劉寒曉,朱立娟,史常青,張森,趙廷寧?,鄭洋洋

(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院,100083,北京;2.北京市首發(fā)天人生態(tài)景觀有限公司,102600,北京)

不同浸種方法對(duì)北京工程邊坡噴播常用灌木種子發(fā)芽的影響

劉寒曉1,朱立娟2,史常青1,張森2,趙廷寧1?,鄭洋洋2

(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院,100083,北京;2.北京市首發(fā)天人生態(tài)景觀有限公司,102600,北京)

為促進(jìn)北京工程邊坡噴播常用的灌木種子發(fā)芽,提高灌木種子相對(duì)草本的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,嘗試采用植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑浸種、熱水浸種等生產(chǎn)上常用的浸種方法,確定最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)、最佳熱水浸種初始溫度及最優(yōu)植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑種類和濃度等,促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽成活。結(jié)果表明:1)在植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑浸種的情況下,最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)為12 h;2)對(duì)3種灌木種子發(fā)芽均有促進(jìn)作用的低濃度促進(jìn)劑為赤霉素100 mg/L和萘乙酸10-8mg/L,發(fā)芽勢(shì)綜合約在30%;3)適宜紫穗槐、胡枝子發(fā)芽的熱水浸種初始溫度,分別在60～70和60～80℃,熱水浸泡對(duì)荊條發(fā)芽有抑制作用。綜合3個(gè)試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)針對(duì)具有硬實(shí)性質(zhì)的種子,可先用初始溫度為60～70℃的熱水浸種2 h,后用赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8mg/L溶液浸種10 h的方法,促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽;對(duì)非硬實(shí)性質(zhì)的種子,直接用赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8mg/L溶液浸種12 h。綜合試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可用于生產(chǎn),具有一定的創(chuàng)新性和可行性。

灌木發(fā)芽;浸種;噴播;高陡邊坡;北京

北京高速公路邊坡綠化常用方法為噴播綠化,噴播用種為灌草種子組合,兩者結(jié)合其防治水土流失效果較好[1];但噴播后,由于環(huán)境因素限制,草本萌發(fā)勢(shì)頭較灌木大,出現(xiàn)灌木競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不足,導(dǎo)致發(fā)芽率、成活率較低的問題[25],而促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽是解決問題的一個(gè)有力途徑。目前,解除種子休眠,促進(jìn)萌發(fā)的方法有物理法、化學(xué)試劑法、生物方法、綜合法等。其中,物理方法包括溫度處理、機(jī)械處理、低溫層積、干藏和干熱處理等,化學(xué)處理包括激素處理、無機(jī)化學(xué)藥劑處理和有機(jī)化學(xué)藥劑處理[67]。

溫度處理即用初始溫度不同的熱水浸泡種子,找出最佳的浸種溫度。高溫?zé)崴N目的在于融化種子外層的蠟質(zhì),使種殼通透性增強(qiáng),打破種子硬實(shí),人為破壞種子生理休眠,促進(jìn)其萌發(fā)[810]。采用一定始溫的熱水浸種,在生產(chǎn)上較易實(shí)行,且成本低,打破休眠和硬實(shí)的效果較好。例如:C.C.Hsu等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),熱水浸泡(40℃浸泡4 h),提高了苦瓜種子的平均出苗率和出苗時(shí)間;H.P.Msanga等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),合歡種子在75℃熱水浸泡后,浸沒在過氧化氫溶液中獲得了最高的發(fā)芽率(33.5%)。藥劑處理即用植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑浸種,找出最佳的調(diào)節(jié)劑種類和濃度,調(diào)整種子內(nèi)源激素水平來促進(jìn)萌發(fā)[13]。植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑容易購(gòu)買,且易配置,價(jià)格較低,無毒害,在生產(chǎn)上較實(shí)用[14]。浸種還要考慮時(shí)長(zhǎng)問題,浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)不同,對(duì)種皮軟化作用、細(xì)胞通透性的影響不一。浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)不足,起不到軟化種皮或使種子吸脹萌發(fā)的作用;浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)太長(zhǎng),會(huì)使種子細(xì)胞脹破,失去活性[1516]:因此,確定最佳的浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng),才能使浸種起到應(yīng)有的效益。

由于噴播中種子用量大,考慮生產(chǎn)上的實(shí)際操作等問題,筆者選用溫度處理和藥劑(植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑)處理結(jié)合浸種的方法,促進(jìn)灌木種子萌發(fā)。研究結(jié)果可為北京工程邊坡噴播的灌木種子處理提供參考,以期提高灌木自身競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試材料

選用由北京市首發(fā)天人生態(tài)景觀有限公司提供的灌木種子:紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和荊條(Vitex negundo var.heterophylla)。赤霉素、萘乙酸由國(guó)藥化學(xué)試劑北京有限公司提供。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法

于2015年7—8月,在北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,應(yīng)用恒溫恒濕培養(yǎng)箱進(jìn)行種子發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。熱水初始溫度范圍為50～100℃[1518],調(diào)節(jié)劑為赤霉素和萘乙酸[1920],浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)以4 h為梯度,設(shè)置范圍為0～24 h[13,2122]。

1.2.1 浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn) 選擇較低質(zhì)量濃度的促進(jìn)劑—100 mg/L赤霉素,進(jìn)行確定最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)的發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。時(shí)間梯度設(shè)置為0、4、8、12、16、20和24 h。根據(jù)紫穗槐千粒質(zhì)量,稱取每份150粒左右的種子,分別放于7個(gè)100 mL燒杯中,加100 mg/L赤霉素浸沒種子3～5 cm。浸種時(shí)間過后,立即用清水沖洗種子3次,將每50粒種子擺放于一個(gè)墊有3層濕潤(rùn)濾紙的9 cm培養(yǎng)皿中,然后放入恒溫恒濕培養(yǎng)箱,進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。培養(yǎng)箱溫度設(shè)置25℃,濕度70%,光照12 h(800 lx),黑暗12 h。每24 h統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)芽數(shù),連續(xù)統(tǒng)計(jì)14 d。

1.2.2 植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑種類及濃度篩選試驗(yàn) 選取赤霉素和萘乙酸,對(duì)紫穗槐、胡枝子和荊條種子進(jìn)行浸種發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。將赤霉素設(shè)置為100、200和300 mg/L 3個(gè)較大濃度梯度[17-22],萘乙酸設(shè)置10-6、10-8和10-10mg/L 3個(gè)梯度,根據(jù)浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)的發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,將促進(jìn)劑濃度梯度縮小。在最佳濃度附近,以20 mg/L為梯度設(shè)置濃度(表1),再次進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn),統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。

表1 第2次發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑濃度表Tab.1 Concentration of plant growth accelerators of the second germination test

1.2.3 熱水浸種初始溫度篩選試驗(yàn) 選擇合適的熱水溫度梯度(表2)[910],進(jìn)行浸種。將不同溫度的熱水,倒入裝有不同灌木種子的燒杯中,浸沒3～5 cm,等待熱水自然冷卻,選擇最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)。浸種過后,進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。

表2 不同灌木種子對(duì)應(yīng)的熱水初始溫度梯度表Tab.2 Temperatures of hot water for different kinds ofshrub seeds

1.3 指標(biāo)選擇

發(fā)芽率=發(fā)芽總數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%;發(fā)芽勢(shì)=發(fā)芽數(shù)達(dá)到高峰時(shí)的發(fā)芽總數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%;霉?fàn)€率=發(fā)霉、腐爛種子數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%;硬實(shí)率(具有硬實(shí)特性的種子)=未發(fā)芽也未腐爛的種子總數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%;未發(fā)芽種子率(不具有硬實(shí)特性的種子)=未發(fā)芽也未腐爛的種子總數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%。其中,硬實(shí)率和未發(fā)芽種子率都是指浸泡后體積不變,未發(fā)芽也未腐爛的種子數(shù)占總數(shù)的比例。硬實(shí)率一般用在具有硬實(shí)特性的種子上,種皮因具有柵欄組織,造成吸水障礙,稱為硬實(shí)[910]。未發(fā)芽率一般用在不具有硬實(shí)特性的種子上,是其他原因使種子達(dá)不到發(fā)芽的條件,導(dǎo)致不發(fā)芽的狀態(tài),但種子依舊保有活性。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

將浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn)的發(fā)芽結(jié)果,利用SPSS軟件,進(jìn)行LSD顯著性檢驗(yàn)(置信度為95%),繪制發(fā)芽率及發(fā)芽勢(shì)均值圖;將植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑種類及濃度篩選試驗(yàn)的發(fā)芽結(jié)果,利用SPSS軟件,以清水處理為“控制類別”,進(jìn)行Dunnett顯著性檢驗(yàn)(置信度為95%),繪制發(fā)芽勢(shì)均值圖;將熱水浸種初始溫度篩選試驗(yàn)的發(fā)芽結(jié)果,根據(jù)發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、硬實(shí)率和霉?fàn)€率均制圖,并對(duì)發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行LSD檢驗(yàn)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)試驗(yàn)

紫穗槐種子用100 mg/L的赤霉素進(jìn)行浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)的發(fā)芽試驗(yàn),結(jié)果見圖1。發(fā)芽情況隨著浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加,呈現(xiàn)先增高后降低的趨勢(shì)。發(fā)芽率在12 h內(nèi)明顯比12 h后高,且在12 h時(shí)達(dá)到最高;發(fā)芽勢(shì)在12 h后比12 h內(nèi)高,且也在12 h處達(dá)到最高。LSD結(jié)果顯示:各處理組沒有差異顯著性,說明各數(shù)組在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上差異不顯著,而在實(shí)際處理中,均值的差異反映了發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)確實(shí)存在高低之分;因此,認(rèn)為浸種最佳時(shí)長(zhǎng)為12 h。

圖1 紫穗槐發(fā)芽情況隨浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)變化Fig.1 Soaking time diagram of germination indices ofAmorpha fruticosa L.seeds

2.2 植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑種類及濃度篩選試驗(yàn)

由圖2可見,隨著促進(jìn)劑濃度的增加,發(fā)芽勢(shì)大體呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低的趨勢(shì),且都存在一個(gè)峰值,但不是每個(gè)處于峰值處的處理組與清水組都有顯著差異,說明不是每種促進(jìn)劑都有顯著的效果。均值圖中,處于峰值、且在Dunnett檢驗(yàn)中與清水處理具有顯著性差異的處理組,其促進(jìn)劑濃度為最優(yōu)濃度。

由圖2的橫向和縱向?qū)Ρ瓤芍?紫穗槐的最佳處理為萘乙酸10-8mg/L組,發(fā)芽勢(shì)為48.0%;胡枝子最佳處理赤霉素160 mg/L組,發(fā)芽勢(shì)為18.0%;荊條最佳處理為萘乙酸10-6mg/L組,發(fā)芽勢(shì)為25.3%。在較低濃度范圍內(nèi),100 mg/L赤霉素處理和10-8mg/L萘乙酸處理下,3種灌木種子發(fā)芽勢(shì)總和均最高,分別為31.9%和33.3%;因此,較好的通用濃度為赤霉素100 mg/L和萘乙酸10-8mg/L。

2.3 熱水浸種初始溫度篩選試驗(yàn)

由圖3及表3可見:隨溫度的增加,紫穗槐種子發(fā)芽率呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低的趨勢(shì),在60～70℃達(dá)到最高,為57%;發(fā)芽勢(shì)與發(fā)芽率趨勢(shì)相同。霉?fàn)€率先降低后增高,在60～70℃達(dá)到最低,約在42%～43%;硬實(shí)率分別在熱水和常溫浸泡下相比,約降低了3%。LSD差異顯著性結(jié)果顯示:60～80℃熱水浸種發(fā)芽勢(shì)結(jié)果與對(duì)照相比有顯著差異,發(fā)芽率無顯著差異。綜合均值與差異顯著性結(jié)果得出,60～70℃為浸泡紫穗槐的最適水溫。

圖2 不同濃度促進(jìn)劑處理的3種灌木種子的發(fā)芽勢(shì)均值圖及Dunnett檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果Fig.2 Dunnett result of germinability of three kinds of shrub seeds soaked by different concentrations of plant growth accelerator NAA

隨著溫度的增加,胡枝子種子發(fā)芽率呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低的趨勢(shì),在60～80℃達(dá)到最高,約在77%～81%,發(fā)芽勢(shì)與發(fā)芽率趨勢(shì)相近。霉?fàn)€率隨著溫度逐漸增高,在100℃達(dá)到最高,為42%;硬實(shí)率在熱水和常溫浸泡下相比降低幅度較大,約為65%。LSD差異顯著性結(jié)果顯示:60～100℃熱水浸種發(fā)芽率及發(fā)芽勢(shì)結(jié)果都與對(duì)照相比有顯著差異。綜合均值與差異顯著性結(jié)果得出:60～80℃為浸泡胡枝子的最適水溫。荊條種子在熱水浸泡下的發(fā)芽率并沒有增高,反而與常溫水浸泡相比,發(fā)芽率顯著降低;種子在發(fā)芽過程中出現(xiàn)少量的霉?fàn)€情況,多表現(xiàn)為未發(fā)芽,除在常溫浸泡下,未發(fā)芽種子比率都較高,平均在90%以上。

綜上所述,紫穗槐和胡枝子在適宜溫度熱水浸泡下發(fā)芽率增高,霉?fàn)€率和硬實(shí)率降低。適宜紫穗槐發(fā)芽的水溫約在60～70℃,適宜胡枝子發(fā)芽的水溫約在60～80℃。而熱水浸泡對(duì)荊條發(fā)芽有抑制作用;因此,荊條不適宜采用此方法催芽,若要促進(jìn)荊條發(fā)芽,應(yīng)該考慮延長(zhǎng)荊條在常溫水中浸泡的時(shí)間,或者用其他方法,如沙藏層積法。

圖3 不同熱水溫度浸泡3種灌木種子的發(fā)芽情況Fig.3 Germination indices of three kinds of shrub seeds soaked in different temperatures of hot water

表3 不同熱水溫度浸泡下紫穗槐、胡枝子發(fā)芽情況的差異顯著性Tab.3 Significance of difference of two kinds of shrub seeds soaked in different temperature of water

3 討論

北京高速公路邊坡噴播綠化中,噴播所用種子為灌草種子的組合。噴播后,常出現(xiàn)灌木種子發(fā)芽率低,導(dǎo)致灌木出苗率低、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力弱于草本的問題;因此,考慮使用簡(jiǎn)單的浸種方法,促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽成活。生產(chǎn)上常用的浸種方法有植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑浸種、熱水浸種等,而且為防止種子吸水過多而脹破,還應(yīng)選擇適宜的浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)。

本試驗(yàn)首先確定了在植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑浸泡情況下的最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng),然后在最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)下,進(jìn)行熱水浸種和促進(jìn)劑浸種試驗(yàn),選擇合適的熱水初始溫度和最優(yōu)的促進(jìn)劑濃度。最后,綜合3個(gè)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,得出最佳浸種流程及方法。

以往研究?jī)H僅只關(guān)注一點(diǎn),或用植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑促進(jìn)種子萌發(fā),或用各方法打破種子硬實(shí),或研究浸種時(shí)間和種子吸水的規(guī)律,未考慮將多種方法綜合應(yīng)用;因此,本研究嘗試將常用的2種浸種方法綜合使用,來促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽,先進(jìn)行單一試驗(yàn),確定最佳處理方法,后綜合結(jié)果得出流程。方法有一定的創(chuàng)新性,在生產(chǎn)上具有可行性,但所做研究未進(jìn)行野外邊坡噴播試驗(yàn);因此,研究結(jié)果僅可為邊坡噴播中灌木種子的處理提供參考,在地域上有一定的局限性,還需進(jìn)一步試驗(yàn),以擴(kuò)大使用范圍。

4 結(jié)論

1)在植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑浸種的情況下,最佳浸種時(shí)長(zhǎng)為12 h。

2)促進(jìn)劑浸種試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),紫穗槐的最佳處理為萘乙酸10-8mg/L組,胡枝子的最佳處理赤霉素160 mg/L組,荊條的最佳處理為萘乙酸10-6mg/L組。對(duì)3種灌木種子發(fā)芽均有促進(jìn)作用的低濃度促進(jìn)劑為赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8mg/L。

3)熱水浸種試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),適宜紫穗槐發(fā)芽的熱水初始溫度約在60～70℃,適宜胡枝子發(fā)芽的熱水初始溫度約在60～80℃,而熱水浸泡對(duì)荊條發(fā)芽有抑制作用。

4)綜合3個(gè)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):針對(duì)具有硬實(shí)性質(zhì)的種子(紫穗槐、胡枝子),可先用初始溫度為60～70℃的熱水浸種2 h,待水自然冷卻后,用赤霉素100 mg/ L或萘乙酸10-8mg/L溶液浸種10 h,以促進(jìn)灌木種子發(fā)芽;對(duì)非硬實(shí)性質(zhì)的種子(荊條),直接用赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8mg/L溶液浸種12 h。

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Effects of varied immersing methods on the germination of tree seeds for the engineering slope greening in Beijing

Liu Hanxiao1,Zhu Lijuan2,Shi Changqing1,Zhang Sen2,Zhao Tingning1,Zheng Yangyang2
(1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,100083,Beijing,China; 2.Beijing Shoufa Tianren Ecological Landscape Corporation Limited,102600,Beijing,China)

[Background]The most frequently used seeds in slope spraying in Beijing are the combination of shrub and herbal seeds.The combination of two kinds of seeds has better effect for the conservation of soil and water in Beijing highways'slope.However,the problem of competition between shrub and herbal often appears after spraying seeds and as a matter of fact,the goal to form the shrubbased phytocenosis cannot be achieved.Therefore,promoting shrub seeds'relative competitiveness should be concerned.There are two ways:one way is waking the seeds and promoting their germination and shorten the germinating time;the other way is strengthening the shrub seedlings.[Methods]In order to promote shrub seeds'germination and relative competitiveness with herbal seeds,two immersing methods of using plant growth accelerators and hot water were applied to stimulate germination of shrub seeds.Three experiments were conducted to obtain the optimal soaking time,the optimal initial temperature of hot water and optimal concentration of plant growth accelerators.The first experiment wasto soak shrub seeds for different time periods.The second experiment was to use different initial temperatures of hot water to soak shrub seeds.The third experiment was to soak shrub seeds using different concentrations of plant growth accelerators.At last,combining all the results and a final method was summarized.[Results]1)The optimal soaking time was 12 h in the case of immersing in plant growth accelerators.2)The optimal concentration for Amorpha fruticosa L.was NAA-10-8mg/L.The optimal concentration for Lespedeza bicolor was gibberellin-160 mg/L.The optimal concentration for Vitex negundo var.heterophylla was NAA-10-6mg/L.The optimal concentration of plant growth accelerator was gibberellin-100 mg/L or NAA-10-8mg/L,which had promoting effect to all three kinds of shrub seeds.The average germination potential was about 30%.3)The suitable initial temperature of hot water for Amorpha fruticosa L.was 60-70℃and 60-80℃for Lespedeza bicolor.And hot water had inhibiting effect to Vitex negundo var.heterophylla,thus other soaking methods for Vitex negundo var. heterophylla could be researched to promote germination,for example,reserving the seeds in sand at low temperature.[Conclusions]The combining result of three experiments showed that seeds with hard nature could be soaked in 60-70℃of hot water for 2 h and then soaked in plant growth accelerators (gibberellin-100 mg/L or NAA-10-8mg/L)for 10 h,which would stimulate the germination of shrub seeds.The seeds without hard nature could be directly soaked in plant growth accelerators(gibberellin-100 mg/L or NAA-10-8mg/L)for 12 h.The combined soaking methods of seeds are innovative and feasible,and could be used in practice.

shrub seeds'germination;immersing method;spraying greening;highway slope;Beijing

S722.1

A

1672-3007(2016)06-0094-07

10.16843/j.sswc.2016.06.012

2016 08 26

2016 09 21

項(xiàng)目名稱:企業(yè)委托科技項(xiàng)目“華北地區(qū)邊坡綠化綜合技術(shù)研究”(660405)

劉寒曉(1992—),女,碩士研究生。主要研究方向:水土保持與荒漠化防治、困難立地植被恢復(fù)和工程綠化。

?通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:趙廷寧(1962—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。主要研究方向:水土保持環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)、生態(tài)修復(fù)和工程綠化理論。E-mail:zhtning@bjfu.edu.cn