張宏強(qiáng)(無(wú)錫地鐵集團(tuán)有限公司建設(shè)分公司,214023,無(wú)錫∥工程師)

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計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)特殊故障的分析與解決方案

張宏強(qiáng)
(無(wú)錫地鐵集團(tuán)有限公司建設(shè)分公司,214023,無(wú)錫∥工程師)

摘 要計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)是一種重要的軌道交通信號(hào)設(shè)備,廣泛應(yīng)用于鐵路、城市軌道交通領(lǐng)域。以無(wú)錫地鐵2號(hào)線計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)故障為例,分析了在2號(hào)線運(yùn)營(yíng)環(huán)境下的電磁干擾對(duì)計(jì)軸軌旁設(shè)備產(chǎn)生“脈沖不計(jì)數(shù)”故障(WPOZ)的原因,提出了設(shè)置檢測(cè)點(diǎn)至“高功率”模式的解決方案。測(cè)試結(jié)果表明,所推薦的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)設(shè)置方法可大幅度降低受擾機(jī)率。

關(guān)鍵詞地鐵;計(jì)軸系統(tǒng);故障;電磁干擾

Author′s address Wuxi Metro Group Co.,Ltd.,214023, Wuxi,China

無(wú)錫地鐵2號(hào)線計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)在調(diào)試期間出現(xiàn)了相關(guān)區(qū)段受擾故障頻發(fā)的問(wèn)題。本文討論該故障的成因并錄求解決方案。

1　計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)

1.1計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)功能

計(jì)軸設(shè)備是通過(guò)安裝在所監(jiān)測(cè)軌道區(qū)段兩端的計(jì)軸軌道傳感器,對(duì)駛?cè)肱c駛出該區(qū)段的列車軸數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算,從而完成對(duì)該區(qū)段空閑與占用狀態(tài)的判斷。當(dāng)列車完整出清區(qū)段后,區(qū)段表示為空閑,否則表示為占用。作為區(qū)段狀態(tài)檢查的信號(hào)設(shè)備,計(jì)軸設(shè)備的作用和軌道電路等效。

1.2AzLM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成

Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)包括室內(nèi)設(shè)備和室外設(shè)備兩部分。室內(nèi)設(shè)備主要為安裝在封閉機(jī)柜中的計(jì)軸評(píng)估器(ACE),室外設(shè)備為計(jì)軸檢測(cè)點(diǎn)。圖1位Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成示意圖。

圖1　Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成示意圖

1.3Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)工作原理

圖2為Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)解決方案示意圖。

圖2　Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)解決方案示意圖

(1)軌道磁頭(車輪傳感器):由兩個(gè)安裝在同一根鋼軌上的物理偏移線圈裝置Sk1和Sk2組成。軌道外側(cè)是兩個(gè)Tx線圈,軌道內(nèi)側(cè)為兩個(gè)Rx線圈,產(chǎn)生約為30 k Hz的不同頻率的兩種信號(hào),在軌道附近形成電磁場(chǎng)。這些裝置提供了兩個(gè)時(shí)間偏移的感應(yīng)電壓,利用這些裝置就可以在電子單元中確定輪軸是否通過(guò)以及輪軸的行駛方向,因?yàn)榛诳煽啃栽?磁頭中除線圈外不存在其他電子部件。

(2)車輪電子檢測(cè)盒(EAK):電子單元E-ES 30 H為T(mén)x發(fā)送磁頭供電,檢測(cè)并計(jì)算輪軸脈沖,監(jiān)控磁頭,進(jìn)行自檢并向室內(nèi)主機(jī)ACE發(fā)送包含計(jì)數(shù)和監(jiān)控信息的報(bào)文。計(jì)數(shù)、監(jiān)控和報(bào)文生成功能由兩個(gè)受計(jì)軸主機(jī)安全模塊監(jiān)控的獨(dú)立微控器執(zhí)行。

(3)室內(nèi)計(jì)軸評(píng)估單元:通過(guò)評(píng)估室外計(jì)軸區(qū)段計(jì)入及計(jì)出的軸數(shù)來(lái)判斷區(qū)段是否空閑。

2　計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)故障分析

無(wú)錫地鐵2號(hào)線全線采用了Az LM計(jì)軸系統(tǒng),自列車上線調(diào)試以來(lái)計(jì)軸單點(diǎn)受擾故障頻發(fā),統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示計(jì)軸故障累計(jì)發(fā)生30余次,涵蓋全線多個(gè)集中區(qū)。

通過(guò)定期搜集計(jì)軸的診斷文件,以預(yù)估潛在的問(wèn)題,并對(duì)全線計(jì)軸安裝、關(guān)聯(lián)設(shè)備及數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查和分析,初步得出以下結(jié)論:故障發(fā)生在列車進(jìn)站或道岔前;計(jì)軸本身質(zhì)量、安裝及軟件配置沒(méi)有問(wèn)題;故障與附近接地、雜散電流環(huán)境無(wú)關(guān);與聯(lián)鎖系統(tǒng)接口無(wú)關(guān);受影響的計(jì)軸部件位于室外磁頭與軌旁安裝盒之間,與室內(nèi)設(shè)備無(wú)關(guān)。

通過(guò)調(diào)研國(guó)內(nèi)主要地鐵城市計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行與故障情況,未發(fā)現(xiàn)類似故障,該故障類型屬國(guó)內(nèi)首例新的計(jì)軸故障。

為找出故障的根本原因,使用示波器進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量,以撲捉故障波形。檢測(cè)設(shè)備(帶有記錄功能的示波器)安裝在映月湖公園站的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)AC204J處(站臺(tái)入口檢測(cè)點(diǎn))。與該檢測(cè)點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)的ACE安裝在查橋站。所有的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)采用雙線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISDN(綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng))連接至遠(yuǎn)程電源。示波器設(shè)置方式為:對(duì)預(yù)定義閾值范圍內(nèi)的所有模擬信號(hào)進(jìn)行記錄,評(píng)估板的數(shù)字器做平行評(píng)估記錄,以與診斷信息中的事件同步。

此次測(cè)試歷時(shí)超過(guò)60 h,共記錄經(jīng)過(guò)列車300余列。圖3顯示其中有60多列列車產(chǎn)生電磁干擾信號(hào),5列列車使區(qū)段受擾。

在對(duì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)估后發(fā)現(xiàn),EMI干擾的唯一來(lái)源是車輛。列車的第一節(jié)和最后一節(jié)車廂從未發(fā)生過(guò)干擾。有時(shí)只有一節(jié)車廂(主要是第二節(jié)車廂),但也有兩節(jié)或三節(jié)車廂發(fā)生干擾的情況。沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他特殊案例。由此可以假定,產(chǎn)生EMI干擾的車廂號(hào)取決于列車運(yùn)營(yíng)方式和系統(tǒng)特定條件。圖4是車廂數(shù)量與干擾數(shù)量的記錄。因?yàn)橛行┣闆r下是一節(jié)以上的車廂產(chǎn)生EMI干擾,干擾現(xiàn)象的總數(shù)與產(chǎn)生干擾的車廂數(shù)量并不一致。

圖3　檢測(cè)列車數(shù)量

圖4　產(chǎn)生EMI干擾現(xiàn)象的車廂數(shù)量

作為區(qū)段干擾的主要原因,識(shí)別出一種故障現(xiàn)象,系統(tǒng)定義為WPOZ(脈沖不計(jì)數(shù))。每當(dāng)電子單元的評(píng)估板檢測(cè)到一個(gè)不能被識(shí)別為正確車輪脈沖的電磁脈沖時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生此診斷信息。當(dāng)一個(gè)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩個(gè)磁頭中的任意一個(gè)受影響時(shí)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況。因?yàn)檫@種情形無(wú)法與磁頭失效進(jìn)行區(qū)分,基于安全考慮將檢測(cè)點(diǎn)設(shè)置為受擾狀態(tài)。產(chǎn)生這種錯(cuò)誤的車輪脈沖的條件為:至少一個(gè)磁頭在磁頭工作頻率范圍(約30 k Hz)內(nèi)受電磁干擾影響;脈沖的幅值達(dá)到足夠高值,足以產(chǎn)生數(shù)字脈沖,且數(shù)字脈沖長(zhǎng)于4 ms。

根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,選擇在WPOZ出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)量(在映月湖公園站進(jìn)站口檢測(cè)點(diǎn)AC204J)。分析進(jìn)一步表明:不是2號(hào)線所有檢測(cè)點(diǎn)都受到相同強(qiáng)度的影響,故障現(xiàn)象(報(bào)出WPOZ)主要集中在進(jìn)站口或在岔道前區(qū)域內(nèi),區(qū)間的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)則不受影響;干擾與列車的運(yùn)行有關(guān)。圖5為一列有電磁干擾列車的采集波形。

3　計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)故障解決措施

為了避免該不明干擾,決定通過(guò)增加磁頭的信噪比提高抗干擾能力。計(jì)軸《ZP30H安裝調(diào)試手冊(cè)(V2.0)》中4.4描述“這個(gè)特性對(duì)于3CR01836AEAA或更新的模擬板可用。在特殊應(yīng)用中,發(fā)送磁頭的供電可以通過(guò)將模擬板上的開(kāi)關(guān)S3打在位置2來(lái)提高。這樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生更好的信噪比,但是會(huì)降低軌旁電纜的最大允許阻抗。”

圖5　一列有電磁干擾列車的采集波形(原檢測(cè)點(diǎn)設(shè)置)

圖6　一列有電磁干擾但沒(méi)有引起WPOZ列車的采集波形(調(diào)整參數(shù)設(shè)置后的檢測(cè)點(diǎn))

通過(guò)設(shè)置檢測(cè)點(diǎn)至“高功率”模式(出廠默認(rèn)值是“正常功率”),車輪通過(guò)所產(chǎn)生的脈沖幅值可提高25%。這允許對(duì)磁頭進(jìn)行調(diào)整以進(jìn)一步增加信噪比?！案吖β省钡脑O(shè)置是另一種出廠默認(rèn)設(shè)置的選項(xiàng),是系統(tǒng)允許的一種設(shè)置。

通過(guò)示波器檢測(cè)試驗(yàn),并對(duì)測(cè)量設(shè)備加以調(diào)整,通過(guò)對(duì)調(diào)整后檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以及對(duì)日志文件的分析進(jìn)行辨別,未發(fā)現(xiàn)有干擾達(dá)到檢測(cè)點(diǎn)的觸發(fā)值,從而導(dǎo)致無(wú)效輪脈沖的產(chǎn)生。測(cè)試顯示該調(diào)整措施是成功有效的。圖6為調(diào)整參數(shù)設(shè)置后,一列有電磁干擾但沒(méi)有引起WPOZ列車的采集波形。

4　結(jié)語(yǔ)

通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量捕捉到了一種新的計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)故障的源頭,該故障都發(fā)生在列車運(yùn)行過(guò)程中并存在于列車車廂中部。通過(guò)設(shè)置檢測(cè)點(diǎn)至“高功率”模式,提高信噪比,干擾的概率大幅減小,徹底避免來(lái)自于車廂中部的不明干擾。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司.Az LM工程手冊(cè)(3CR01800xxxx GAAFQ)[G].北京:北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司,2014.

[2] 北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司.ZP 30 H安裝指南(3CR01820Axxx583QQ)[G].北京:北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司,2014.

[3] 北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司.Az LM型計(jì)軸系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū)(V3.0)[G].北京:北京泰雷茲交通自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)有限公司,2014.

[4] 高玉,王洪波.基于狀態(tài)機(jī)的計(jì)軸處理模型研究[J].城市軌道交通研究,2014(8):112.

(Continued from Special Commentary)

comparatively cheaper.Therefore,few American people would choose both slow and uneconomic railways to travel. According to statistics,in the United States of America,in the passenger carriage of beyond 80 km,the proportions undertaken by various transport modes are as follows:cars accounted for 56%;air,41%;buses,2%;railways,only 1%. Such a passenger transport structure almost makes railways become something dispensable,that is to say,as well without it as with it.However,such a passenger transport structure could not be promoted.The American population only accounts for 5% of the world′s population,but they consume 25% of the world's energy sources.If the whole world copies the above American mode,it would need 5 earths to maintain the balance between supply and demand.Even more worryingly,the carbon-emissions pollution caused by automobile exhaust has the accumulation effects.Due to Germany's Volkswagen′s resorting to deceit in testing of car exhaust emissions,the United States of America imposed heavy penalties on this car company.This is a must.But,more importantly,facing the increasingly serious pollution caused by car exhaust emissions, the United States should change its irrational structure of passenger transportation.

Secondly,the America's economic structure,natural conditions and population distributions make its high-speed railwayplan have difficulty in taking a step.In the United States,1/7 industries are automobile-related,1/6 employment population are automobile-related.To develop high-speed railways will be opposed by these enterprises and their employees.Judging from the geographical factors of the United States of America,except the several densely-populated city belts of the east and west coasts,most of its areas are sparsely populated.Thus,the passenger transportation demand for high-speed rail is not very urgent.

Thirdly,all the states of the USA have a high degree of autonomy,which makes the federal government's plans for high-speed rail difficult to achieve.Take the 135 km high-speed rail project of Florida State′s connecting with Orlando and Tampa that had included in the Federal Government′s plan as an example.The Federal Government expressed its willingness to undertake the 90% construction costs,and therefore gave Florida State the $2.4 billion federal funding.But after calculating the economic accounts,the state government returned exactly the number of funding because they thought that there were the possibilities of a potential over-expenditure and losses after operation in this high-speed rail project.

Fourthly,the American electoral politics led to the situation that the Republican Party opposed that the Democratic Party agreed(In fact,not only for high-speed rail,but also for gun control as well.).The Republican Party members of all the state parliaments opposed Obama's high-speed rail plan.This time,it was not easy that the high-speed railway of the American western express line,which was a Sino-American cooperative project,could break the tight encirclement and set its own banner.The reason for this is as follows.The former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger,a famous film actor,who has many fans in China,embraced the visit to China.Although Arnold Schwarzenegger is a Republican,he rode the high-speed rail trains in China,which were convenient and comfortable,and which left him a good impression,so that he no longer opposed the high-speed railway construction.Thereafter,Mr.Brown who took over as governor is a democrat. Then,the America's first high-speed rail would naturally make a breakthrough in California.The total investment of the 370 km-full-length high-speed railway project of Western Express Line connecting Los Angeles with Las Vegas is about$12.7 billion.Currently,the two sides of China and the United States have carried out the related work,including identifying financing plan.The project is expected to start construction at the end of September,2016.

Although the high-speed rail constructions in the United States encountered above-mentioned all sorts of problems,we are still full of expectations for American high-speed rail constructions.This also has the following four reasons.

Firstly,the United States used to have 412 000 km railways.Up to this day,although 130 000 km railways have been dismantled,the American railways still account for about 35%of the total length of the world railways,ranking the first in the world.And those demolished railway sub-grades are still retained.The United States of America is a country with the very strong innovation capacity.Once recognizing the advantages of energy-saving and emission-reducing of high-speed railways,the United States of America would catch up with at once.Then the world will trigger a second high tide of highspeed railway constructions.Secondly,the freight transportation structure in America is comparatively reasonable.Railways serve as the first major transport modes.The railways′freight turnover accounts for 41.9% of the total,while highways, 38.7%.Thirdly,in the current urban public transport in the United States,the proportion of rail transit passenger transport has accounted for about half of the total.That is to say,in the American urban public transportation,rail transportation possesses an absolute advantage.Therefore the development of high-speed railway passenger transport would not be unfamiliar to American urban residents.The fourth basis is that more than 100 years ago,the railway constructions in the United States of America had ever set a world record of laying more than 20 000 km railway tracks within a year.

“If we act quickly,we still have a chance to save the world.”This is a popular slogan at the World Climate Change Conference.French friends might be interested in the above story of China's high-speed railways′entering the western region of the United States of America.Let us work together to continue to make more contributions for reducing the global carbon emissions.

(This article is the excerpt of the speech the author made at“The 8th International Sino-French Sustainable Urban Transport Systems Forum”held in Paris on November 26,2015.)

(Translated by Sun Zheng)

Analysis and Solution of Special Axel Counter System Failures

Zhang Hongqiang

AbstractAxle counter system is an important railway signaling equipment,widely used in railway and urban rail transit. By analyzing the failures of Wuxi Metro Line 2 axle counter system on Wuxi Metro Line 2,the reasons of electromagnetic interference in the operating environment of Wuxi metro is elaborated,which generates the axle counter trackside equipment WPOZ faults,a solution of setting the monitoring points in“High Power”mode is proposed,and the testing result shows this fine-tune settings of axle counter trackside equipment can greatly reduce the disturbed chances.

Key wordsmetro;axle counter system;fault;electromagnetic interference

(收稿日期:2015-11-12)

DOI:10.16037/j.1007-869x.2016.02.028

中圖分類號(hào)U 231.7