選C項。
【高考鏈接】(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)
31.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To show how to grow apples.
B.To introduce an apple festival.
C.To help people select apples.
D.To promote apple research.
【解析】B。寫作意圖題。綜合全文可知,作者向讀者介紹了一個節(jié)日——Apple Day,并推薦人們參加這個節(jié)日,故選B項。
(作者單位:馬琳娜 新疆烏魯木齊市八一中學;常玉國 新疆哈密地區(qū)第二中學)