湖北 楊 武

高考中“with結(jié)構(gòu)”考點(diǎn)小結(jié)

湖北 楊 武

“with結(jié)構(gòu)”是英語(yǔ)眾多固定結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的一種。學(xué)好它能很好地幫助我們學(xué)好賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。

一、with結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成

1.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞/名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)/名詞性句子） 例如：

1-1（2015廣東卷，短文填空）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.他在附近的一些鎮(zhèn)上賣牛奶或是用牛奶換一些別的食物，然后用剩下的牛奶給家里做一些奶酪和黃油。

1-2（2015江蘇卷，任務(wù)閱讀）Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and share similar feelings with those involved.讀者會(huì)把自己與新聞故事中所發(fā)生的事緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，并與相關(guān)的人分享類似的感受。

2.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋adj.例如：

2-1（北京市東城區(qū)2014—2015學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高三綜合練習(xí)）Is this an age where famous professional cooks have turned cooking into a sort of show，with dishes far too difficult for the beginner to copy?難道這是一個(gè)著名的職業(yè)廚師把做菜變成了藝術(shù)，從而使菜藝讓新手無(wú)法模仿的時(shí)代嗎？

3.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋adv.例如：

3-1（2014湖南卷，Section B）As for technique，Mom taught me to begin with the flat spaces outward，always pushing the iron forward into wrinkled parts.至于技術(shù)方面，媽媽教我從外在的平面空間開(kāi)始，一直將熨斗向前推到有褶皺的部分。

4.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋prep.例如：

4-1（2015陜西卷，短文改錯(cuò)）At the party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly who made them and joked，...在聚會(huì)上，我的教練嘴里含著一塊兒餅干，驚奇地問(wèn)是誰(shuí)制作了它們并且玩笑道，……

4-2（2015廣東卷，完形填空）With long lives ahead of them，they need to stay active and devoted.因?yàn)樗麄兦懊嫔畹穆愤€很長(zhǎng)，所以他們必須保持積極專注的狀態(tài)。

5.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋v.-ing 例如：

5-1（2015重慶卷，閱讀D）With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.你身邊飛濺的水珠形成了彩虹，大滴的水珠在你的身體和臉上彈起，那景象真是讓人感覺(jué)爽快。

5-2（2015湖北卷，閱讀D） Unlike most of the Netherlands，Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand.希爾弗瑟姆不同于荷蘭的大部分地方，它真正處于一個(gè)多丘陵的地區(qū)，其土壤的主要成分是沙子。

6.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋v.-ed 例如：

6-1（2015浙江卷，7） Body language can give away a lot about your mood，so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.肢體語(yǔ)言可以透露很多心情，所以如果你把手折疊起來(lái)站著就表明你是處于防范狀態(tài)的。

6-2（2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ，閱讀C）The gap-year phenomenon originated with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.間隔學(xué)年現(xiàn)象起源于牛津和劍橋大學(xué)申請(qǐng)人11月份的入學(xué)考試和下一學(xué)年開(kāi)學(xué)之間的那幾個(gè)月份。

7.with＋賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞）＋to do 例如：

7-1（2013 浙江卷，閱讀A）With only two weeks to go before Christmas，buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people.鑒于離圣誕節(jié)只有兩周了，購(gòu)物成了許多人首選的事情。

7-2（2010浙江卷，閱讀E）With so many models to choose from，it seemed that I would have to spend hoursweighing X against Y，...鑒于有如此多的模板可供選擇，看來(lái)我要花一定的時(shí)間將X與Y進(jìn)行對(duì)比了……

二、“with（復(fù)合）結(jié)構(gòu)”的特點(diǎn)和用法

“with（復(fù)合）結(jié)構(gòu)”不是句子，其組成部分中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和不能作謂語(yǔ)的名詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞，所以它永遠(yuǎn)只能是某一個(gè)句子的附屬體。絕大多數(shù)情況下，它被用作狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明前面（或后面）句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)（情境）、條件、原因、方式等。它不能單獨(dú)使用。這一語(yǔ)言特征是漢語(yǔ)所沒(méi)有的，同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要避免濫用，不可把不完整的句子解釋成是使用了“with（復(fù)合）結(jié)構(gòu)”。

“with（復(fù)合）結(jié)構(gòu)”的另一特征是，其結(jié)構(gòu)中第一部分與第二部分在語(yǔ)法上是賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，而在邏輯上卻具有主謂關(guān)系，也就是說(shuō)，它在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)在它的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之上用第一部分作主語(yǔ)，第二部分作謂語(yǔ)擴(kuò)充而來(lái)的一個(gè)帶有謂語(yǔ)的完整句子。這種表意形式在漢語(yǔ)中很難找到其對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá)法，只可意會(huì)。當(dāng)然，這種情況只限于上文中的2～7類。如：

2-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“in the way that dishes are far too difficult”；

3-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“in the way that the flat spaces was outward”；

4-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“in the way that he had a biscuit in his mouth”；

5-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“in the condition that rainbow formed”；

6-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“in the way that your arms are folded”；

7-1中的“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”意義大致相當(dāng)于“since there are two weeks to go”。

同時(shí)，with結(jié)構(gòu)在句中也可以作定語(yǔ)。例如：

（1）（2013天津卷，閱讀A）The upper floor is a quiet zone with over a thousand places for silent reading，...上一層（樓）是一個(gè)有一千默讀座位的安靜區(qū)，……

（2）（2015安徽卷，閱讀C）According to Sparrow，we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet.依據(jù)Sparrow（的觀點(diǎn)），我們并沒(méi)有因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)而變成一群健忘的人。

三、注意事項(xiàng)

“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞是有區(qū)別的。

在“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”中，不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示主動(dòng)，但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作（不用having done，如5-1，5-2）；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成（不用having been done，如6-1，6-2）；不定式表被動(dòng)意義時(shí)，通常用to do來(lái)代替to be done，如7-2。例如：

With the guide leading the way，we found the hidden cave easily.（向?qū)б杨I(lǐng)過(guò)路）

With the guide to lead the way，we will find the hidden cave easily tomorrow.（向?qū)魈鞂㈩I(lǐng)路）

【練習(xí)】

1.觀察并判斷下列各句中斜體部分“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”的正誤（如有錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)改正），并寫(xiě)出其漢語(yǔ)意思。

（1）With the college Entrance Examination draw near，I was filled with great anxiety.

（2）With no arrangements reached，the leaders in the six-side talks will spend another two hours，locked in the hotel，discussing the nuclear problem of North Korea.

（3）With Philly at my side，armed with a sharp branch，we walked into the forest on the island together.

（4）But have you thought about a co-promotion with the retailers to drive sales in store?

（5）He then asked me in Spanish if I was embarrassed.“Si，unpoco（Yes，a little）”，I replied with my face was red.

（6）I think you would mind too if you had to talk to a crowd of strangers with almost no clothes on.

（7）With many employers looking for students with already-developed skill sets，on-the-job training while in college can be the best way to ensure a job later on.

（8）The kid who used to look at you with his eyes closed during a test had the idea.

（9）For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected.

（10）With several problems remained to be solved，we still need to hold another meeting as soon as possible.

2.理解下列句子中“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”的意思，并用相同或相近意義的句子來(lái)替換它們。

（1）With more and more forests cut down，some animals are facing the danger of dying out.

（2）Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light.

（3）With its focus divided，the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.

（4）With English words getting popular in both media and daily life，a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them，...

（5）In fact，according to Wilk，the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war”for over a century，with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally.

3.根據(jù)下列各句漢語(yǔ)意思和括號(hào)中的詞，用“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”完成下列各句英語(yǔ)句子。

（1）________，the newly-elected chairman couldn’t sleep well at night.

新任主席有許多問(wèn)題要解決，晚上無(wú)法安睡。（settle）

（2）Tom looked at Jenny， ______，and shouted out the words hidden in his heart for years.

湯姆打量著珍妮，眼中充滿了淚水。他大聲地喊出了藏在他心里多年的話語(yǔ)。（fill）

（3） ______，however，my love of de-cluttering（清理） still stands and it doesn’t belong only to wardrobes.

然而，帶著這一想法，我對(duì)清理的喜好依舊存在，而且它還不僅僅局限于衣柜。（mind n.）

（4） ______，the argument that mail is a natural monopoly that needs government protection is weaker than ever.

隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的崛起，關(guān)于郵政是自然的壟斷行業(yè)且需要政府的保護(hù)這一爭(zhēng)論再也沒(méi)有以前那樣激烈了。（rise n.）

（5）The employee，Ishmael Gilbert，remained calm and accommodating，helping the woman________．

員工以實(shí)瑪麗·吉爾伯特保持冷靜和寬容，幫助著那位女子，滿足著她的任何需求。（assistance）

【參考答案】

1.（1）draw→drawing；隨著高考的臨近 （2）正確；鑒于沒(méi)有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議 （3）正確；有菲利在我的身邊 （4）正確；由零售商推進(jìn)的 （5）去掉斜體部分中的was；紅著臉 （6）正確；幾乎是一絲不掛 （7）正確；在許多雇主尋找學(xué)生（的情況下）（8）正確；閉著眼睛 （9）正確；家人在遠(yuǎn)方的（10）remained→remaining；有好些問(wèn)題遺留下來(lái)要解決

2.（1）Since more and more forests are cut down（2）and we have eyes that have been adapted to living in the sun’s light （3）Since（In the condition that） its focus was divided （4）As English words are getting popular（5）in the way that car have made it possible

3.（1）With many problems to settle /be settled（2） with tears filling his eyes （3）With this in mind（4） With the rise of the Internet （5）with whatever assistance she needed

（作者單位：湖北省麻城市教科院）

“Finally spoke to her.Left flowers.”終于跟她搭上話了，并給她留下了一束花。（在墳?zāi)骨埃?/p>

“Introduced myself to mother again today.”今天我又一次向媽媽介紹了自己。（阿爾茨海默?。?/p>