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新疆各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)發(fā)展的歷史見(jiàn)證（一）

前言

中國(guó)是統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家。新疆自古以來(lái)就是中國(guó)多民族共同生活的家園。在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史長(zhǎng)河中，生活在新疆的中華各族兒女密切交往、相互依存、休戚與共，共同開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)新疆，共同維護(hù)邊疆穩(wěn)定、國(guó)家統(tǒng)一、民族團(tuán)結(jié)，共同推動(dòng)國(guó)家的發(fā)展進(jìn)步。

在國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在少數(shù)民族聚居地方實(shí)行區(qū)域自治，是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度，是中國(guó)特色解決民族問(wèn)題的正確道路的重要內(nèi)容和制度保障。在新疆實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，符合中國(guó)國(guó)情和新疆實(shí)際，維護(hù)了國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和新疆各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)發(fā)展。

自1949年新疆和平解放，特別是1955年新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)成立以來(lái)，在國(guó)家的大力支持和全國(guó)各地的有力幫助下，在全區(qū)各族人民的共同努力下，新疆民生不斷改善，各項(xiàng)事業(yè)全面進(jìn)步，社會(huì)大局穩(wěn)定，發(fā)展勢(shì)頭良好。2010年和2014年，中央先后召開(kāi)新疆工作座談會(huì)，不斷豐富完善治疆理念和治疆方略，新疆經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)入了新的歷史時(shí)期。

新疆的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全中國(guó)人民團(tuán)結(jié)拼搏的偉大成果，是中國(guó)各族人民共同繁榮發(fā)展的生動(dòng)體現(xiàn)，是中國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治制度在新疆的成功實(shí)踐。

一、實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度

新疆地處中國(guó)西北邊疆，早在公元前60年就納入中國(guó)版圖，成為中國(guó)統(tǒng)一多民族國(guó)家不可分割的組成部分。歷代中央政府根據(jù)新疆的實(shí)際情況，采取多種形式治理新疆。新疆各族人民在共同創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展中國(guó)統(tǒng)一多民族國(guó)家的歷史過(guò)程中，形成了你中有我、我中有你的血肉聯(lián)系。

歷史上，生活在新疆地區(qū)的各族人民，以其勤勞、智慧和勇敢，創(chuàng)造了燦爛的多民族文化，成為中華文化的重要組成部分，新疆也成為連通中外、傳播文明的重要通道。1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，中國(guó)逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)，新疆各族人民遭受著外國(guó)侵略者、封建勢(shì)力和剝削階級(jí)的壓迫，社會(huì)地位極為低下。到20世紀(jì)40年代末，南疆、伊犁和烏魯木齊農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)的大部分土地都為少數(shù)地主所霸占，大部分農(nóng)民只占有很少的土地。在南疆維吾爾農(nóng)民聚居的偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村，還分散地、極少量地存有較完整的農(nóng)奴主莊園，農(nóng)奴主對(duì)農(nóng)奴有支配一切的權(quán)力，農(nóng)奴們無(wú)償?shù)貫檗r(nóng)奴主耕種土地，并承擔(dān)各種家庭雜役。在北疆牧區(qū)，殘留著封建氏族制度的社會(huì)關(guān)系，王公貴族、部落頭領(lǐng)不僅占有大量的牲畜，而且享有種種封建特權(quán)。新中國(guó)成立前，新疆經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展嚴(yán)重滯后，各族人民生活十分貧困，根本無(wú)法享有基本人權(quán)。

1921年中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立后，就在為包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全體中國(guó)人民尋找一條實(shí)現(xiàn)民族獨(dú)立、人民解放的正確道路。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立初期，就有一些中共黨員進(jìn)入新疆地區(qū)從事革命工作?？谷諔?zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，新疆各族人民通過(guò)多種形式支援內(nèi)地的抗戰(zhàn)事業(yè)。一批各族進(jìn)步青年受到先進(jìn)思想的熏陶影響，積極追求進(jìn)步，發(fā)動(dòng)各族群眾同反動(dòng)落后勢(shì)力進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)。共同的歷史命運(yùn)使新疆各族人民深信，唯有中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨才能救中國(guó)，這樣的共識(shí)為后來(lái)新疆和平解放奠定了基本前提條件。

1949年9月，在新疆各族人民的努力下，新疆實(shí)現(xiàn)和平解放。10月1日，新疆各族人民同全國(guó)人民共同迎來(lái)了中華人民共和國(guó)的成立。新疆和平解放后，仍沿用過(guò)去的行省制。1949年12月17日，在中共中央及中共新疆分局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，成立了以包爾漢為主席，由新疆各族各界代表組成的新疆省人民政府，掀開(kāi)了人民民主政權(quán)建設(shè)新的一頁(yè)。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在中國(guó)人民解放軍的大力支持下，新疆省政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)各族人民平叛剿匪、鎮(zhèn)壓反革命武裝叛亂，同時(shí)還開(kāi)展了改造起義部隊(duì)、整編民族軍等工作。根據(jù)民族平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助的原則，新疆各族人民當(dāng)家作主，第一次推選出各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表。隨后進(jìn)行的以農(nóng)村土地改革為中心的各項(xiàng)民主改革，廢除了封建土地所有制，使無(wú)地、少地的各族農(nóng)民分得了土地，從根本上改變了千百年來(lái)新疆各族勞動(dòng)人民受壓迫、受剝削的悲慘命運(yùn)。

新中國(guó)把堅(jiān)持各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)和各民族共同繁榮發(fā)展作為解決民族問(wèn)題和處理民族關(guān)系的基本原則，并確定在少數(shù)民族聚居地方實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度。新中國(guó)成立時(shí)，在新疆聚居生活的主要有維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、回、柯?tīng)柨俗?、蒙古、錫伯、塔吉克、滿(mǎn)、烏孜別克、俄羅斯、達(dá)斡爾和塔塔爾等民族，其中維吾爾族人口居多。以上各民族呈“大雜居、小聚居”的特點(diǎn)，各民族之間存在密切而廣泛的聯(lián)系，這是新疆多民族共同聚居歷史的延續(xù)。新疆實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，有力保障了新疆各民族人民當(dāng)家作主的民主權(quán)利，對(duì)于加強(qiáng)各民族平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助、和諧的關(guān)系，維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，加快新疆經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)新疆社會(huì)進(jìn)步，都有著十分重要的意義。

根據(jù)中央人民政府頒布的《中華人民共和國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治實(shí)施綱要》相關(guān)規(guī)定，1952年8月22日，新疆省召開(kāi)了第一屆第二次各族各界人民代表大會(huì)，并于9月10日通過(guò)了《關(guān)于執(zhí)行〈中華人民共和國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治實(shí)施綱要〉的決議》，成立了新疆省民族區(qū)域自治籌備委員會(huì)。1953年12月22日，中央人民政府政務(wù)院批復(fù)同意《新疆省民族區(qū)域自治實(shí)施辦法》，新疆自治地方籌建準(zhǔn)備工作有序展開(kāi)。截至1954年，經(jīng)中央政府批準(zhǔn)，新疆完成了州以下自治地方的籌建工作，成立了5個(gè)自治州，即：巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博爾塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒蘇柯?tīng)柨俗巫灾沃荨⒉刈遄灾沃莺鸵晾绻_克自治州；6個(gè)自治縣，即：焉耆回族自治縣、察布查爾錫伯自治縣、木壘哈薩克自治縣、和布克賽爾蒙古自治縣、塔什庫(kù)爾干塔吉克自治縣和巴里坤哈薩克自治縣。

各自治地方的建立為新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的成立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。中共中央新疆分局依照《中華人民共和國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治實(shí)施綱要》，積極慎重地推進(jìn)成立新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的籌備工作。1955年9月13日，第一屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)第二十一次會(huì)議通過(guò)了成立新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)、撤消新疆省建制的決議，并以原新疆省的行政區(qū)域?yàn)樾陆S吾爾自治區(qū)的行政區(qū)域。

1955年 9月20—30日，新疆省第一屆人民代表大會(huì)第二次會(huì)議在烏魯木齊召開(kāi)。此次會(huì)議通過(guò)了《關(guān)于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)籌備工作的報(bào)告》等文件，選舉產(chǎn)生了以賽福鼎·艾則孜（維吾爾族）為主席，高錦純（漢族）、買(mǎi)買(mǎi)提明·伊敏諾夫（維吾爾族）、帕提汗·蘇古爾巴也夫（哈薩克族）為副主席的41人組成的新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民委員會(huì)。1955年10月1日，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宣告成立。

新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的成立，標(biāo)志著民族區(qū)域自治制度在新疆的全面貫徹實(shí)施。在中央政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、關(guān)心和全國(guó)各兄弟省（區(qū)、市）的大力支持幫助下，新疆各族人民開(kāi)展了大規(guī)模社會(huì)主義建設(shè)。1984年，國(guó)家頒布實(shí)施《中華人民共和國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治法》，將民族區(qū)域自治制度確定為國(guó)家一項(xiàng)基本政治制度，為新疆各族人民在維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的原則下充分行使自治權(quán)利提供了有力的法律保障。

2010年5月、2014年5月，中央先后召開(kāi)第一、二次新疆工作座談會(huì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)要堅(jiān)持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度，努力建設(shè)團(tuán)結(jié)和諧、繁榮富強(qiáng)、文明進(jìn)步、安居樂(lè)業(yè)的社會(huì)主義新疆，新疆各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新階段。（待續(xù)）

Foreword

China is a unified and multiethnic country. Xinjiang has been home to several of China's ethnic peoples since ancient times. Over the long course of history the ethnic groups in Xinjiang have maintained close relations with each other， trusting and depending on each other and sharing weal and woe together. They have worked hard to build Xinjiang， to safeguard border stability， national unification and ethnic unity， and to promote the development and progress of China.

Under the unified state leadership， implementing regional autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities is a basic political system of China. It is an important step on the correct path towards resolving ethnic problems in a Chinese manner and an institutional guarantee that the path will be followed. Implementing the system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang is a measure that accords with the prevailing situation in China and with the realities of life and the needs of Xinjiang. Doing so has acted as a bulwark to national unifi cation and to the equality， unity and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

Since the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang in 1949，and the founding of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 1955 in particular， Xinjiang has seen continued improvement in its standard of living，comprehensive progress in various areas， stability in the overall situation of society， and positive momentum for development. All this has been made possible by strong support from the state and other parts of the country，as well as by the concerted efforts of all of Xinjiang's ethnic groups.

In 2010 and 2014， the central government held two meetings to discuss work related to Xinjiang， resulting in a steady improvement of the guiding principles and strategies for governing Xinjiang， ushering in a new era in the economic and social development of the region.

The development and progress witnessed in Xinjiang has been achieved by all the peoples of China —including the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang —working together in pursuit of a common goal. It gives a vivid expression to the progress made by China's ethnic groups towards achieving common prosperity，and marks the successful implementation of China's system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang.

I. Implementing the System of Ethnic Regional Autonomy

Located in China's northwest， Xinjiang was documented as forming part of China's territories as early as 60 BC， and went on to become an integral part of the unified and multiethnic country. In light of the actual local conditions， the central governments in successive dynastic periods adopted various different forms of governance in this region. During the process of creating and developing a unified and multiethnic country， all the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang developed close ties and became integrated as one.

Known for their hard working， wisdom and bravery， the ethnic groups of Xinjiang created a distinctive multiethnic culture， which became an important part of overall Chinese culture. Xinjiang also became a key gateway connecting China with the rest of the world and disseminating diverse cultures.

After the First Opium War （1840-1842）， China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society， and the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang suffered oppression under the foreign aggressors， feudal forces and exploiting classes， falling to the bottom of society.

By the late 1940s， most of the arable land in the farming areas of southern Xinjiang， Ili and Urumqi had been seized by a handful of landlords， leaving very little to the majority of peasants. In the remote villages inhabited by Uygur peasants in southern Xinjiang，a small number of serf owners' estates existed in relatively complete form. The overlords of these estates owned their serfs from head to toe， and the serfs were forced to work their masters' lands without payment and to perform all kinds of domestic chores. In the pastoral areas of northern Xinjiang， remnants of the feudal clan system were evident in that the nobility and the clan chiefs not only held large herds of livestock， but also enjoyed all kinds of feudal privileges.

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China， Xinjiang lagged far behind the rest of the country in economic and social development， and the ethnic peoples there lived in dire poverty and were deprived of basic human rights.

Founded in 1921， the Communist Party of China （CPC） took as its mission the search for a right path to realize national independence and the liberation of the people， including the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang. In its early days， the CPC sent some of its members to Xinjiang to carry out revolutionary work. During the Chinese people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang lent their support to the cause of resistance through various means under the leadership of the CPC. A number of revolutionary youth， influenced by progressive ideas， actively mobilized the peoples of Xinjiang to fight against reactionary and backward forces. The common call of history convinced them that only the CPC could save China — a prerequisite for the consensus against which Xinjiang later greeted its peaceful liberation.

In September 1949， Xinjiang was liberated peacefully， thanks to the efforts made by people of all ethnic groups there. On October 1， together with all their fellow countrymen， the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang witnessed the founding of the People's Republic of China. After liberation， Xinjiang kept its provincial system.

On December 17， 1949， under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the CPC Xinjiang Bureau， the Xinjiang provincial people's government was established. Represented by deputies from all ethnic groups and social sectors in Xinjiang， and with Burhan al-Shahidi as chair， this opened a new leaf in the development of a new people's democratic government. Under the leadership of the CPC， and with the strong support of the Chinese People's Liberation Army， the provincial government of Xinjiang led the local ethnic peoples in successfully quelling revolts， suppressing bandits and putting down reactionary armed rebellions. The uprising troops of the former regime and ethnic armed forces were regrouped.

In line with the principles of equality， unity， and mutual assistance for ethnic groups， the peoples of Xinjiang became the masters of the region， and for the first time elected deputies to the people's congresses at all levels. The democratic reform that followed， with rural land reform at its core， abolished feudal land ownership and distributed land to the deprived local peasants， putting an end once and for all to centuries of oppression and exploitation for the working people of Xinjiang.

The People's Republic of China has upheld ethnic equality， unity， common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups as the basic principles in solving ethnic problems and handling ethnic relations. It made it a state policy to practice ethnic regional autonomy in areas where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949， the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang mainly comprised the Uygur， Han， Kazak， Hui，Kirgiz， Mongolian， Xibe， Tajik， Manchu， Uzbek，Russian， Daur and Tartar， with the Uygurs boasting the largest population. Each of these ethnic groups was characterized by living in homogenous communities of its own， or by living together with or mixing with other groups， and the various peoples maintained close and extensive relations — a continuation of the traditional lifestyle. The practice of ethnic regionalautonomy in Xinjiang has ensured the democratic rights of all ethnic peoples in the region， making them the masters of Xinjiang. It is also of great significance in strengthening the harmonious relationship of equality，unity and mutual assistance of the various ethnic groups， safeguarding national unification， accelerating economic development， and promoting social progress in Xinjiang.

On August 22， 1952， in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Program of the People's Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy， the second session of the first people's congress of all ethnic groups and walks of life was held in Xinjiang Province， passing the Resolution on Executing the Program of the People's Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy and forming a preparatory committee for exercising ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang Province on September 10.

In its official written reply on December 22，1953， the Government Administrative Council of the Central People's Government approved the Measures for Exercising Ethnic Regional Autonomy in Xinjiang Province， initiating the preparatory work for establishing autonomous areas in Xinjiang in an orderly fashion. By 1954， with the approval of the central government， Xinjiang had completed the preparations for the establishment of autonomous areas at or below the prefecture level， establishing five autonomous prefectures， i.e.， Bayingolin Mongolian， Bortala Mongolian， Kizilsu Kirgiz， Changji Hui and Ili Kazak，six autonomous counties， i.e.， Yanqi Hui， Qapqal Xibe，Mori Kazak， Hoboksar Mongolian， Tashkurghan Tajik and Barkol Kazak.

The establishment of these autonomous prefectures and counties laid the foundation for the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In accordance with the Program of the People's Republic of China for Practicing Ethnic Regional Autonomy，the CPC Xinjiang Bureau made proactive and prudent preparations for establishing the autonomous region. The 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the First National People's Congress passed on September 13， 1955 the resolution to establish the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to replace the former Xinjiang Province， with the former areas under the jurisdiction of the Xinjiang Province being put under the jurisdiction of the newly established autonomous region.

In September 20-30， 1955， the second session of the First People's Congress of Xinjiang Province was convened in Urumqi. The meeting approved the Report on Preparatory Work for the Establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region along with some other instruments， and elected a 41-member People's Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region， with Seypidin Ezizi （Uygur） as chair， and Gao Jinchun （Han）， Memetmin Iminof （Uygur） and Patihan Sugurbayev （Kazak） as vice chairs. On October 1， 1955，the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was offi cially founded.

The establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region marked the full implementation of the system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang. Under the leadership and care of the central government and with the strong support and help from other provinces， autonomous regions and municipalities， the people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang plunged into the construction of Xinjiang in a massive scale.

In 1984， the state promulgated and put into effect the Law of the People's Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy， establishing ethnic regional autonomy as a basic political system of the state， thereby providing a powerful legal basis for all ethnic peoples in Xinjiang to fully exercise their right of autonomy based on the principle of safeguarding national unifi cation.

In May 2010 and May 2014， the central government held two meetings to specially discuss work in relation to Xinjiang， emphasizing the importance of upholding and improving the system of ethnic regional autonomy，and calling for efforts to build a socialist Xinjiang featuring unity and harmony， prosperity and vigor，civility and progress， and peace and contentment for its people. The various undertakings of Xinjiang had entered a new stage of development.（To be continued）

Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality， Unity and Development in Xinjiang（Ⅰ）