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        《弟子規(guī)》漢英翻譯策略比較研究

        2016-03-19 08:47:50何亞琴卞建華
        東方論壇 2016年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:弟子規(guī)譯者原文

        何亞琴 卞建華

        (1.北京石油化工學(xué)院 外語(yǔ)系,北京 102617;2.青島大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266071)

        《弟子規(guī)》漢英翻譯策略比較研究

        何亞琴 卞建華

        (1.北京石油化工學(xué)院 外語(yǔ)系,北京 102617;2.青島大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266071)

        儒家經(jīng)典《弟子規(guī)》原文形式簡(jiǎn)潔、規(guī)整,詞句對(duì)稱、平行。針對(duì)這種文本,依據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)理論和趨同原則,譯者在理解原文過程中需透過表層意義探究其深層意義;在譯文表達(dá)過程中不僅要精心選詞、搭配、增補(bǔ)信息,更要注重詞句結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡、對(duì)稱,以更好地再現(xiàn)原文語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格和語(yǔ)言形式。

        《弟子規(guī)》;英譯;翻譯策略

        引言

        《弟子規(guī)》是由清朝李毓秀根據(jù)古圣先賢的教導(dǎo)編寫而成的經(jīng)典作品,概括簡(jiǎn)要、三字一句、朗朗上口、體現(xiàn)了大道至簡(jiǎn)的特征。該書濃縮了儒家思想的核心“仁義忠恕”之道,一直被公認(rèn)為中國(guó)道德教育的根基,也是中國(guó)創(chuàng)投家規(guī)、家訓(xùn)、家法、家教的集大成。因此,正確解讀《弟子規(guī)》的含義,準(zhǔn)確地將其翻譯成英語(yǔ),有利于傳播和弘揚(yáng)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,構(gòu)建和諧世界,使人類能夠更加健康地發(fā)展下去。《弟子規(guī)》作為儒家文化的根本,屬于行門,為我們?nèi)粘I钪械男袨榕e止提供了實(shí)用性的指導(dǎo),因此也得到許多專家學(xué)者的關(guān)注。鐘茂森曾應(yīng)邀在世界各國(guó)介紹中華傳統(tǒng)文化,并多次做了倫理道德方面的報(bào)告,并在其專著《細(xì)讀弟子規(guī)》中結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷逐字逐句講解《弟子規(guī)》,深受歡迎。錢文忠在中央電視臺(tái)“百家講壇”節(jié)目中對(duì)《弟子規(guī)》的詳盡解讀也為我們正確理解其中的含義提供了重要指導(dǎo)。本文結(jié)合兩位學(xué)者的解讀,將現(xiàn)有兩個(gè)《弟子規(guī)》英譯本(美國(guó)國(guó)際譯經(jīng)學(xué)院譯本和覃愛東等的譯本,以下簡(jiǎn)稱為美譯和覃譯)首先進(jìn)行分析和比較,努力嘗試對(duì)文中句子進(jìn)行重譯,以便與讀者交流和學(xué)習(xí)中華經(jīng)典的英譯策略。正如孟凡君所言:“質(zhì)言之,譯事之妙,惟在二心:自心,他心。自心即經(jīng)營(yíng)譯事之勇猛精進(jìn)心,他心即體貼讀者之方便分別心。二心合一,譯事之至也?!保?]

        一、理解的差異

        翻譯過程,有狹義和廣義之分。一般認(rèn)為,狹義的過程是翻譯者對(duì)具體文本的轉(zhuǎn)換活動(dòng)過程。具體地說,就是譯者選擇了一個(gè)要翻譯的文本之后,將該文本由出發(fā)語(yǔ)向目的語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換的過程。[2] (P80)該過程包括理解、表達(dá)、審校三個(gè)階段,理解是在原文中選義的過程,是翻譯的基礎(chǔ),譯者不僅要理解語(yǔ)言表面上的意思,更重要的是理解語(yǔ)言深層的含義,字里行間的意思,甚至是弦外之音。全面透徹的理解是準(zhǔn)確翻譯的保障。理解過程中差之毫厘,表達(dá)時(shí)就可能謬之千里。這就要求譯者充分認(rèn)識(shí)理解原文的重要性,認(rèn)真查閱相關(guān)資料,力爭(zhēng)將理解的誤差降到最低?!兜茏右?guī)》是行門類文本,教我們?nèi)绾巫鋈说幕A(chǔ)規(guī)范,因此準(zhǔn)確地英譯有利于讀者在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中真正落實(shí)。不過,由于譯者對(duì)原文存在著不同的理解,所以產(chǎn)生了不同的譯文表達(dá)形式。如:

        例1.斗鬧場(chǎng),絕勿近;邪僻事,絕勿問。[3] (P17)(《弟子規(guī)·謹(jǐn)》)

        美譯: Never go near rowdy places, or where you see fights going on. Gossip about things improper, is better not to pass on.[4](P23)

        覃譯: Keep away from rowdy places. Don’t ask about things that are evil and weird. It is important that you have the ability to tell right from wrong, and avoid being affected adversely.[5](P66)

        原語(yǔ)中的詞組“邪僻事”的英譯(劃線)部分,美譯表達(dá)的意思是“不適當(dāng)?shù)氖虑椤保@樣明顯擴(kuò)充了“邪僻事”的范圍,讓讀者徹底領(lǐng)會(huì)到日常行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),完全符合譯者傳播文化的目的。覃譯把原意表達(dá)為“邪惡、怪誕的事”,這種表達(dá)法一定程度上縮小了語(yǔ)義范圍。錢文忠解讀“邪僻事”為不正當(dāng)?shù)?、見不得人的、傾向不好的事情; 鐘茂森也認(rèn)為 “邪”是指不正當(dāng)?shù)?,“僻”是怪癖?/p>

        試譯: Don’t go to places of sound and fury and don’t ask about anything wrong or indecent.[3](P29)

        例2. 道人善,即是善;人知之,愈思勉。[3](P20)(《弟子規(guī)·泛愛眾》)

        美譯: Now praising the virtues of others is itself a virtuous deed. When people hear of those good points, they will want to emulate them.[4](P27)

        覃譯: Praising the goodness of others is a good deed in itself, for those that have been praised will feel encouraged and do more. Those who hear of the praise will feel the urge to follow the example.[5](P93)

        該例句的后半部分“人知之,愈思勉?!痹诿雷g中體現(xiàn)的意義與原文的含義有較大出入,和前半句的聯(lián)系也明顯脫節(jié)。前文表達(dá)的意思是“表?yè)P(yáng)別人的善行本身就是一種善”,下文卻說:“人們聽到那些善行后會(huì)愿意去仿效行善的人”。鐘茂森認(rèn)為,這句話的意思是“如果別人的善行我們看到了,應(yīng)該贊嘆他。贊嘆他,你得到的也是善。因?yàn)楸荒阗潎@的人知道了,他受到你的鼓舞,會(huì)更加努力向上,使他的善更加得到提升?!保?]錢文忠也認(rèn)為,這句話的含義是:“如果有個(gè)人很偶然地做了一件好事、小事,你經(jīng)常去宣揚(yáng)的話,這個(gè)人知道了他會(huì)不斷地勉勵(lì)自己,今后會(huì)做更多的好事?!保?]覃譯較準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了原文的含義,卻因后面的句子有‘畫蛇添足’之感。

        試譯: It is a good deed to talk about other people’s strengths, because this will encourage the person to be even better.[3](P32)

        例3. 喪三年,常悲咽,居處變,酒肉絕。[3] (P15)(《弟子規(guī)·入則孝》)

        美譯: During the first three years of mourning after my parents have passed away, I will remember them with gratitude and feel sad often for not being able to repay them for their kindness in raising me. During this period I will arrange my home to reflect my grief and sorrow. I will also avoid festivities and indulgence in food and alcoholic drinks.[4](P16)

        覃譯: During the first couple of years of mourning after our parents’ passing away, we shall often think of their loving devotion, and with that kind of gratitude we shall abstain from eating meat and drinking wine, and rearrange our place to show grief and sorrow.[5](P40)

        根據(jù)錢文忠和鐘茂森的解讀,在這三年的守孝過程中絕對(duì)不能飲酒,不能吃肉,很多事情都要斷絕。秦東魁更明確地指出:“在我國(guó)古代,父母去世,要為父母守孝三年。在父母的墳?zāi)古陨w上簡(jiǎn)陋的草房,穿粗布孝衣,吃素食,夫妻不同居,平時(shí)不從事娛樂活動(dòng),以此來表達(dá)對(duì)父母養(yǎng)育之恩的哀悼和紀(jì)念?!保?]這時(shí)表達(dá)出原文的言外之意非常重要,然而以上譯文中的劃線部分表達(dá)的意義非常模糊,致使主要信息漏譯的現(xiàn)象。相比之下,美譯簡(jiǎn)明易懂,而覃譯中的介詞“with”連接“gratitude”和 “abstention from meat and wine”使句子意思難以理解。

        試譯: Mourn for your dead parents for three years, during which period the husband and wife live apart and abstain from all pleasurable things such as eating meat and drinking liquor.[3](P25)

        例4.入則孝[3] (P14)(《弟子規(guī)·入則孝》)

        美譯:At Home,Be Dutiful to My Parents[4](P13)

        覃譯:Be Dutiful to Your Parents At Home[5](P27)

        這是《弟子規(guī)》第一章的題目。其含義是:對(duì)子女提出孝順父母的要求和應(yīng)該懂得的規(guī)矩。[7]而鐘茂森認(rèn)為:“入則孝”的“入”字可以解釋為入手處。圣賢之道從孝道入手。[6]可是,上述前兩種譯文中都加了“at home”, 這樣使得整個(gè)題目的意義受到約束,所以建議譯者在選詞時(shí)不能重于源語(yǔ)的形式,而忽略了其含義。

        試譯:Filiality[3](P24)

        關(guān)聯(lián)理論(Relevance Theory)(Sperber & Wilson 1986/1995)是20世紀(jì)80年代在語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域興起的關(guān)于語(yǔ)言交際的解釋理論。由于其關(guān)注點(diǎn)是交際與認(rèn)知的關(guān)系,與翻譯現(xiàn)象十分契合,所以能夠有效地解釋翻譯這一“宇宙歷史上最為復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象”(Richard 1953)在關(guān)聯(lián)理論的框架內(nèi),翻譯是一個(gè)對(duì)源語(yǔ)(語(yǔ)內(nèi)或語(yǔ)際)進(jìn)行闡釋的明示-推理過程,譯者要根據(jù)交際者的意圖和受體的期待進(jìn)行取舍,譯文的質(zhì)量取決于相關(guān)因素間的趨同度(convergence)[9](P112)

        以上例句表明譯者對(duì)交際者的意圖理解出現(xiàn)了差異,自然影響到相關(guān)因素間的趨同度,也就影響到譯文的質(zhì)量問題。“關(guān)聯(lián)理論提供的認(rèn)知關(guān)聯(lián)機(jī)制,從宏觀上作用于超語(yǔ)篇層,涉及語(yǔ)篇外的種種因素;從微觀上它深入到詞的理解層——我們可以在這么一個(gè)聚合上根據(jù)語(yǔ)境假設(shè)進(jìn)行有機(jī)的選擇和調(diào)變?!保?](P111)以上例句的試譯部分正是筆者依據(jù)專家的解讀,對(duì)“邪僻事”“人知之”“居處變”“入則孝”的理解在其合適的語(yǔ)境下重新做了選擇和調(diào)變。

        二、選詞的差異

        表達(dá)是在充分理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,將原文所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容用譯入語(yǔ)重新表達(dá)出來的過程。換言之,表達(dá)是在譯文中選詞的過程,即在譯文中尋找最恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方法。通過比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在翻譯過程中,詞匯的選擇會(huì)直接影響到對(duì)講話人態(tài)度、感情和語(yǔ)氣的傳達(dá)。

        例5.親愛我,孝何難; 親憎我,孝方賢。[3] (P15)(《弟子規(guī)·入則孝》)

        美譯: When I have loving parents, it is not difficult to be dutiful to them. But if I can be dutiful to parents who hate me, only then will I meet the standards of the saints and sages for being a dutiful child.[4](P15)

        覃譯: It is not difficult for us to perform filial duties when our parents are affectionate and attentive. It is valuable and estimable to be dutiful, understanding and self-examining even when our parents are harsh and strict with us.[5](P36)

        試譯: It is not hard to be filial to kind and loving parents. The true test of filial virtue comes when parents are cruel and hateful.[3](P25)

        利奇[10](P11-27)(Leech)區(qū)分了七種意義,1. 概念意義;2. 內(nèi)涵意義;3. 文體意義;4. 情感意義;5. 折射意義;6. 搭配意義;7. 主題意義。其中2-6都屬于聯(lián)想意義。此例中對(duì)“憎”一詞在譯文中的對(duì)應(yīng)詞選擇存在一定的差異。美譯中使用了“hate”一詞,體現(xiàn)出原文的概念意義和主題意義,但是在聯(lián)想意義方面稍有不足,即與前面的“l(fā)oving”一詞產(chǎn)生不平衡感;覃譯選擇了“harsh and strict”與前面的“affectionate and attentive”平衡對(duì)應(yīng),卻在概念意義和主題意義方面又有些欠缺。筆者的試譯試圖彌補(bǔ)這兩者的不足之處。

        例6.親有過,諫使更;怡吾色,柔吾聲。[3] (P15)(《弟子規(guī)·入則孝》)

        美譯:When your parents do wrong, I will urge them to change. I will do it with a kind facial expression and a warm gentle voice.[4](P15)

        覃譯:When our parents have done something wrong, it is filial obligation to point out and urge them to put it right. However, we should do it with a soft and pleasant countenance, and in a gentle voice.[5](P37)

        美譯和覃譯都選用了“urge”一詞,即:try earnestly or persistently to persuade someone to do something。筆者認(rèn)為選用“urge”翻譯“諫”字稍有不妥之處?!豆艥h語(yǔ)詞典》中對(duì)“諫”字的解釋為:用言語(yǔ)規(guī)勸君主或尊長(zhǎng)改正錯(cuò)誤,而這組同義詞為正式用語(yǔ),表示竭力規(guī)勸某人做一些事,不太適合這種語(yǔ)境。而“persuade”一詞突顯的方式方法是曉之以理,語(yǔ)義更溫和些。此外,美譯第二句省掉動(dòng)詞,不合乎英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。

        試譯:If you discover faults in your parents, with a smile and soft voice, persuade them to correct the faults.[3](P25)

        以上例句顯示,選詞的適當(dāng)性會(huì)直接影響到譯文的準(zhǔn)確性。一般情況下,譯者在選詞時(shí)不僅應(yīng)正確判斷詞義,還要留意詞義的力度、褒貶。

        例7. 朝起早, 夜眠遲; 老易至, 惜此時(shí)。[3] (P16)(《弟子規(guī)·謹(jǐn)》)

        美譯: I will get up each morning before my parents; at night, I will go to bed only after my parents have gone to sleep. When I realize that time is passing me by and cannot be turned back,and that I am getting older year by year, I will especially treasure the present moment.[4] (P21)

        覃譯: Rise earlier than our parents and stay up late. Time really flies, therefore we should seize the moment and make progress every day.[5](P54)

        試譯: Get up earlier in the morning and go to bed later than your parents do. One gets old quickly, so be sure to save every minute for something meaningful.[3](P27)

        可見,“老易至,惜此時(shí)”的譯文選詞時(shí)美譯和覃譯都用了擴(kuò)大語(yǔ)義外延的手法,采用概略化的翻譯方法。筆者認(rèn)為在這種語(yǔ)境下直譯是譯語(yǔ)向源語(yǔ)趨同的一種表現(xiàn)形式,有助于提高譯文的信度。

        三、搭配的使用

        通常,英語(yǔ)中的詞語(yǔ)組合現(xiàn)象簡(jiǎn)稱為搭配,但是語(yǔ)言中的搭配絕非簡(jiǎn)單、任意地組合。格萊德希爾(Gledhill)[11]認(rèn)為詞語(yǔ)搭配至少有三種情形:(i) 共現(xiàn),以統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)角度來看搭配現(xiàn)象,搭配是指詞匯在某個(gè)文本節(jié)點(diǎn)和它的搭配詞再現(xiàn); (ii) 組建,將搭配現(xiàn)象視為詞位和詞匯-語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的相互關(guān)系或基礎(chǔ)詞和搭配詞之間的關(guān)系;(iii) 表達(dá),以實(shí)用的觀點(diǎn)將搭配視為一種傳統(tǒng)的表達(dá)單位,不受形式的約束。

        筆者認(rèn)為經(jīng)籍漢譯過程中“組建”和“表達(dá)”的方式尤為重要,是保證譯文正確而且地道的關(guān)鍵性環(huán)節(jié)。此外,掌握符合習(xí)慣的英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)搭配有助于非本族語(yǔ)的人克服由于受本族語(yǔ)言和文化的影響而產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤,避免不合習(xí)慣的類推,從而提高運(yùn)用地道英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力。[12]

        例8.弟子規(guī),圣人訓(xùn)。[3] (P14)(《弟子規(guī)·總序》)

        美譯: These standards for students are guidelines, handed down to us by Ancient Sages.[4](P11)

        覃譯:Di Zi Gui or Pupil’s Code is a book that was taught by the Chinese saint and sage Confucius.[5](P26)

        此例譯文中的畫線部分出現(xiàn)的不當(dāng)搭配詞,很容易引起讀者的反感或誤解?!兜茏右?guī)》的作者借用這句話來聲明:這部書里邊的道理,并不是作者獨(dú)創(chuàng)的,而是圣人孔夫子傳下來的。[12]換句話說,作者依照孔夫子的學(xué)說思想編寫成的。鐘茂森指出,《弟子規(guī)》雖然是孔老夫子提出的提綱條目,但是孔老夫子一生“述而不作”,他只是轉(zhuǎn)述古圣先賢堯舜禹湯、文武周公的教誨。根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)搭配的漸次性特征,搭配的可接受性也呈現(xiàn)漸次狀態(tài)。適宜的搭配詞更容易被人接受。[15]

        試譯: Formulated from the teachings of the ancient Chinese saints and sages, the principles for youngsters are as follows.[3](P23)

        例9.寬為限,緊用功;功夫到,滯塞通。[3] (P22)(《弟子規(guī)·余力學(xué)文》)

        美譯: Budget your time for one project, and then work as hard as you can. When your effort come up to the mark, quite naturally you’ll understand.[4](P31)

        覃譯: Make a loose study plan and study hard. As long as you work hard enough, you are sure to come to an understanding all of a sudden.[5](P109)

        以上例句中的劃線部分搭配組合不太自然,而且以上兩種譯文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)選用得不協(xié)調(diào),影響了原文語(yǔ)言形式的美感。比如,覃譯中使用的句式“As long as...you are sure to...”使教義顯得輕率、淺薄。

        試譯: Set yourselves a long-term, attainable goal and devote sufficient effort to surmount the difficulties in achieving it.[3](P34)

        當(dāng)然,除注意詞語(yǔ)搭配之外,源語(yǔ)中有些詞語(yǔ)內(nèi)涵豐富,有時(shí)譯者很難根據(jù)上下文精確地闡釋詞義,翻譯時(shí)可以將其做模糊處理。正如蔣堅(jiān)松所言:“對(duì)原文的理解和詮釋應(yīng)立足于精確,但不排斥模糊;能精確到什么程度就精確到什么程度,需要留幾分模糊就留幾分模糊。在特定的上下文中,這種模糊和精確一樣,同樣是對(duì)文本的正確闡釋”[13]。

        例10.非圣書,屏勿視;蔽聰明,壞心志。[3](P22)(《弟子規(guī)·余力學(xué)文》)

        美譯: Teachings that don’t come from Sages are words that we don’t need to read. These books cover over our wisdom, and undermine our resolve.[4](P32)

        覃譯: Books containing ideas that depart from the teachings of saints and sages should be discarded and should not be even given a look. Such books will block your intelligence and wisdom, hence undermine your aspirations and integrity.[5](P114)

        兩個(gè)譯文中出現(xiàn)的搭配詞語(yǔ)(劃線部分)呈現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言組合的生硬現(xiàn)象。詞語(yǔ)“圣書”的含義需要模糊處理,因?yàn)樵谌粘W(xué)習(xí)生活中我們需要閱讀各種文化、知識(shí)方面的書籍,其中表層意義的“圣書”只占少數(shù);重要的是,我們?cè)谶x擇讀本時(shí)需要做出正確的判斷。

        試譯: Avoid corrupting books that will block your intelligence, sap your will and check your resolution.[3] (P35)

        顯然,任何詞語(yǔ)的意義和用法都會(huì)受到與該詞共現(xiàn)的其他詞語(yǔ)的影響和制約,它們共同構(gòu)建出一個(gè)特別的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。譯文中良好的詞語(yǔ)搭配可以有助于譯入語(yǔ)讀者更好地理解原文的字面意義和內(nèi)涵意義,提升譯文的可讀性。

        四、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的差異

        《弟子規(guī)》是按照三字一句的押韻形式寫成的,文字淺顯易懂,讀起來朗朗上口,因此譯者在翻譯時(shí)需適當(dāng)注意原文的外在形式,構(gòu)建譯文中的美感成分。關(guān)聯(lián)原則和趨同原則要求譯文與原文相關(guān)聯(lián),并最大程度地向原文趨同。因此,譯者在翻譯《弟子規(guī)》時(shí),由于原文本具有三字一句,兩句一韻的特點(diǎn),不僅給讀者以清新、明快之感,而且有利于閱讀、記憶和理解,譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇以及源語(yǔ)修辭的表現(xiàn)手法也應(yīng)給予最大限度的關(guān)注,使得譯文語(yǔ)篇在語(yǔ)言形式上做到對(duì)應(yīng)、銜接,與語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容貫通有機(jī)結(jié)合,構(gòu)成更好的譯語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇織綜,盡可能達(dá)到“形神兼?zhèn)洹薄?/p>

        例11.首孝悌,次謹(jǐn)信。[3] (P14)(《弟子規(guī)·總序》)

        美譯: First, obey and care for your parents, and then practice true brotherhood. Learn to be careful and honest.[4](P11)

        覃譯: The book first teaches us how to be dutiful to out parents, and how to be respectful and loving to our siblings. It then teaches us how to speak and act with caution in our daily life, how to be a trustworthy person, and how to believe in the teachings of the ancient saints and sages.[5](P26)

        第一種譯文把后半句挪到下一句話開頭,這或許是譯者的變通策略之一,而覃譯顯示句子結(jié)構(gòu)繁雜,沒有考慮原語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格。

        試譯:First honor your parents and treat your siblings kindly and then be cautious and honest in your words and deeds.[3](P23)

        例12. 泛愛眾, 而親仁; 有余力, 則學(xué)文。[3](P14)(《弟子規(guī)·總序》)

        美譯: Learn to be careful and honest, and cherish all living beings. Draw near to goodhearted people, and study whenever you can.[4](P12)

        覃譯: Furthermore, it teaches us to love all equally and to be close to and learn from people of virtue and compassion. If we have accomplished all the above and still have the will and energy to improve, then we can study further and learn literature and arts to improve the quality of our cultural and spiritual lives.[5](P26)

        美譯文中,由于插入前一句部分內(nèi)容,不僅整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)受到影響,而且不使用連詞,只是簡(jiǎn)單地羅列出動(dòng)詞,使句子的意思不明確;覃譯文仍使用了較長(zhǎng)的句子結(jié)構(gòu),如此不確定的含義表達(dá)不適合解讀道德教育的文本。

        試譯: Cherish all living creatures and learn from benevolent people. Only when you have accomplished these deeds can you begin to learn the other arts.[3](P23)

        例13. 父母呼, 應(yīng)勿緩; 父母命, 行勿懶;父母教, 須敬聽; 父母責(zé), 須順承。[3](P14)(《弟子規(guī):入則孝》)

        美譯: When mother and father are calling,answer them right away. When they give you instructions, obey them without hesitation. When your parents need to instruct you, respectfully do as you are told. Whenever your parents must scold you, acknowledge your errors and faults.[4](P13)

        覃譯: When your parents call you, answer them right away;when they ask you to do something, do it without delay. You should not make up excuses for your laziness. What your parents teach you about ways of life is for your own good, so you should listen attentively;when your parents scold you for your doing something wrong, you should be ready to accept their criticism and correct your mistakes without trying to gloss over them. It is absolutely wrong to talk back and make them sad. Even if you are done wrong, you should adopt the attitude of “correcting mistakes if having committed them and guarding against them if not.”[5](P28-29)

        以上兩種譯文均以when引出的從句開頭,弱化了主句的祈使功能。此外,整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)冗長(zhǎng),未能盡力體現(xiàn)原作的風(fēng)格。原文的每部分都包含一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)一個(gè)事理,如“呼”“緩”“命”“懶”“教”“聽”“責(zé)”“承”。

        試譯: Come on time when your parents call for you, and meet their demands in timely fashion. Listen to your parents with patience and respect when they teach you; recognize your mistakes and accept the punishment when they scold you.[3](P24)

        例14. 勿自暴,勿自棄;圣與賢,可馴致。[3] (P22)(《弟子規(guī)·余力學(xué)文》)

        美譯: Don’t let your instincts control you, or waste time in idle pursuits. Work hard and become worthy Sages. We all can harvest these fruits.[4](P33)

        覃譯: Neither give up and fall back to earlier low stage. To become a person of virtue and wisdom is something we can all hope to attain in time.[5](P115)

        趙彥春曾經(jīng)說過:“所謂翻譯,實(shí)際上就是根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)原則對(duì)原作進(jìn)行闡釋的明示-推理過程。這一過程是動(dòng)態(tài)的行為。譯語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的織綜與語(yǔ)際之間的關(guān)聯(lián)具有同等的重要性。銜接和連貫相互配合、交織,構(gòu)成了渾然一體的語(yǔ)篇織綜,有助于語(yǔ)篇實(shí)現(xiàn)其自身的價(jià)值?!保?](P192)上例增加連詞“because”使整句語(yǔ)義更連貫,構(gòu)成更好的語(yǔ)篇織綜。

        試譯: Never be harsh on yourself nor give up on yourself, because you can be a sage or a person of virtue by making sustained efforts.[3](P35)

        例15. 凡是人,皆須愛;天同覆,地同載。[3] (P19)(《弟子規(guī)·泛愛眾》)

        美譯: For all creatures throughout the world, we should cherish a kindred regard. The sky covers all of us equally. The earth supports all humankind.[4](P27)

        覃譯: Human beings, regardless of nationality, race, and religion, should be loved equally. We should learn from heaven and earth, which selflessly provide shelter and food for us, but ask for no returns.[5](P86)

        前兩種譯文都采用了斷句的方法,將其譯成兩句話。筆者認(rèn)為,斷句會(huì)使句子結(jié)構(gòu)冗長(zhǎng)。如果采用連詞連接整個(gè)句子,語(yǔ)義關(guān)系清晰,整句結(jié)構(gòu)也簡(jiǎn)潔明了。

        試譯: Love everyone equally, since all are sheltered by the same sky and supported by the same earth.[3](P31)

        例16.能親仁,無限好;德日進(jìn),過日少。[3] (P21)(《弟子規(guī)·親仁》)

        美譯: To draw near to such wholesome people will bring on immeasurable good. Our virtues increase day by day, our faults bit by bit disappear.[4](P29)

        覃譯: We can benefit immensely by approaching virtuous people, because they will help us improve our morals day by day. As a result, our virtues will grow and our wrongdoings will lessen.[5](P104)

        從漢語(yǔ)原句表達(dá)的信息可以看出,“德日進(jìn),過日少”是前面小分句中“無限好”的具體體現(xiàn)。因此,保持完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有利于體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言信息的連續(xù)性。

        試譯:You benefit greatly by learning from the selfless, for your morality is strengthened, and errors are probably avoided every day.[3](P33)

        簡(jiǎn)而言之,在《弟子規(guī)》的英譯過程中簡(jiǎn)化句子結(jié)構(gòu)有利于譯文“神”和“形”二者的和諧、統(tǒng)一,可以最大限度地忠實(shí)于原文的意義和風(fēng)格。

        五、譯文信息量的差異

        由于中西文化的差異,人們的思想和表達(dá)方式也存在很大的差異。翻譯時(shí)譯者有時(shí)需要做必要的補(bǔ)充,其目的是“補(bǔ)上對(duì)原語(yǔ)讀者來說不言自明而對(duì)譯語(yǔ)讀者卻必須說明的意義”[14]。再者,譯者應(yīng)根據(jù)原文的語(yǔ)義特征補(bǔ)充說明重要的意義。

        例17. 財(cái)物輕,怨何生;言語(yǔ)忍,忿自泯。[3] (P15)(《弟子規(guī)·出則弟》)

        美譯:If wealth is not viewed as essential, how could resentment arise? When words are both gentle and patient, bad feeling will soon disappear.[4](P17)

        覃譯:Value filial ties more than property and belongings, no grudge will come between you and your siblings; Be careful with your words and hold back hurtful comments, then unnecessary resentment will gradually die out.[5](P43)

        原文突顯的意思一是要把財(cái)物方面的貪欲看輕;二是講話要謹(jǐn)慎[6]。在表達(dá)過程中增補(bǔ)這些信息有助于讀者更好地理解原文的真實(shí)含義。

        試譯: Property is a source of resentment,which won’t build up so long as you think little of it. Words are a source of indignation, which won’t be occasioned if you speak patiently with each other when disagreements do arise.[3](P26)

        例18. 事雖小,勿擅為;茍擅為,子道虧。[3](P14)(《弟子規(guī)·入則孝》)

        美譯: A matter might be trivial, but if it is wrong to do it or unfair to another person, I must not do it thinking it will bear little or no consequence. If I do, I am not being a dutiful child because my parents would not want to see me doing things that are irrational or illegal.[4] (P13)

        覃譯: If something is irrational or improper, avoid doing it even though it is very trivial. If you do whatever you like without restraint, you will spoil your moral integrity. That is against filial obligation and therefore we should be ashamed of doing that.[5](P32)

        試譯: Don’t do as you please anything irrational or illegal, no matter how trivial it is;otherwise, you are not dutiful children.[3](P24)

        “翻譯不是靜態(tài)的代碼轉(zhuǎn)換,而是以關(guān)聯(lián)為準(zhǔn)繩,以順應(yīng)為手段,以意圖為歸宿,盡量使譯文向原文趨同的動(dòng)態(tài)行為。這就意味著翻譯要在盡可能多的層面上與原作對(duì)等,在保證傳達(dá)原意圖的前提下,盡可能兼顧其他因素,但不要求機(jī)械的對(duì)等,更不提倡無故的生發(fā)或無謂的犧牲?!保?](P99)以上例句表明,有些詞匯對(duì)原文讀者來說非常容易聯(lián)想到特定的含義,而對(duì)于譯入語(yǔ)讀者來講,如果不增補(bǔ)隱含的信息就有可能造成理解方面的障礙。但是在增補(bǔ)信息時(shí)應(yīng)注意組句的方式方法。以上兩例譯文中,試譯者將補(bǔ)充的信息有機(jī)地融入譯文中,增加了譯文的可讀性、可理解性。

        結(jié)語(yǔ)

        《弟子規(guī)》的原文形式簡(jiǎn)潔、規(guī)整,詞句對(duì)稱、平行。譯者在理解原文的過程中需要通過其表層意義探討深層意義,包括其聯(lián)想意義和言外之意,以便更好地把握原文的思想內(nèi)涵;在譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)過程中不僅須認(rèn)真選詞、搭配、增補(bǔ)信息,盡可能再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義內(nèi)涵和文化內(nèi)涵,更要注重句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡、對(duì)稱,以便更好地再現(xiàn)原文語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格和語(yǔ)言形式。中華典籍外譯是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)化的工程,如何通過翻譯及推廣,實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)特色話語(yǔ)體系與世界其他國(guó)家話語(yǔ)體系的有效對(duì)接,把中華民族博大精深的文化更加有效地傳播到國(guó)際社會(huì),需要我們的共同努力和探討。

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        [2] 許鈞.翻譯論[M].武漢:湖北教育出版社,2003.

        [3] 何亞琴.中華傳統(tǒng)文化的三個(gè)根[M].北京:世界知識(shí)出版社,2014.

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        [9] 趙彥春.翻譯學(xué)歸結(jié)論[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2005.

        [10] Leech, Geoffrey. Semantics [M]. Penguin Book Ltd, England,1974.

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        [12] 王文昌.英語(yǔ)搭配大詞典[M].南京:江蘇教育出版社,1991.

        [13] 蔣堅(jiān)松.古籍翻譯中理解的若干問題[J].外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2001,(11).

        [14] 蔣堅(jiān)松.古籍翻譯中表達(dá)的若干問題[J].外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2002,(2).

        [15] 秦建棟.英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)搭配的漸次性特征及其認(rèn)知解釋[J].當(dāng)代外語(yǔ)研究,2010,(4).

        責(zé)任編輯:馮濟(jì)平

        Comparative Study on Strategies for Translating Di Zi Gui from Chinese into English

        HE Ya-qin BIAN Jian-hua
        ( Department of Foreign Languages, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China;School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China )

        The original text of the Confucian classics Di Zi Gui ( The Principles for Youngsters ) is featured by its brief and regular forms, symmetrical and paralleled sentences, as well as its close and implicit grammatical relationships. For such a text, Chinese-English translation strategies are exemplifi ed by a comparative study of the English versions of the text from the perspective of Relevance Theory and Convergence Principle. It is proposed that in the process of understanding the original text, the translator is supposed to work out the deep meaning through the surface meaning; and that in the process of expressing,the translator is advised to be careful not only in selecting words, phrases and collocations, but also in keeping the balance and symmetry of the sentences so as to reproduce the linguistic style and forms of the original.

        Di Zi Gui ( The Principles for Youngsters );English versions;translation strategies

        H059

        A

        1005-7110(2016)04-0100-08

        2016-04-22

        北京市人文社科面上項(xiàng)目“全球化背景下中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化典籍英譯策略研究”(Z13-013)

        何亞琴(1966-),女,山西靈石人,北京石油化工學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系副教授;卞建華(1969-),女,山東德州人,博士,青島大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院教授。

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