具有“工程師的搖籃”之美譽的德國應用技術大學，在德國高等教育體系中占有重要一席，對德國的經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展具有重要意義，對于我國地方高校的轉型發(fā)展也具有一定的借鑒意義。作為應用技術大學重要組成部分的德國私立應用技術大學在德國高等教育體系中占有怎樣的份額？發(fā)揮著怎樣的作用？具有怎樣的辦學目標？師資有哪些特點？招收哪些學生？面臨怎樣的問題與挑戰(zhàn)？對我國應用技術大學的發(fā)展具有怎樣的啟示？本期高端訪談圍繞上述問題，對德國私立大學聯(lián)合會董事會主席克勞斯·赫金教授進行了專訪。

德國私立大學聯(lián)合會董事會主席 克勞斯?赫金

●私立應用技術大學在社會中發(fā)揮著重要作用，學習型社會的形成離不開這些學校。這類學校的辦學目標是為勞動力市場提供優(yōu)秀的人才。學生們應具備“跳出盒子想問題”的思維模式。私立高校和行業(yè)之間的聯(lián)系非常緊密。

《大學》：赫金教授您好！您如何看待私立應用技術大學在德國高等教育體系中的作用和地位？

克勞斯·赫金教授(以下簡稱赫金教授)：德國共有432所高校，其中應用技術大學208所，約占48%。在應用技術大學中，私立高校103所，公立高校105所。德國共有120所私立大學，其中私立應用技術大學就占了86%。私立應用技術大學在社會中發(fā)揮著重要作用，如果沒有它們，許多人將無法獲得大學學位。學習型社會的形成離不開這些學校。許多高校允許學生一邊工作一邊學習。對于很多學生來說，他們是不可能不要工作不要收入地回到大學學習的。

University:What do you think about the role and status of priuate universities of applied science in Germany higher education system?

Professor Klaus Hekking(Professor Hekking):There are 432 higher education institutions in Germany altogether, among which there are 208 universities of applied science. There are 103 private universities of applied science and 105 state funded universities of applied science. In the 120 private universities, the private universities of applied science account for 86%. They have a very important role in the society as without private universities of applied sciences many people would not be able to obtain a university degree. Academization of the society would not be possible without them. Many universities enable the students to study and work at the same time. For a large number of students it is not possible to stop working and go back to the university without income.

《大學》：德國應用技術大學的辦學目標是什么？

赫金教授：這類高校的辦學目標是為勞動市場提供優(yōu)秀的人才。學生們應具備“跳出盒子想問題”的思維模式，能夠理解公司的整體市場目標，而不是僅僅完成公司交代的任務。在與公立高校競爭時還要能夠激發(fā)企業(yè)活力。

University:What’s the goal of universities of applied science in Germany?

Professor Hekking:The goal is to prepare excellent employees for the labor market. They should be able to think out of the box and understand the company’s overall market goals, not just to ful fi ll tasks given. Also to vitalize the business when it comes to competing with state funded higher education institutions.

《大學》：行業(yè)企業(yè)以什么形式、在多大程度上參與應用技術類大學的人才培養(yǎng)?行業(yè)企業(yè)與應用技術大學之間有怎樣的合作機制？

赫金教授：私立高校和行業(yè)之間的聯(lián)系非常緊密。學校經(jīng)常應某些行業(yè)部門的要求開辦一些課程項目，或者是根據(jù)行業(yè)的需求來設計一些課程。學生們會被安排到行業(yè)企業(yè)中來完成他們的實習工作。通常私立大學的就業(yè)指導辦公室與行業(yè)之間的聯(lián)系非常密切，可以為學生們提供有關實習或畢業(yè)求職方面的建議。

University:To what extent does the industry participate in talents cultivation in the universities of applied science? And in what form?What’s the cooperation mechanism?

Professor Hekking：Private universities and the industry work together closely. Often programs are launched at the request of some certain industry branch or a certain course is designed according to the needs of the industry. Students are placed in the industry in order to complete their internship. Usually the career of fi ces at private universities are very well connected to the industry and can offer advice to the students no matter if it is about internships or fi nding the right job after graduation.

《大學》：在德國，私立應用技術大學和其他類型高校最大的區(qū)別是什么？

赫金教授：私立高校和公立高校之間最大的區(qū)別是，在私立高校，個別指導發(fā)揮重要的作用，學校采用小班教學，并向學生提供全程幫助，學生獲得學位的時間更短。由于各班人數(shù)非常少，所有的教授都非常了解他們的學生，并為學生們提供個別指導。私立應用技術大學的輟學率是7%，而公立大學是20%。

University:What’s the most signi fi cant difference between the private universities of applied science and other types of higher education institutions in Germany?

Professor Hekking：The biggest difference between private and state funded universities is that at private universities individual approach plays an important role. Students are taught in smaller groups, less time is needed to get an academic degree and on every step of the way help is provided. As the groups at private universities are fairly small and all the professors know their students, individual solutions are offered. The dropout rate of private universities of applied science is 7%, compared to 20% at public universities.

●應用技術大學的教師隊伍如今更加國際化。應用技術大學的教授通常具有多年的行業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗。最理想的情況是實踐教學經(jīng)驗和研究相結合。不進行教學的純研究工作并不是長久之計。

《大學》：應用技術大學的師資和其他類型高校的師資的主要區(qū)別是什么？

赫金教授：應用技術大學的教師通常持有大學（博士）學位，并在高等教育機構外獲得一些實踐經(jīng)驗；他們至少有幾年的工作經(jīng)驗。但作為大學教授的前提是，大學教育經(jīng)歷、教學能力、晉升以及其他科研成果都是評估教授資格或初級教授資格的必備條件。

University:What’s the main difference of the faculty between the applied science and other higher education institutions?

Professor Hekking：Faculty members at a university of applied science usually hold a university degree(PhD) and have gained practical experience outside higher education institutions; they have worked at least for a few years. Preconditions for the university professor, however, are given when a university education, teaching ability, a promotion and other scienti fi c achievements, which must have been provided as part of a habilitation or a junior professorship, can be proven.

《大學》：應用技術大學的全職教師、兼職教師以及來自行業(yè)企業(yè)的教師大概各占怎樣的比例？

赫金教授：至少有50%的教授必須是全職教授。他們的研究預算不能全都來自校外。每所大學都必須有所謂的學術核心，而且必須向學生提供。

University:What percentage do different kinds of teachers account for, such as the full-time professor, parttime professor, and professor from the industry?

Professor Hekking：At least 50% of all the professors have to be full time professors. Their research budget should not be raised 100% outside of the university. So called academic heart of the university must be present at every campus and also available to the students.

《大學》：在應用技術大學中，是否有對教師這樣的劃分，比如說一些教師主要負責教學，而一些教師主要負責研究工作而沒有教學任務？或者是將教師劃分為理論型教師和實踐型教師？

赫金教授：最理想的是實踐教學經(jīng)驗和研究相結合。不進行教學的純研究工作并不是長久之計，如果是為了參加某個國際研究項目，可以選擇暫時這么做。

University:Is there such classi fi cation in the universities of applied science as dividing the faculty into the teacher who only focus on teaching and the teacher who mainly do research without teaching load? Or theoryoriented teacher and practice-oriented teacher?

Professor Hekking：Ideal combination consists of practical teaching experience and research. Research without any teaching is not an option. A teaching free term might be given in order to participate in an international research project.

《大學》：應用技術大學教師具有怎樣的特點？

赫金教授：應用技術大學的教師隊伍如今更加國際化。應用技術大學的教授通常具有多年的行業(yè)工作經(jīng)驗。

University:What do you think about the faculty’s professional development in the universities of applied science?

Professor Hekking：The faculties have become much more international. The professors have worked outside the university and bring years of industry experience with them.

●近年來，在私立應用技術大學就讀的學生數(shù)量逐年上升。通常所有的畢業(yè)生在實習期間就能夠在勞動市場上積累經(jīng)驗，并且明確地知道到自己想要什么。

《大學》：應用技術大學一般招收哪些學生？

赫金教授：通常是應屆高中畢業(yè)生以及決定繼續(xù)或開始學業(yè)的一些職員。他們一般會在工作以外的業(yè)余時間攻讀函授學位或學習一些額外的職業(yè)課程。

University:Usually what kinds of student are enrolled in the universities of applied science?

Professor Hekking：There are students who have just graduated from high school and also employees who decide to continue or to start their studies. They can combine their work life and studies while taking part time,correspondence degree or extra occupational courses.

《大學》：在私立應用技術大學就讀的學生發(fā)展前景如何？

赫金教授：近年來，在私立應用技術大學就讀的學生數(shù)量逐年上升。盡管人口發(fā)展不會有太大的變化，但學生的數(shù)量將會持續(xù)增長。許多學生不是應屆高中畢業(yè)生。每年都會有更多的員工決定利用業(yè)余時間學習以獲取大學學歷，或學習額外的職業(yè)課程并獲得大學學位。在過去十年，私立大學的數(shù)量增加了16%，公立高校僅增加了1.4%。

University:What kind of growth is expected to obtain from the experience in the universities of applied science for the students?

Professor Hekking：In the recent years the number of students at private universities has been growing continuously. Although there is not going to be big change in the demographic development the number of students is expected to grow. Many students are not recent high school graduates. Every year more and more employers decide to take up part time or extra-occupational studies in order to obtain a university degree. Also the number of private universities has increased 16% during the past decade, state funded universities only 1.4%.

《大學》：私立應用技術大學是否比其他類型高校更重視畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)問題？

赫金教授：基本上所有的私立應用技術大學都會設置一個就業(yè)中心，幫助學生在學習期間在合適的公司找個合適的實習崗位，甚至能在實習期后幫助他們找份工作。咨詢工作對學生非常重要，能夠在學生需要的時候為他們提供指導。

University:Is the graduates’ job placement given much more attention in the universities of applied science than in other universities?

Professor Hekking: Almost every private university of applied science has a Career Center which helps the students to fi nd a suitable internship in an appropriate company during their studies and later on even can help fi nding a job. Counselling plays an important role and offers the students guidance when needed.

《大學》：應用技術大學更期待畢業(yè)生就業(yè)還是自主創(chuàng)業(yè)？

赫金教授：畢業(yè)生們在學校里經(jīng)過了良好的教育后都能夠找到一個工作或開啟自己的創(chuàng)業(yè)歷程。通常所有的畢業(yè)生在實習期間就能夠在勞動市場上積累經(jīng)驗，并且明確地知道到自己想要什么。

University:Are graduates of the universities of applied science supposed to fi nd a job in the market, or to initiate their own business after graduation?

Professor Hekking：The graduates are well educated and can either fi nd a job or start their own business.Usually all the graduates have gathered experience in the labor market during their internship and know exactly what to expect.

●所有的私立應用技術大學都會接受定期的鑒定審核。私立高校受到的不平等待遇是它所面臨的一個挑戰(zhàn)。高校應明確國家真正的需求，然后開辦一些符合市場需求的學位項目。

《大學》：并非每所高校都能夠被承認為是應用技術大學，德國是否存在應用技術大學的準入標準或退出機制？

赫金教授：所有的私立應用技術大學都會進行定期的鑒定審核。不同的學位項目必須定期進行重新審核，私立應用技術大學的一般概念必須經(jīng)國家科技部的認證和授權。

University:Not any higher education institution could be recognized to be university of applied science;therefore, are there any basic criteria to permit or relinquish the development of a university of applied science?

Professor Hekking：All private universities of applied science are accredited and audited regularly. The different degree programs offered must be re-accredited after certain amount of time and also the general concept of the private universities of applied sciences must be accredited and licensed by the ministry of science.

《大學》：在德國誰負責監(jiān)管或評估私立應用技術大學辦學質量？

赫金教授：所有的私立應用技術大學都會由德國科學委員會進行認證。此外，認證委員會還會通過認證機構檢查學校的辦學質量。

University:Who is responsible for supervising or evaluating the quality of private universities of applied science in Germany?

Professor Hekking：All private universities of applied science are accredited by German Scientific Council. Additionally the Accreditation Council checks the quality through accreditation agencies.

《大學》：您認為德國私立應用技術大學目前面臨哪些問題和挑戰(zhàn)？

赫金教授：大多數(shù)公開招投標僅面向國立大學。私立高校受到的不平等待遇是它所面臨的一個挑戰(zhàn)，我們希望在不久的將來能夠解決這一問題。

University:In your opinion, what problems and challenges are the private universities of applied science in Germany confronted currently?

Professor Hekking：Many public tenders are only for state funded universities. Unfair treatment of private universities is a challenge that we hope to solve in the future.

《大學》：謝謝您接受我們的訪談！

University:Thank you for sharing with us your thoughts!