李乃洋,趙 岐
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淚小管炎臨床特征及常見誤診情況分析
李乃洋,趙岐
?METHODS:A total of 34 eyes of 34 patients were selected from 2011-06 to 2015-06 to our hospital for lacrimal duct incision. Clinical data of patients including age and gender distribution, eye and lesion location, duration, canaliculitis clinical symptoms and previous misdiagnosis were collected. The operation of lacrimal duct was carried out, and the secretion of lacrimal secretion was checked.
?RESULTS:Patients over the age of 40 accounted for 77% of the population, men accounted for 23.5%, women accounted for 76.5%. Left eye in 15 cases, right eye in 19 cases, and were monocular onset, 26 cases (76%) of patients with lower lacrimal duct inflammation. Clinical symptoms:increased secretion, canthal conjunctival congestion, swelling, lesion location around the lacrimal puncta swelling and tenderness, slightly raised, epiphora, foreign body sensation. The culture results Showed 34 cases of discharge inspection. A total of 20 cases were fungal growth, 6 cases of bacterial growth rate were 59%, 18%, and 8 cases were not detected, 10 cases of lacrimal duct stone were found by pathological examination. There were 3 cases of Aspergillus, 5 cases of Candida, 2 cases of actinomycetes, 4 cases found in Gram staining microscope. Misdiagnosis of canaliculitis for other eye diseases, including 12 cases of chronic dacryocystitis, 8 cases of chronic conjunctivitis, 6 cases of acute conjunctivitis, stye in 4 cases, the misdiagnosis rate reached 88%.
?CONCLUSION:In the middle and old aged people, the lacrimal duct is more than that of the male. The main pathogenic bacteria causing lacrimal duct infection may be fungi, which can be treated with anti-fungal drugs. For the removal of the lacrimal duct stone, we should distinguish the types of pathogenic bacteria for the treatment of the disease. In the case of misdiagnosis, the clinical manifestations of different clinical manifestations from the lacrimal duct infection and other diseases of the eye should be carefully examined and carefully treated.
目的:通過分析本院34例確診為淚小管炎的患者,探究淚小管炎致病因及其臨床特征,并研究常見誤診情況以提高確診率,為醫(yī)務(wù)工作者提供臨床經(jīng)驗。
方法:選取2011-06/2015-06來我院進行淚小管切開術(shù)的患者臨床病例共34例34眼,統(tǒng)計患者的臨床資料,包括年齡與性別分布、眼別與病變位置、病程、淚小管炎的臨床癥狀及既往誤診情況。實行淚小管切開術(shù),對淚小管分泌物行微生物培養(yǎng)檢查。
結(jié)果:所選患者40歲以上人群占77%,男性占23.5%,女性占76.5%。左眼15例,右眼19例,且均為單眼發(fā)病,下淚小管炎患者26例(76%)。患者臨床癥狀:分泌物增多、內(nèi)眥部結(jié)膜充血、淚小管四周紅腫、病變位置輕微觸痛感、淚小點紅腫凸起、溢淚、異物感。分泌物送檢培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示,34 例中共有20例真菌生長,6例細菌生長,檢出率分別為59%、 18%,其余8例未檢出。10例淚小管結(jié)石經(jīng)病理檢查共發(fā)現(xiàn)曲霉菌3例,念珠菌5例,放線菌2例,在Gram染色顯微鏡下有4例發(fā)現(xiàn)放線菌絲體。淚小管炎誤診為其他眼部疾病,其中慢性淚囊炎12例、慢性結(jié)膜炎8例、急性結(jié)膜炎6例、瞼腺炎4例,誤診率達到了88%。
結(jié)論:淚小管炎多發(fā)于中老年人群中,女性多于男性,且多見下淚小管病變。引發(fā)淚小管炎的主要致病菌可能是真菌,臨床治療可輔以抗真菌類藥物。對于淚小管結(jié)石的清除工作,應(yīng)區(qū)分致病菌的種類進行針對性治療。對于誤診情況,要從淚小管炎與其他眼部疾病不同的臨床表現(xiàn)入手,仔細檢查,謹慎處理。
淚小管炎;致病因;臨床特征;常見誤診情況
引用:李乃洋,趙岐.淚小管炎臨床特征及常見誤診情況分析.國際眼科雜志2016;16(11):2154-2156
淚小管炎作為一種并不常見的慢性炎癥性疾病[1],多由念珠菌、曲霉菌、放線菌等細菌感染而成[2],且因其主要病癥流淚、紅眼、分泌物增多等與慢性結(jié)膜炎、慢性淚囊炎等疾病相似,故而常常引起誤診的發(fā)生[3]。臨床上具有發(fā)病率低、誤診率高的特點。本文從本院確診案例出發(fā),探究該病致病因及其臨床特征,研究常見誤診情況,以期減少誤診的發(fā)生率,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。
1.1對象選取2011-06/2015-06間來我院進行淚小管切開術(shù)的患者臨床病例共計34例34眼,男8例(23.5%),女26例(76.5%),男女比例為1∶3.25。年齡22~78(平均56.7±15.2)歲,其中20~40歲8例,41~60歲8例,61~80歲18例。診斷標準[4]:不自主流淚、眼點部位發(fā)紅、分泌物增多;按壓淚小管部位流出膿性物或豆渣狀分泌物;用淚道沖洗液沖洗病變部位出現(xiàn)少量分泌物與液體回流。納入標準[5]:確診為淚小管炎的患者,并同意進行淚小管切開術(shù),自愿參與本調(diào)查。排除標準[5]:有心、肺、肝臟等嚴重性疾病者;患有嚴重器官功能性衰竭者;未堅持整個手術(shù)過程或不配合治療者;患有精神性或心理類疾病者患有其他淚器疾病者。
1.2方法首先,行眼部常規(guī)檢查,以排除其他相關(guān)性眼部疾病[5]。其次,應(yīng)用淚道沖洗液沖洗患病部位,依據(jù)上述診斷標準以確診。對術(shù)眼行局部麻醉之后,實行淚小點擴張,沿插入淚骨探針,以手術(shù)刀水平切開淚小管6~8mm,將淚小管結(jié)石與粘液分泌物清理,隨后進行微生物檢查。應(yīng)用碘伏抹拭淚小管壁,生理鹽水沖淚道,術(shù)后間隔1日沖洗1次,適當?shù)窝垡号浜现委焄6]。無菌條件下使用棉簽在其切口處按壓,取適量分泌物,行真菌培養(yǎng),進行相關(guān)細菌培養(yǎng)。因硫磺顆粒是放線菌特征標志,將其用 Gram 染色,以驗證是否存在[7-9]。
統(tǒng)計學分析:應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0軟件進分析處理,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差表示,計數(shù)資料以百分率表示,組間對比應(yīng)用Fisher確切檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1眼別與病變位置統(tǒng)計所有研究對象,均為單眼發(fā)病,左眼15例(44%),右眼19例(56%),左右眼發(fā)病率基本持平;上眼病變8例(24%),下眼病變26例(76%)上下淚小管炎例數(shù)比為1∶3.25。
2.2病程分布情況及臨床癥狀所有患者病程在3wk~2a,其中≤6mo者 8例(24%),6mo~1a者11例(32%),≥1a者15例(44%)。研究對象多表現(xiàn)以下臨床特征:分泌物增多34例(100%)、內(nèi)眥部結(jié)膜充血20例(59%)、淚小管四周紅腫(41%)、病變位置輕微觸痛感(15%)、淚小點紅腫凸起15(44%)、溢淚30(88%)、異物感(35%),淚小管結(jié)石10例(29%),其中男性、女性分別為3例、7例,F(xiàn)isher確切檢驗顯示淚小管結(jié)石發(fā)生率在不同性別對比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。
2.3 微生物培養(yǎng)結(jié)果分泌物送檢培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示:34 例中共有20例真菌生長,6例細菌生長,檢出率分別為59%、 18%,其余8例未檢出。經(jīng)菌種鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌分類:曲霉菌6例(18%)、鐮刀菌6例(18%)、念珠菌8例(24%);細菌分類:凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌3例(9%)、草綠色鏈球菌1例(3%)、放線菌2(6%)。10例淚小管結(jié)石經(jīng)病理檢查共發(fā)現(xiàn)曲霉菌3例,念珠菌5例,放線菌2例,在Gram染色顯微鏡下有4例發(fā)現(xiàn)放線菌絲體。
2.4誤診情況在34例患者中共有30例曾被誤診為其他眼部疾病,其中慢性淚囊炎12例、慢性結(jié)膜炎8例、急性結(jié)膜炎6例、瞼腺炎4例,誤診率達88%。
作為一種在淚器疾病中發(fā)病率僅2%的慢性炎癥性疾病[8],淚小管炎在人生各個時段均可能發(fā)生。多數(shù)研究表明:淚小管炎多發(fā)于中老年人群中[9]。感染等因素致淚小管黏膜增生進而使其部分堵塞,進一步慢性淚囊炎或結(jié)膜囊內(nèi)細菌蔓延感染可引發(fā)淚小管炎。引發(fā)淚小管炎最常見的致病菌是放線菌,該菌種是一種存在于人體口腔、腸道等部位的條件致病菌,在一般情況下非人體致病因素,但因中老年人身體抵抗力差,放線菌往往會造成眼部感染,從而引發(fā)淚小管炎[10]。尤多發(fā)于長期大量服用激素類藥物或者抗生素的情況下,放線菌會直接感染致病或通過口腔間接感染,最新研究表明葡萄球菌及鏈球菌較放線菌來講,臨床感染速度更快[11-12]。
一般研究認為淚小管炎多發(fā)于女性[11],這與本研究契合。這可能與女性平時多使用化妝品、長期從事家務(wù)接觸大量油煙等原因有關(guān),這些條件使微生物得以滋生,從而感染眼部;隨著年齡增加,女性雌性激素水平降低,淚液分泌處于較低水平,眼表保護功能減弱,易發(fā)感染;同時,這與女性的骨骼構(gòu)造也有一定關(guān)系。女性狹窄的骨鼻淚管徑增加了慢性淚囊炎發(fā)生的可能,容易連帶感染淚小管炎[12]。本研究結(jié)果上下淚小管炎例數(shù)比為1∶3.25。下淚小管炎易發(fā),主要考慮以下兩點:下淚點更易滋生細菌;致病菌容易通過淚囊及鼻淚管連帶感染下淚小管[13]。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計,患者分泌物送檢培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示,34 例中共有20例真菌生長,6例細菌生長,檢出率分別為59%、 18%,其余8例未檢出。這表明引發(fā)淚小管炎的主要致病菌可能是真菌,臨床治療可輔以抗真菌類藥物。10例淚小管結(jié)石經(jīng)病理檢查共發(fā)現(xiàn)曲霉菌3例,念珠菌5例,放線菌3例,在Gram染色顯微鏡下有4例發(fā)現(xiàn)放線菌絲體。對于淚小管結(jié)石的清除工作,應(yīng)區(qū)分致病菌的種類進行針對性治療[14]。
綜上所述,淚小管炎臨床病癥較為多樣化,其可導致臨床誤診的主要原因,同時該病低發(fā)病率及醫(yī)師相關(guān)診斷意識不足,對淚小管炎認識不清。在治療中需掌握其多種臨床指征,完善相關(guān)檢查措施,可有效降低誤診率,對確診該病癥有臨床意義。
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Canalicular inflammatory etiology and the common misdiagnosis study
Nai-Yang Li, Qi Zhao
s:Guangdong Medical Research Foundation (No.A2015041);the First Batch of Science and Technology Plan Projects of Zhongshan City (No.2015B1007)
Qi Zhao. Department of Ophthalmology, the Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China. 3057668159@qq.com
2016-07-07Accepted:2016-10-12
?AIM:To analyze the 34 cases of patients with diagnosis of lacrimal duct disease, to explore the cause and clinical characteristics of lacrimal duct inflammation, and to study the common misdiagnosis to improve the diagnosis rate, to provide clinical experience for medical workers.
Lacrimal duct inflammation;etiology;clinical features;common misdiagnosis
廣東省醫(yī)學科研基金(No.A2015041);中山市第一批科技計劃項目 (No.2015B1007)
(528403)中國廣東省中山市人民醫(yī)院眼科
李乃洋,博士,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:眼表疾病及白內(nèi)障。
趙岐,碩士,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:眼表疾病、白內(nèi)障及屈光手術(shù).3057668159@qq.com
2016-07-07
2016-10-12
Li NY, Zhao Q. Canalicular inflammatory etiology and the common misdiagnosis study.GuojiYankeZazhi(IntEyeSci) 2016;16(11):2154-2156
10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.11.47
Department of Ophthalmology, the Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong Province, China