1. hunger n. 饑餓

His hunger increases by the hour.

他的饑餓感每時(shí)每刻都在增加。

Hunger is often the mother of crime.

饑餓常是犯罪的根源。

vi. hunger for/after sth/sb 渴望得到某物/人

The whole world hungers for/after peace.

全世界的人都渴望和平。

2. income n. 收入；收益；所得

Tony lives beyond his income.

托尼的花費(fèi)超出其收入。

Tourism is a major source of income for the area.

旅游業(yè)是這個(gè)地區(qū)的主要收入來(lái)源。

high/low income 高/低收入

live within ones income 量入為出

3. human n. 人

Dogs can hear much better than humans.

狗的聽(tīng)覺(jué)比人靈敏多了。

Wolves will not usually attack humans.

狼通常不會(huì)襲擊人。

human = human being

adj. 人的；人類的；有人性的

This meat is not fit for human consumption.

這種肉不適合人食用。

He is quite human after all.

他畢竟還是挺人性的。

4. measure vt. 測(cè)定；測(cè)量；評(píng)估

vi. 有……長(zhǎng)（寬、高等）

We measured the distance.

我們測(cè)量了距離。

She measured the stranger with her eyes.

她用雙眼打量著那個(gè)陌生人。

The lake measures 130 by 80 kilometers.

這座湖長(zhǎng)130千米，寬80千米。

5. goal n. 目標(biāo)

The company has set itself some long-term goals.

公司為整個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)定下一些長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。

She pursues the goal of perfection in her art.

在藝術(shù)中，她追求完美的目標(biāo)。

比較：aim，goal，purpose的區(qū)別

aim從本義“靶子”引申而來(lái)，側(cè)重比較具體而明確的目標(biāo)，常指短期目標(biāo)。goal指經(jīng)過(guò)考慮和選擇，需經(jīng)堅(jiān)持不懈和努力奮斗才能達(dá)到的最終目標(biāo)。purpose指的是一般的“目的”。

Our goal is to build a just and peaceful world.

我們的目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)公正和平的世界。

My aim is to become a policeman.

我的目標(biāo)是當(dāng)一個(gè)警察。

What is the purpose of his visit？

他來(lái)訪的目的是什么？

6. figure n. 數(shù)字（可數(shù)名詞，通常用作復(fù)數(shù)）

By 2010， this figure had risen to 14 million.

到2010年為止，這個(gè)數(shù)字已高達(dá)1400萬(wàn)。

Where did you get those figures？

你從哪兒得到那些數(shù)字的？

7. position n. 位置

From his position on the top of the cliff， he had a good view of the harbour.

在懸崖之巔，海港景色一覽無(wú)余。

Where would be the best position for the lights？

這些燈裝在什么位置最好？

in/out of position 在/不在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?/p>

hold a position 擔(dān)任職務(wù)

take up ones position 就位

8. unfortunate adj. 不幸的；遺憾的

He was unfortunate to lose in the final game.

他不幸在決賽中輸了。

Youre putting me in a most unfortunate position.

你正在把我推入一個(gè)十分可悲的境地。

n. 不幸的人

unfortunately adv. 不幸地；遺憾地；可惜地

Unfortunately， he didnt pass the exam.

很遺憾，他考試不及格。

9. similarity n. 類似；相似

（1） 不可數(shù)，表“相像性；相似性”

similarity between A and B A和B之間的相似性

The report highlights the similarity between the two groups.

這份報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)兩組之間的相似性。

similarity in sth 在……（方面）的相似性

There is some similarity in the way they sing.

他們的演唱方式有點(diǎn)像。

（2） 可數(shù)，表“相似點(diǎn)；相像處”

similarity to sb/sth 與……的相似之處

The karate bout has many similarities to a boxing match.

空手道比賽和拳擊比賽有許多類似的地方。

She bears a similarity to her mother.

她跟她母親十分相像。

10. vast adj. 巨大的；龐大的；浩瀚的

It is a vast desert.

這是一片遼闊的沙漠。

We once had 19 cats at one time. They were a vast burden.

我們一度同時(shí)養(yǎng)了19只貓，它們是一個(gè)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。

A billion dollars is a vast amount of money.

十億美元是一筆巨款。

比較：big，large，great，vast，huge的區(qū)別

（1） large側(cè)重體積、范圍、能力和數(shù)量方面的大，往往可以與big互換，但big較口語(yǔ)化。

Our factory is a big/large one.

我們的工廠很大。

在表示物體重量、重要性、長(zhǎng)大了時(shí)，只能用big。

The box is too big to carry.（不僅體積大，而且很重）

The box is too large to carry.（箱子大，但未必重）

She is big enough to ride a bike.

在表示數(shù)量時(shí)，用large，不用big。

A large number of people from all parts of the country came to see the exhibition.

從全國(guó)各地來(lái)了很多人觀看展覽。

（2） great的意思是“大；偉大的”，多用于抽象意思。在修飾具體事物時(shí)，帶有一定的感情色彩。

There have been many great presidents in the American history.

美國(guó)歷史上有很多偉大的總統(tǒng)。

在表示抽象意思時(shí)，也可用big，但great更為正式。

Great/Big changes have taken place in our country in recent years.

近幾年來(lái)，我們國(guó)家發(fā)生了很大變化。

（3） vast常用來(lái)指“廣袤無(wú)垠的；面積廣闊的”。如：a vast forest， a vast sea， a vast desert， vast darkness等。

（4） huge強(qiáng)調(diào)體積龐大，容量和數(shù)量巨大。如：a huge stone，a huge building等。

11. exchange n. & v. 交換；互換

We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.

我們需要促進(jìn)思想和信息的公開(kāi)交流。

Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera？

你愿意用我的舊電視換這架相機(jī)嗎？

Ill type your report if you look after children in exchange.

如果你愿意照看孩子，我就幫你打這份報(bào)告。

I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.

我和經(jīng)理握手并說(shuō)了幾句話。

exchange...for... 以……換取……

exchange...with sb 和某人交換

Where can I exchange my dollars for pounds？

我去哪兒可以把美元換成英鎊？

Mary exchanged seats with Anne.

瑪麗和安妮交換了座位。

12. on the top of 在……頂端

The ice on the top of the Himalayas never breaks up.

喜馬拉雅山山頂?shù)谋鶑膩?lái)不化。

13. at the bottom of 在……底部

Fill in your address at the bottom of the application form.

把你的地址填在申請(qǐng)表的底部。

14. make effort 努力

If you want to achieve something， you must work hard， make effort and get prepared.

如果你想取得成就，你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗，時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備著。

The local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people.

當(dāng)?shù)鼐銟?lè)部正在盡一切努力吸引更多的年輕人。

effort n. 氣力；努力；費(fèi)力的事（可數(shù)）

You should put more effort into your work.

你應(yīng)該更加努力地工作。

Getting up this morning was quite an effort.

今天早上起床相當(dāng)費(fèi)力。

spare no effort 不遺余力

without effort 容易地；不費(fèi)力地

with （an） effort 努力地；艱難地

15. be connected with 與……有聯(lián)系；與……有關(guān)

He did not like to be connected with the woman who had painted those pictures.

他不想和畫(huà)那些畫(huà)的女人接觸。

This sentence is not connected with the context.

這句話與上下文沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。

16. be close to 接近；靠近

He is close to being a genius. 他差不多是個(gè)天才了。

The population of the city is close to a million.

這個(gè)城市的人口接近一百萬(wàn)。

比較：close和closely的區(qū)別

close作副詞時(shí)，意為“靠近；接近”，表示實(shí)際距離很近；closely意為“緊密地；密切地”，表達(dá)的是一種抽象的“近”。

The children sat close together.

孩子們靠緊坐在一起。

The two events are closely connected.

這兩件事有密切的聯(lián)系。

17. up to 直到……；至多……

Up to four people can live in this room.

這間房里最多能住四個(gè)人。

Andrew has worked hard up to now.

安德魯一直努力工作到現(xiàn)在。

（1） be up to = be busy doing 忙于

What are you up to？ 你在忙什么？

（2） be up to sb to do sth 由某人負(fù)責(zé)做某事

Its up to us to help those in need.

我們有責(zé)任幫助那些有困難的人。

up-to-date 現(xiàn)代的；包含最新信息的

18. be willing to do sth 樂(lè)意做某事

Are you willing to help？

你樂(lè)意幫忙嗎？

He is willing to help me with my English.

他很樂(lè)意幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ)。

表達(dá)“樂(lè)意做某事”的多種用法

be ready to do sth； be glad to do sth

be delighted to do sth； be happy to do sth

19. as much as 和……一樣；多達(dá)……

You can eat as much as you like.

你愛(ài)吃多少就吃多少。

I spent as much as 100 dollars today.

今天我花了一百美元。

Did Your Father Help You？

One day， Tims mathematics teacher looked at his homework and saw that he had got all his sums right.

The teacher was very pleased and rather surprised.

He called Tim to his desk and said to him， “You got all your homework right this time， Tim. What happened？ Did your father help you？”

“No， sir. He was too busy last night， so I had to do it all myself，” said Tim.