BY TYlER RONEY

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TREKKING CAT
COUNTRY

BY TYlER RONEY

Everybody Shareskyism， hwala-fuszji， and the importance of wearing trousers in Lao She's sci-fi satire

飛機撞向火星留下唯一的幸存者，他被外星人帶去了貓城……歡迎來到老舍的科幻世界

I t was condemned by the authorities， a commercial and critical f op， and even the author recognized it as a failure， but Cat Country has endured. Perhaps it's because the criticism s of universal personal integrity ring true even today， perhaps because it's the f rst great Chinese sci-f novel， perhaps because it's about M ars being inhabited by Cat People who dissect their teachers on graduation day—whatever the reason， this cynical satire looked bravely into China's past， feared for the present， and pointed a very frightened eye at the future.

Cat Country， published in 1933 and translated into English by W illiam A. Lyell， begins w ith a crash. A man， who for the sake of brevity shall be called M r. Earth， is the sole survivor of a Chinese m ission to M ars.

One m ight easily divide the novel into two parts—the novel and the exposition of why Cat Country has to die. W hen M r. Earth f rst arrives， he soon f nds him self a prisoner of the Cat Peop le who， in a variety of ways， show them selves to be without character， honor， or bravery. The f rst half of the novel tries very hard to be great sci-f， w ith scorn ful descriptions of creatures the narrator despises， but there's also a paint-by-numbers style of world-building that sets the stage for Lao She's takedown of China as a nation—in the shadow， m ind you， of Western in f ltration and in direct response to the Japanese invasion of M anchuria. W hile the character M r. Earth is far from likable （readers may fnd them selves on occasion rooting for cowardly， thieving Cat People in between his moralizing）， he measures him self and those around him w ith a high bar. So， while he makes a great narrator for a story about a society putting itself on the brink， M r. Earth isn't exactly the type of astronaut with whom you'd want to have a beer.

Some of the observations regarding Cat Country in the novel are pretty thinly-veiled historical references. For examp le， you can't understand Cat Country at all w ithout understanding the “reverie leaf”， an opium analog that dulls the m ind and runs the nation. “One day， a foreigner brought some of the leaves to Cat Country，” M r. Earth says. “At f rst only the upper classes could afford to eat them， but then they began to import trees and everybody became addicted.”

M r. Earth's f rst guide through Cat Country is Scorpion， a well-respected member of the landed gentry of Cat Country who owns a reverie leaf orchard and who is a model of comp lete despair for the present. Cowardice is king， laziness is expected， plagiarism is lauded， and rule of law is a laughable proposition. Taking oaths， for Cat Peop le， was a game only children would play.

One surprising aspect of this early section of th novel is its distance； satire often likes to get in the nitty-gritty of sermonizing for only those in the know. This isn't the case in Cat Country. Indeed，many English readers are put off by the language specifc complexity of Lao She's reputation for cripplingly funny （and tragic） urban Beijing prose but the narrator seems so alien to these Cat Peop le that soon readers m ight fnd themselves wondering if anyone who hasn't traveled abroad can understand it at all.

In this way， M r. Earth becomes fam iliar w ith the culture of the Cat People， or lack thereof. Through the narrator's escape， reverie leaf harvest， and journey to the capital， Lao She pain the Cat People as so selfsh w ith “freedom” （or rather a concept of the word freedom in Felinese that means only “noncooperation and creating disturbances”） that it is a society doomed to rot in its own self-interest.

This brings us inexorably to Cat City， where La She abandons his sci-f satire and concentrates on telling you exactly why the Cat Peop le cannot survive. M r. Earth does not m ince his words： “As soon as I set eyes on Cat City， for some reason or other， a sentence took form in my m ind： this civilization w ill soon perish！” Even the traffc （which is a system of constant beatings and being pushed） foreshadows the end： “In the eyes of Cat Peop le， yielding the right of way was considered be most disgraceful， and keeping to one side of th street was seen as incompatible w ith their freedo loving spirit.”

Thus far in the novel， Scorpion—with the exception of a few voyeurs， low ly soldiers， and reverie leaf pickers—was M r. Earth's only source of Cat People contact before Cat City， but in the capital M r. Earth is introduced to Young Scorpio The son of Scorpion is bright （for a Cat Person） affable， and willing to take pains， but his great sin differs from his father's ambition and cowardice：he's a pessim ist.

One of the most oft-cited criticisms of Cat Count as a book is that it's too pessim istic. Well， fart jok would be a bit out of place in a seething satire ofthe M idd le Kingdom in the early 1930s， but it is Young Scorpion who most embodies this spirit of cynicism and it is through his diatribes that readers com e to truly understand Cat Country for the f rst time. Young Scorpion is married but practices “free love”， eschews all manner of social conventions， and looks at his country w ith a cynical enthusiasm that makes him seem almost happy to see his civilization die—at least at f rst.

“You see， as a pessim ist， I readily grant that our peop le are retarded. The renaissance of a retarded peop le is bound to be a joke.” Each person in Cat Country props themselves up however they m ight but eventually all ends in tragedy： teachers on the verge of starvation hold out for an off cial position until their own students m assacre them； the elder generation fawn over the fact that Cat Country was once advanced while the rest of the world was “still in a state of barbarism”， historians pawn off their ancient treasures for pennies； p lagiarism is considered innovation； philosophers rattle on in languages they don't even understand， blathering in foreign sounding words like hwala-fuszji and gulu-baiji （transliterations of Russian）.

Such sycophants are the intellectuals of Cat Country that after hours of deliberation with a man from another planet， they only want to know about M r. Earth's trousers—why he wears them， if other foreigners wear them， and，“Does your honorable country have two classes， the trousered and the trouserless？” For those who see foreign-sounding words as a philosophical breakthrough， trousers are practically cogito ergo sum. In short，there doesn't appear to be a person in Cat Country worthy of being saved besides the pessim ist， Young Scorpion.

Politics， too， played their role， of course， in the country's destruction. The word for “Party” in Felinese is “braw l”. To Cat People， democracy meant fghting， so democracy became fghting. Young Scorpion says， “In politics， we have had change but no reform.” Students gave up studying for politics and their ignorance let the few w ith enough ambition to bother run roughshod over the nation.

Though， in the history of Cat Country， there was one political philosophy that， at one time，trumped all the others： Everybody Shareskyism. “In this kind of political system， everybody is equal，everybody's happy， and everybody's secure...Each man is a happy， secure，and useful little bolt or cog.” This gave rise to a revolution like no other， but it， like all other political movements in Cat Country， was doomed to fail because of an inability to embrace responsibility. Those in charge of the Everybody Shareskyism were clueless as to how to properly run an economy or education system，and as Young Scorpion put it， “When all the killing was over， everybody just stood around and stared blankly at each other.” In the end， the leader of Everybody Shareskyism simply became the new em peror.

So， readers can see why the novel is often derided as too pessim istic. And while Scorpion is greedy and selfobsessed， and O ld Scorpion is m ired in the past， and Young Scorpion looks to the future w ith cynicism，there is， perhaps， one hero in the book. H is name is Hawk. He sees Cat Country falling， he knows its hopeless and he's prepared to sacrifce everything even though， in the end， it wouldn't matter to anyone. To him， it didn't matter if he succeeded because he saw all the various tragedies of Cat Country under one light：personal integrity. The government，the intellectuals， the students， the workers—all of them， he believed， would grow strong if they could just have found some personal integrity. He， at least， wanted to die with his.

The Cat Peop le never really had a chance on their own， and when the symbolic Japanese invaders came knocking at their door， a cataclysm came for Cat Country.

M r. Earth comes from a laudable nation （“G lorious China！ Great homeland where there's no cruelty or torture” sometime after 1933），so the pessim ism of the piece is tempered， however lightly， w ith hope. Lao She's Cat Country looks to the causes of the past and the brutalities of the present， but readers may be left wondering how far the writer looked to the future. Could he see，in some small way， some method of Everybody Shareskyism that would work？ Could he see a victory for the Hawk-like people of his nation？ D id he see that hot August day when a Peop le's Daily editorial would send students after peop le like him？Probably not. Cat Country isn't a book of predictions； like all great satires， it's a book of questions.