大氣物理與人工影響天氣

云物理與人工影響天氣研究進展

1 科研項目進展

2016年，中國氣象局人工影響天氣中心承擔的各項國家級項目取得重要進展，并申請獲得一些新的研究項目，包括國家科技計劃重點專項1項，自然科學基金項目3項，氣科院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費重點項目2項，中國氣象局2016年度留學人員科技活動項目擇優(yōu)資助項目1項。承擔的重要科研項目主要進展如下。

1.1 機載云粒子測量系統(tǒng)的研究和開發(fā)

國家重大科學儀器設(shè)備開發(fā)專項項目“機載云降水粒子譜儀與成像儀研制”完成了項目的研究任務(wù)，并通過了初步驗收。項目已按期完成包括云粒子譜儀、云粒子成像儀、降水粒子成像儀樣機和軟件的研制任務(wù)，并進行了一系列儀器基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)測試、系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化、環(huán)境適應(yīng)性試驗及外場飛行試驗。研制儀器已累計進行了60多架次的飛行試驗，依據(jù)飛行試驗結(jié)果，進行了反復的性能改進和優(yōu)化。與國外同類產(chǎn)品的對比試驗結(jié)果表明，項目研制產(chǎn)品在粒子測量數(shù)據(jù)方面與國外產(chǎn)品具有較好的一致性。在軟件系統(tǒng)研制方面，完成了控制軟件的集成開發(fā)。項目成果已在吉林、山西等省人工影響天氣部門得到應(yīng)用，取得了良好效果，在國家級重大項目科學試驗、人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)保障等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。項目成果已初步具備工程化與產(chǎn)業(yè)化條件，主要儀器性能指標達到國際同類產(chǎn)品水平。（開放實驗室）

1.2 青藏高原云降水物理與大氣水循環(huán)研究

第3次青藏高原大氣科學試驗第3課題“青藏高原云降水物理與大氣水循環(huán)”取得重要進展。2016年度，進一步對2014—2015年度夏季青藏高原科學試驗取得的綜合探測資料進行深入分析和研究，并開展了數(shù)值模擬和衛(wèi)星反演研究。獲取了青藏高原夏季云和降水變化的重要特征。結(jié)合飛機觀測資料，分析了高原那曲地區(qū)上空云降水粒子的微物理特性；開展了青藏高原云底溫度、邊界層比濕反演校驗，開展了模式云微物理過程的檢驗和驗證，建立了基于伽馬函數(shù)的云滴譜3參數(shù)方案。利用MODIS衛(wèi)星云水氣候資料研究了高原云中水分循環(huán)特征。（開放實驗室）

1.3 其他項目研究進展

（1）行業(yè)專項“民機適航性驗證自然結(jié)冰氣象條件研究”，2016年3月在安徽開展飛機結(jié)冰氣象探測試驗，探測到飛機結(jié)冰。（區(qū)域中心管理辦公室，作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

（2）行業(yè)專項“南方大范圍云系人工增雨作業(yè)潛力與作業(yè)技術(shù)研究”，進行了2015年外場試驗資料的處理、微波輻射與探空探測的擬合程度分析，組織開展了FY-2衛(wèi)星云微物理反演、短時強降水云物理過程分析等。（區(qū)域中心管理辦公室）

（3）行業(yè)專項“人工增雨隨機化外場試驗和效果檢驗技術(shù)研究”，2016年在吉林、山東、福建、海南4省試驗區(qū)繼續(xù)開展了人工增雨隨機化外場試驗，4個試驗區(qū)在2016年共獲取了32個隨機試驗樣本。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

（4）行業(yè)專項“層狀云人工增雨作業(yè)條件識別和效果分析技術(shù)”在云降水精細處理和分析技術(shù)、增雨條件和效果監(jiān)測識別、云降水數(shù)值模擬和催化模擬等方面進行了進一步的研究；探索基于多尺度人工增雨概念模型建立的思路和技術(shù)方法，建立了華北層狀云系作業(yè)條件監(jiān)測識別指標和低渦氣旋云系增雨條件模式識別指標；開展了基于擴散傳輸計算的不同條件下人工增雨作業(yè)影響區(qū)確定及催化效果物理響應(yīng)的分析研究，建立了多參量區(qū)域動態(tài)作業(yè)效果物理檢驗計算方法（K值法），開展了不同條件作業(yè)數(shù)值模擬試驗；發(fā)展了云降水精細分析系統(tǒng)（CPAS）核心技術(shù)，基于該技術(shù)，國家級和河北、河南及山西等試點省建立了先進的人工影響天氣（以下簡稱“人影”）綜合分析和指揮平臺，同時利用該課題研究成果成功指揮多次飛機增雨作業(yè)，取得了作業(yè)實效。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

（5）基金項目“基于功效分析的非隨機化人工增雨作業(yè)效果檢驗最優(yōu)實用統(tǒng)計方案研究”在前期研究的4種統(tǒng)計檢驗方案中，針對功效較高的區(qū)域歷史回歸統(tǒng)計檢驗方案進行了深入研究，研究成果于2016年7月開始在全國人影業(yè)務(wù)部門推廣應(yīng)用。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

（6）多項室內(nèi)試驗課題取得了階段性研究成果?！氨本┑貐^(qū)人工消減霧霾試驗研究”在消霧霾催化劑和暖云催化劑研究方面取得了階段性成果。對4種配方燃燒型催化劑、10余種吸濕性稀土物質(zhì)、2種吸水性高分子粉末、8種粉末表面活性劑和2種液態(tài)表面活性劑進行了室內(nèi)試驗研究，對比和篩選高效新型催化劑。同時在吉林敦化進行爆炸型人影彈配方的改進試驗。開展了暖云膨脹云室的建設(shè)。（開放實驗室，裝備研發(fā)與保障室）

2 科研成果及其推廣應(yīng)用

2.1 人影飛機作業(yè)和探測科學試驗

東北人影工程建設(shè)的2架集成高性能云物理探測和作業(yè)飛機，積極參與東北區(qū)域和中部、西南、西北等區(qū)域飛機增雨作業(yè)服務(wù)，并且按照中國氣象局部署參與了飛機自然結(jié)冰探測試驗、東北冷渦飛機外場探測試驗等科學試驗以及G20杭州峰會人工消減雨作業(yè)試驗等氣象服務(wù)保障工作。試運行階段，國家增雨飛機充分發(fā)揮了高性能、先進性和跨區(qū)域作業(yè)的優(yōu)勢，既實現(xiàn)了東北區(qū)域人影工程建設(shè)目標要求，試運行中探索的運行管理模式也為后續(xù)其他區(qū)域工程項目建設(shè)提供了很好的經(jīng)驗。（區(qū)域中心管理辦公室）

2.2 人影綜合業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)推廣應(yīng)用

東北人影工程建設(shè)的1套區(qū)域、省、市、縣4級的人影綜合業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)，完整實現(xiàn)了人影5段實時業(yè)務(wù)功能并建立了區(qū)域、省、市縣到作業(yè)站點的上下協(xié)同的業(yè)務(wù)流程，為構(gòu)建“橫向到邊、縱向到底”的人影業(yè)務(wù)體系提供平臺支撐。在完成試點應(yīng)用后，在東北區(qū)域內(nèi)4個省級、40個市級和15個縣級及相關(guān)作業(yè)點部署業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)，開展業(yè)務(wù)試運行。東北區(qū)域、4?。▍^(qū)）人員會同國家級團隊共同編寫《東北區(qū)域人影綜合業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)部署工作方案》。以遼寧為第1個全省大范圍部署和使用試點，順利完成全省安裝、部署、聯(lián)調(diào)聯(lián)試。隨后依次開展吉林、內(nèi)蒙古、黑龍江的全省安裝部署和聯(lián)試。同時，該系統(tǒng)部分核心業(yè)務(wù)功能在寧夏、山西、陜西、河北、江蘇等省進行了推廣應(yīng)用。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

2.3 人影作業(yè)裝備彈藥物聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理系統(tǒng)推廣應(yīng)用

編制完成《人工影響天氣作業(yè)信息格式規(guī)范（試行）》和《人工影響天氣作業(yè)裝備與彈藥標識編碼技術(shù)規(guī)范（試行）》，并通過減災(zāi)司下發(fā)全國各人影業(yè)務(wù)單位執(zhí)行。

組織建設(shè)“人影作業(yè)裝備彈藥物聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理系統(tǒng)”，開發(fā)人影作業(yè)裝備彈藥出廠驗收及質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)、人影作業(yè)裝備彈藥信息管理系統(tǒng)、飛機與地面作業(yè)信息實時采集監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)；在貴州、陜西、河南、北京分別建立不同技術(shù)模式的省級應(yīng)用示范，實現(xiàn)人影作業(yè)裝備與彈藥的全程、規(guī)范、自動、實時監(jiān)控與管理。聯(lián)合上海物資管理處和國家氣象信息中心，完成國家級與示范省級聯(lián)調(diào)聯(lián)試，對基層指揮作業(yè)人員進行操作培訓，項目完成后將優(yōu)選出可用于全國各省市推廣的技術(shù)模式與系統(tǒng)，提高人影作業(yè)安全管理的科技水平和業(yè)務(wù)現(xiàn)代化程度。（裝備研發(fā)與保障室，區(qū)域中心管理辦公室）

2.4 業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)指南編制及其在省級推廣應(yīng)用

梳理空中云水資源評估和作業(yè)效果檢驗的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)方法和思路，編寫《云水資源評估技術(shù)指南（2016版）》和《人工增雨作業(yè)效果檢驗技術(shù)指南（2016版）》，通過專家咨詢和評審，已于7月推廣至省級人影部門試用。

指導省級人影部門開展效果檢驗和云水資源評估的本地化釋用和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)優(yōu)化。湖北、海南等省根據(jù)《云水資源評估技術(shù)指南》中的技術(shù)方法初步對本省云水資源進行評估釋用。編寫《云水資源評估物理量輸出格式及規(guī)范（2016版）》。在河北邢臺組織空-地聯(lián)合云水資源綜合觀測試驗，利用飛機、地基云雷達、激光雷達等探測手段，對云降水長時序加密觀測，獲取云結(jié)構(gòu)精細監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)，用于云場診斷等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)檢驗。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

2.5 精細化數(shù)值模式作業(yè)條件預(yù)報系統(tǒng)

編寫完成人工影響天氣模式預(yù)報宏觀云場檢驗方案，分別形成國家級和省級檢驗方案，《人工影響天氣模式系統(tǒng)云和降水預(yù)報產(chǎn)品省級檢驗方案(2016版)》，指導各地開展檢驗工作，形成了人工影響天氣保障服務(wù)典型個例檢驗集。

優(yōu)化CAMS方案，開展了模式人影預(yù)報產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)。開發(fā)了云底高度、云底溫度預(yù)報產(chǎn)品，利用云雷達、激光雷達、云高儀等觀測數(shù)據(jù)進行產(chǎn)品檢驗。對WRF_CAMS模式的預(yù)報系統(tǒng)進行調(diào)試、檢驗、驗收準備；在此基礎(chǔ)上形成的云降水顯式預(yù)報系統(tǒng)（CPEFS_v1.0）已業(yè)務(wù)化運行。

開展 LAPS-WRF-CAMS同化預(yù)報系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用多個例檢驗，開展了人影催化模式多個例催化模擬試驗。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

3 綜合外場觀測試驗

3.1 科學觀測外場試驗

在安徽池州、安慶地區(qū)與商飛集團、上海氣象局、安徽氣象局合作開展飛機自然結(jié)冰探測試驗，收集了大量試驗數(shù)據(jù)和資料。自然結(jié)冰探測試驗開創(chuàng)了國家增雨飛機為國家重大項目建設(shè)提供氣象保障的先河。

針對黃淮氣旋過程云系和降水特征，編制《東北國家級效果檢驗區(qū)東北冷渦云系空-地聯(lián)合飛機探測與作業(yè)科學試驗設(shè)計方案》和《東北國家級效果檢驗區(qū)東北冷渦云系空-地聯(lián)合飛機探測與作業(yè)科學試驗實施方案》，針對黃淮氣旋中小尺度垂直結(jié)構(gòu)以及中尺度結(jié)構(gòu)啟動了飛機外場觀測試驗。9月，在南方開展針對積云、層積云的催化及探測試驗，作業(yè)中采用了冷暖云催化方法。持續(xù)開展廬山云霧宏微觀特征外場觀測研究，5—6月開展了春夏季廬山云霧觀測。（人影中心）

3.2 科學試驗觀測資料分析

針對外場試驗，收集和整理了包括飛機、衛(wèi)星、雷達、探空和地面降水、溫壓場等綜合探測資料，并初步建立了數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（飛機綜合外場試驗數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)v1.0）。對廬山云霧站的數(shù)據(jù)庫進行了完善，將觀測資料進行了整理，并編制數(shù)據(jù)格式說明。分氣溶膠和云探測2個小組對現(xiàn)有飛機觀測資料進行整理分析，以及對G20保障的飛機資料進行分析。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心，開放實驗室）

4 人工影響天氣業(yè)務(wù)進展

4.1 實施3年行動計劃，推進人影業(yè)務(wù)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)

人影中心成立了實施人影現(xiàn)代化3年行動計劃領(lǐng)導小組，編制了《人影現(xiàn)代化行動計劃關(guān)鍵任務(wù)推進方案》，明確4項關(guān)鍵技術(shù)任務(wù)和2項技術(shù)系統(tǒng)任務(wù)，組建由國家級牽頭、省級參加的技術(shù)團隊，組織召開了7次由不同省區(qū)市參加的技術(shù)交流會，指導各省開展人影關(guān)鍵技術(shù)工作，有效促進了全國各地人影工作任務(wù)的推進和作業(yè)實效的提高。多項3年行動計劃工作成果已在全國推廣應(yīng)用。

組織召開第2屆全國人工影響天氣中心主任會，進一步提高了對人影業(yè)務(wù)現(xiàn)代化的認識，交流了人影業(yè)務(wù)現(xiàn)代化的工作經(jīng)驗，展示了人影裝備彈藥全程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和綜合業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)的階段成果。

組織開展全國3年行動計劃實施情況的中期評估工作。協(xié)助全國人影科技咨評委組建評估專家組，對全國各省的自評估報告分別開展實地和書面評估調(diào)研，經(jīng)評估專家組審議，形成最終評審結(jié)論。

開展基于衛(wèi)星、探空和地面觀測的云底高度算法研究，并與地基云高儀和激光雷達、云雷達等云底實測資料對比檢驗，提出并優(yōu)化云底高度算法，研發(fā)云底高度反演產(chǎn)品。升級了基于衛(wèi)星等綜合觀測的云特性反演產(chǎn)品，正在中試檢驗中。

組織北京、河北、內(nèi)蒙古、遼寧、陜西、貴州、重慶等11個省區(qū)市召開“人影作業(yè)概念模型和指標體系”交流會，邀請中央氣象臺首席預(yù)報員對各省已有的概念模型及指標體系進行點評，督促各省進行梳理總結(jié)。提出了人影作業(yè)概念模型和指標體系的分析方法，建立了低槽冷鋒類層狀云增雨概念模型的建立方法研究。

開展雷達在人影中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀調(diào)研，通過典型省調(diào)研和全國現(xiàn)狀分析，初步編寫完成《雷達在人影中應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀評估及需求分析》報告。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心）

4.2 重大氣象服務(wù)保障

2016年9月，G20杭州峰會人影保障服務(wù)期間，人影中心指導浙江省局編制《人工消減雨作業(yè)試驗實施方案》；組建由北京、山西、安徽?。ㄊ校┤擞稗k專家，以及北京大學、中國科學院大氣物理研究所、南京大學、南京信息工程大學等院所知名教授或研究員組成的技術(shù)支持專家團隊，共同把脈指導作業(yè)方案設(shè)計，配合浙江省氣象局圓滿完成保障任務(wù)。在杭州安裝調(diào)試云降水精細分析CPAS平臺，在北京制作3 km分辨率的云場精細預(yù)報作業(yè)條件預(yù)報、監(jiān)測預(yù)警、方案設(shè)計等專報；調(diào)派2架國家級增雨機，多次組織實施雙機立體作業(yè)的演練與實戰(zhàn)；開展基于衛(wèi)星、雷達和雨量等觀測資料的多參數(shù)動態(tài)對比物理檢驗。G20服務(wù)保障讓人影中心首次從幕后走到臺前，梳理建立了重大活動保障的工作模式，首次實現(xiàn)了人影實時技術(shù)流程，是對人影現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)成果的一次集中檢驗。（人影中心）

4.3 國家級人影業(yè)務(wù)指導和服務(wù)工作

面向全國每日發(fā)布7類衛(wèi)星云特征參量監(jiān)測反演產(chǎn)品和4大類20小類模式預(yù)報產(chǎn)品，實時收集全國飛機和地面作業(yè)信息。每周制作《未來一周人影作業(yè)需求分析》和《全國人影作業(yè)信息報》（48期）；每月制作《全國人影作業(yè)信息上報質(zhì)量報》（11期）；收集各省人工影響天氣相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)動態(tài)、科技進展、重大服務(wù)信息等，每季度編制完成《全國人工影響天氣工作動態(tài)》（4期）。

針對中部、東北區(qū)域增雨作業(yè)，甘肅迭部林火，內(nèi)蒙古草原火災(zāi)等服務(wù)任務(wù)，制作《作業(yè)過程預(yù)報和飛行計劃》6期，組織專題會商近10次，制作發(fā)布《人影作業(yè)條件潛力預(yù)報和飛行預(yù)案》專報16期；開展作業(yè)條件監(jiān)測預(yù)警，發(fā)布預(yù)警報10期。

規(guī)范人影飛機作業(yè)信息編碼內(nèi)容和格式，升級北斗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，完善CPAS指揮平臺，實現(xiàn)作業(yè)飛機實時監(jiān)控和跟蹤指揮，選取試點省開展業(yè)務(wù)適用。

開展全國飛機作業(yè)方案設(shè)計現(xiàn)狀調(diào)研，初步制定飛機作業(yè)方案設(shè)計規(guī)范。收集全國飛機作業(yè)信息，針對重點過程開展合理性分析，制作完成《重大活動人工影響天氣效果分析報》模板。編制完成“飛機作業(yè)過程分析要點”及2個示例，供各省人影業(yè)務(wù)單位參考使用。

開展全國人影機載通信和信息傳輸現(xiàn)狀調(diào)研，并在調(diào)研基礎(chǔ)上完善基于北斗監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的飛機實時監(jiān)控和信息傳輸系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)北斗作業(yè)飛機地面端跟蹤指揮，作業(yè)狀態(tài)的實時顯示，目前正在開展省級的試點工作。

在CPAS-WMC V1.0業(yè)務(wù)平臺上，實現(xiàn)了云降水顯式預(yù)報系統(tǒng)（CPEFS-v1.0）預(yù)報產(chǎn)品的顯示和綜合分析功能，新增組合反射率、云底高度（溫度）、雷達回波、溫度和高度垂直結(jié)構(gòu)綜合圖。

與黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、內(nèi)蒙古4省區(qū)人影辦制定發(fā)布了《東北區(qū)域國家高性能增雨飛機試運行管理暫行規(guī)定》；人影中心制定發(fā)布了《國家高性能增雨飛機飛行作業(yè)流程》《指揮崗觀測崗和作業(yè)崗職責》《新舟60增雨機任務(wù)系統(tǒng)操作卡》《飛機增雨和探測飛行基本業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)范》《MA60人工增雨系統(tǒng)操作手冊》。通過對這些管理辦法和儀器設(shè)備操作規(guī)程的不斷修訂完善，逐步提高了國家增雨飛機管理工作的規(guī)范化、標準化水平。

分別在北京和陜西閻良舉辦了云物理探測設(shè)備培訓班（1期、2期）和機載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)培訓班。來自中國氣象局人影中心、東北區(qū)域4省區(qū)人影辦（中心）和北京、江西、河南、四川、甘肅人影辦（中心）的近90人參加了培訓。使業(yè)務(wù)人員全面了解高性能作業(yè)飛機任務(wù)的組成、功能性能，掌握探測設(shè)備的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理、操作使用，提升系統(tǒng)管理、故障診斷和排除、日常維護、數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制、相關(guān)軟件使用和管理的能力。

以國家增雨飛機為平臺，積極調(diào)動科技人員開展內(nèi)部協(xié)作交流，并加強與北京、河南、山西、安徽等省級間業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)協(xié)作和交流，積極吸納各類人影業(yè)務(wù)科研人員參與飛機作業(yè)探測任務(wù)和飛機探測資料應(yīng)用分析工作，實現(xiàn)對人才培養(yǎng)和科研成果孵化的雙豐收。

試運行期間除了多次組織機載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)驗查與軟件改進測試工作外，還結(jié)合飛機?？康厥〖壴鲇昕购敌枨螅プ∮欣邓^程，積極開展國家增雨飛機和河南、山西、陜西、安徽和東北區(qū)域4省區(qū)地方飛機在內(nèi)的多機聯(lián)合作業(yè)以及空地一體化探測試驗，尤其是在G20峰會重大氣象服務(wù)保障中，利用機載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢，發(fā)揮國家增雨飛機的建設(shè)效益，同時積累典型增雨作業(yè)和探測個例。

截至12月10日，2架新舟60增雨飛機累計飛行101架次，共計270 h。其中，增雨飛機B-3726累計飛行47架次共122 h，增雨飛機B-3435累計飛行54架次共148 h，2架增雨飛機共經(jīng)停15個省/市。（作業(yè)指揮與運行中心, 區(qū)域中心管理辦公室）

4.4 人影裝備安全管理和技術(shù)審查

編制完成了《人工影響天氣專用技術(shù)裝備使用許可技術(shù)審查辦法》。提出增雨防雹高炮和火箭技術(shù)性能要求、測試方案。組織編寫的行業(yè)標準項目“增雨防雹高炮系統(tǒng)技術(shù)要求”和“增雨防雹火箭技術(shù)要求”已通過人影標委會組織的終審。與上海物管處一起完成《37 mm人工增雨防雹炮彈質(zhì)量考核試驗辦法》上報稿；完成《人工影響天氣增雨防雹火箭彈考核試驗辦法》評審。

組織完成了對華云公司“HY-R型增雨防雹燃氣炮”技術(shù)性能指標的評審工作及“JD-15 型37 mm人工增雨防雹炮彈業(yè)務(wù)試用總結(jié)”和“BL-3型66 mm、BL-4型82 mm人工增雨防雹火箭彈業(yè)務(wù)試用總結(jié)”的評審。（裝備研發(fā)與保障室）

5 人工影響天氣工程建設(shè)

5.1 新舟60增雨飛機功能驗查及系統(tǒng)驗收

在2015年驗查的基礎(chǔ)上，又分別在陜西閻良、河南洛陽和吉林長春，對機載任務(wù)系統(tǒng)的催化劑播撒系統(tǒng)、粒子測量系統(tǒng)、云宏觀成像系統(tǒng)、衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)、任務(wù)集成系統(tǒng)5個子系統(tǒng)進行了3次地面和空中的測試與驗查。組織專家對衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)和任務(wù)集成系統(tǒng)的軟件功能進行了聯(lián)合測試，引導承建商對系統(tǒng)測試驗查過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題進行了及時整改。完成了對新舟60增雨飛機的整體功能測試，具備了系統(tǒng)驗收的基本條件，正在加快推進系統(tǒng)驗收工作。（區(qū)域中心管理辦公室，裝備研發(fā)與保障室）

5.2 空中國王增雨飛機改裝

完成了空中國王增雨飛機的飛機平臺建設(shè)，經(jīng)過2 h試驗飛行及試飛項目查驗后，飛機平臺正式移交給空中國王增雨飛機改裝廠（SPEC公司）進行飛機的改裝與集成。

審改確定了《高性能增雨飛機改裝集成方案》提交SPEC公司進行飛機改裝集成。就飛機座椅、飛機采樣頭安裝、CCN進氣口、激光雷達安裝、氣路、集成方案、云宏觀攝像位置、焰條焰彈尺寸等設(shè)計問題，與SPEC公司多次討論協(xié)商。SPEC公司正在進行機載設(shè)備掛載點的改裝工作。預(yù)計2017年底改裝完畢運抵中國。（裝備研發(fā)與保障室）

5.3 其他區(qū)域人影工程

組織完成西北區(qū)域人工影響天氣項目可研報告的編制及報發(fā)改委的前期工作。西北區(qū)域人影工程項目得到發(fā)改委的批復。組織完成中部區(qū)域人影項目可研的編制。組織完成西藏人影基礎(chǔ)能力建設(shè)可研報告的編制和專家評審。（區(qū)域中心管理辦公室）

Advances in Cloud Physics and Weather Modi fication Research

1 Progress in major research projects

In 2016, WMC has made important progresses in research projects. In addition, WMC has successfully applied seven new projects including one key project of national scientific and technological program, three projects of national natural science foundation of China, two key projects of CAMS basic scientific research,and one project for the scientific activities of selected returned overseas professionals in CMA in 2016. The main progresses in research projects of WMC are summarized as follows:

1.1 Research and development of airborne cloud particle measuring system

The research and development project of airborne cloud particle spectrometer and imaging supported by the national key foundation for exploring scientific instrumenthave passed its preliminary acceptance.The project has completed its all research tasks including three probes oficloud particle spectrometer, cloud and precipitation particles imaging as well as the relevant software. A series of experiments including basic parameters of the instruments, system optimization, environmental adaptability and flight tests have been carried out. The airborne measuring system has been improved and optimized according to more than 60 flight tests. The test results show that particle measurement data observed by the instruments are in good consistency with that obtained by foreign products.

The instrument has been successfully used in the Shanxi Weather Modification Office and Jilin Weather Modification Office. Also, it played an important role in national major scientific experiments and operational assurance of weather modification. This instrument can preliminarily be engineered and industrialized, and the major performance indices have achieved the same level of similar foreign products. (Open Laboratory)

1.2 Advances in research of cloud and precipitation processes and atmospheric water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau

Important advances have been made in the research oficloud and precipitation processes and atmospheric water cycle in the project of the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment. In 2016, we further investigated the cloud and precipitation processes over the plateau based on the comprehensive experiment data during the summer of 2014–2015, and conducted modeling and satellite retrieval studies. We obtained some important characteristics of cloud and precipitation processes over the plateau. Combing with aircraft measurement over the plateau, we also investigated the cloud microphysical properties in this region. Also,the verification of satellite retrieval of cloud-base temperature and boundary-layer specific humidity has been done. A new cloud spectrum scheme with three parameters based on Gamma Function has been built, and a comparison of the model results with those from the bin model has also been conducted. The water cycle in clouds has been studied based on MODIS cloud water data. (Open Laboratory)

1.3 Research progress in other projects

(1) In March 2016, aircraft icing meteorological experiments were carried out in Anhui Province, aiming to detect aircraft icing. The work was supported by the project of airworthiness verification of civil aircraft under natural icing meteorological condition. (Regional Centre Administration Office, Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(2) The project of potential and technology of cloud seeding in large-area cloud system of southern China conducted the data processing of field experiment in 2015, and made analysis of the f tting of the microwave radiation and sounding probe, as well as the analyses of cloud microphysical retrieval by the FY-2 satellite and short-term strong precipitation. (Regional Centre Administration Office)

(3) The research project of randomized cloud-seeding field experiment and effectiveness evaluation conducted experiment in Jilin, Shandong, Fujian, Hainan provinces in 2016. The 32 samples of randomized experiments have been collected. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(4) The project of precipitation enhancement and effectiveness evaluation of stratiform clouds conducted further research on the fine processing and analysis of cloud precipitation, rainfall enhancement conditions,recognition of effective monitoring, cloud precipitation numerical simulation and seeding simulation. The multi-scale precipitation enhancement conceptual model and indicators for the cloud seeding condition monitoring of northern stratiform cloud and low vortex cyclone cloud have been established. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(5) The NSFC project of research on the optimal and practical method of non-randomized artificial precipitation further conducted research on the regional historical regression statistical method with better effectiveness. The results have been applied to all the weather modification centers in China since July 1, 2016,which was issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(6) Haze and warm cloud disposal tests have been conducted in cloud laboratory experiment. 4 kinds of formula burning over 10 kinds of rare earth material with good moisture absorption, 2 kinds of water-absorbent polymer powder, 8 kinds of powder surfactant and 2 kinds of liquid surfactants have been tested. (Open Laboratory, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

2 Research achievements and applications

2.1 Two national weather modi fication aircrafts have conducted many cloud seeding operations and scienti fic experiments

Two M60 aircrafts integrated with high performance cloud physical detection equipment constructed by northeast weather modification center have actively conducted many cloud seeding services in northeast,central, southwest, and northwest China. The two aircrafts are in the stage of test, these flights and activities have tested all airborne systems and provided important experiences for management and subsequent projects in other areas. (Regional Centre Administration Office)

2.2 Application promotion of weather modi fication integrated service system

Weather modification integrated service system consisting of four levels covering from region, province,city and county, developed by northeast WMC, has implemented the real-time operation function, set up the collaborative operation process, and built an overall supporting platform.

After the pilot application, a document was issued by Disaster Reduction Division, CMA on July 20,2016, stating that the system would be deployed and in trial run in the 4 provincial cities, 40 municipal cities and 15 counties, and aslo in business trial run. Deployment Plan on Weather Modification Integrated Service System in Northeast Region has been written by the employees from CMA and provincial bureaus.

Liaoning Meteorological Bureau was the first to deploy and use the system from November 2 to November 19, 2016, which was followed by Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang provinces. Other provinces including Ningxia, Shaan xi, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu have installed the core operation function modules from December 8 to December 27. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

2.3 Application promotion of internet-based ammunition management system of weather modi fication equipment

The Specification of Weather Modification Data Format (Trial Version) and the Specification of Weather Modification Equipment and Ammunition Identification Encoding (Trial Version) have been completed and issued to all WMC.

The Internet-based Ammunition Management System of Weather Modification Equipment, development of the management system of factory acceptance and quality acceptance for weather modification equipment and ammunition, development of the information management system of the weather modification equipment and ammunition and development of the real-time data acquisition monitoring system for aircraft and ground operation’s data information have been constructed.

We have demonstrated the application at the provincial level with different technical patterns established in Guizhou, Shaan xi, Henan and Beijing in order to achieve the real-time monitoring and management of the whole process of the weather modification operation equipment and ammunition. United tests of the systems were completed by the national and provincial bureaus with the help of Shanghai bureaus of the equipment and the National Meteorological Information Center. The training to the operation staffs was given. The best technical pattern was selected after the test, which will be promoted to the whole country, aiming to improve the level of the management and modernization. (Equipment R & D and Support Division, Regional Centre Administration Office)

2.4 Completion and promotion of two operation technical guidelines

After combing the key technology method of the cloud and water resource assessment and operation effect tests, documents of Cloud and Water Resource Assessment Technology Guide (2016 Version), and Cloud Seeding Operations Effect Test Technology Guide (2016 Version), which were passed by the review,were issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA and promoted to provincial bureaus for trial application.(Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

2.5 Re fined numerical weather forecasting system in operation

Documents for the National Weather Modification Model Forecasting Macro-cloud Field Inspection Method and Provincial Weather Modification Model Forecasting Macro-cloud Field Inspection Method have been completed.

Document of Inspection Method for Cloud and Precipitation Forecast Products was issued on July 1 2016,serving as a guidebook to collect the typical sample test set.

The weather modification products by optimizing the CAMS program and the product test system by using the cloud radar, laser radar, and ceilometer data have been developed. Debugging, testing and acceptance for the WRF_CAMS model forecasting system have been completed. CPEFS_v1.0 system (Explicit Cloud Precipitation Forecast System) was in operation. Experiments of multi-catalytic mode on LAPS-WRF-CAMS assimilation and forecast system were carried out. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

3 Field scienti fic experiments

3.1 Field scienti fic experiments

Collection of experimental data by carrying out the aircraft icing detection tests with the co-work oficommercial aircraft group, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Anhui Meteorological Bureau in Chizhou and Anqing, Anhui Province, in March, has been offering the lead role in support for natural icing detection test formajor national construction projects of its kind.

Documents of Design Scheme on Surface-Ground Joint Plane Detection and Operation Scientific Experiments in Northeast National Inspection Area and Implementation Plan on Surface-Ground Joint Plane Detection and Operation Scientific Experiments in Northeast National Inspection Area were made from April to July, which were used for the aircraft outfield observation test based on Huanghuai cyclone small-scale vertical structure and medium-scale structure.

In September, catalytic and observational experiment for cumulus and stratocumulus was carried out, via glaciogenic seeding and warm cloud seeding. Field study of macroscopic and microscopic features of cloud and fog in Lushan was conducted in May and June, 2016. (Weather Modification Centre)

3.2 Analysis for observational data of scienti fic experiments

Database management system (Aircraft Integrated Field Experiment Database Management System v1.0)has been developed. Comprehensive data including aircraft detection, satellites, radar, sounding and surface precipitation, temperature and pressure have been collected. To improve the database of Lushan cloud and fog station, sorting the observed data, and making the data format instructions have been provided.

Analyses on current historical observational data by plane were done by two teams, namely aerosol and cloud detection teams, respectively. Data collected during the G20 Summit were also analyzed. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre, Open Laboratory)

4 Weather modi fication operation and service

4.1 Three-year plan for weather modi fication modernization

We have implemented a three-year plan for weather modification modernization development and set up a member group of Weather Modification Modernization Construction Three-year Plan.

We have completed a document of Weather Modification Modernization Construction Key Task Advanced Programme and made clear 4 key technology tasks and 2 technology system tasks, built a team led by CMA and co-worked with provincial participants. We also instructed the provincial WMC to carry out the key technology work in weather modification, effectively promoted the provincial weather modification work, and applied the results of the Weather Modification Modernization Construction Three-year Plan in the country.

In late October, the Second National Weather Center Director Conference was held, aiming to further enhance the awareness of the weather modification modernization work, and exchange the working experience.The conference also showed progresse in the areas. CMA administrators visited the demo show, making compliment on the IOT applications and excellent design of meteorological information system, which founded the stone for the “Wisdom Weather Modification”.

Medium-term assessment of the Three-year Action Plan was done. Results were approved and issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA.Ground and written research were done across the country, with final completion. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

4.2 Important weather modi fication operation services

Implementation plan of artificial rain suppression operation was made during G20 Hangzhou Summit in September, 2016. The scheme was made under the co-work from experts from Beijing, Shanxi, Anhui Province WMC and Peking University, and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Nanjing University, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, guaranteeing Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau to offer great service for G20 Summit.

The CPAS platform was installed in Hangzhou, the 3 km Fine Forecast of Cloud Field Job Conditions Prediction was issued with monitoring, and program design in Beijing; Two national precipitation aircrafts were deployed for the experiments. Physical inspection of the observation data based on satellite, radar and rainfall was performed; The service for G20 Summit fulf lled the weather modification real-time operation for the first time, which would serve as a milestone. (Weather Modification Centre)

4.3 Operational guidance and service

We have distributed 7 kinds of monitoring inversion products based on satellite cloud parameters and 4 kinds of major categories with 20 sub-category model forecast products on a daily basis; collected realtime national air and ground operation data; made Weekly Weather Modification Requirements Analysis and Weekly National Weather Modification Information Newsletter (48 in total); made Monthly National Weather Modification Information Newspaper (11 in total); made National Weather Modification News each quarter(4 in total); provided cloud seeding for central and northeast regional areas and for the events of Diebu forest fire in Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia grassland fires and other service. We also made Operation Forecast and Flight Plan Report (6 in total), organized 10 video conferences, released Weather Modification Potential Prediction and Flight Plan Reports (16 in total), and issued Early Warning Reports (10 in total).

We also standardized aircraft job data formats, upgraded the Beidou monitoring system, improved the CPAS command platform, achieved real-time monitoring and tracking oficommand of the operating aircraft,and selected pilot province for trials. We also investigated the National Aircraft Operational Program Design;collected and analyzed national aircraft information; produced the template for Analysis Report on the Effect of Major Weather; completed “Aircraft Operations Analysis” and 2 examples, which was issued on November 16.

We studied the national weather modification airborne communication and information transfer and improved the real-time monitoring and information transmission systems based on Beidou to achieve groundside track oficommand, and real-time job status monitor, which was applied to the provincial pilot projects.

In the Precipitation Forecasting System (CPEFS-v1.0), we implemented the function of displaying forecast products and comprehensive analysis, with more modules such as new composite reflectivity and cloud base height (temperature), radar, integrated graphs of temperature and vertical structure.

National airborne cloud seeding trial operation has achieved important progresses. We have made several regulations of aircraft operation management and strengthened the training to improve the operational management level.

Two cloud physical detection equipment training courses and one airborne mission system training course were held in Beijing and Yanliang. We organized training course (phase 1 and phase 2) and airborne mission systems training courses with over 90 participants in Shaanxi. These helped employees to fully understand the composition of operating aircraft with high performance tasks, functional performance, master the basic structure and working principle of detection equipment and operations, and promote system management, fault diagnosis and maintenance, preventative maintenance, data quality control, software usage and management ability.

Based on the airborne cloud seeding aircraft, technological personnel exchanges were held among Beijing, Henan, Shanxi, Anhui and other provincial bureaus. We attracted all weather modification researchers to actively join the aircraft operation missions and aircraft data analysis to achieve the progress in personnel training and scientific research harvest.

We have carried out cloud seeding services and detection experiments with joint efforts in safety and efficiency. According to the guidelines and instructions from CMA, WMC has successfully finished theairborne cloud seeding system check and software improvement, especially in the effort to co-work with other provinces including Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Anhui and northeastern part of China. We also done such efforts during the G20 Hangzhou Summit.

By December 10, 2016, a number of flights carried out by two M60 precipitation enhancement aircrafts were up to 101, 270 hours in total. For B-3726, flight number was 47 and the total time was 122 hours; for B-3435, the f ght number was 54, while the total time was 148 hours, both of which covered 15 provinces/cities. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre, Regional Centre Administration Office)

4.4 Weather modi fication equipment safety management and technical review

We have finished the report of Weather Modification Special Equipment Licensing Technology Review issued to the WMC and the related factories on June 28. A final review on the industry standard projects?Precipitation Enhancement and Hail Prevention Anti-aircraft Technology Requirement and Precipitation Enhancement and Hail Prevention Rocket Technology Requirement was done. 37 mm Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Shell Quality Assessment Test Method, which was co-worked with Shanghai Property Management Department, has been submitted. Weather Modification Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Shell Quality Assessment Test Method has been completed.

Technical review work on weather modification equipment was done. “HY-R Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Gas Gun Technical Performance Indicators” and “JD-15 Type 37 mm Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Gas Gun Trial Summary” and “BL-3 66 mm, BL-4 82 mm of Precipitation Enhancement Anti Hail Rockets Operation Trial Summary” have been reviewed and all were reported to the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA. National Technology Equipment Maintenance and Catalyst Testing operation was also done. (Regional Centre Administration Office, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5 Weather modi fication projects

5.1 M60 aircraft function check and system acceptance

We have promoted M60 aircraft function check and system acceptance work. Three ground and surface test and check for 5 systems including catalyst distributing system, particle measuring system, macroscopic cloud imaging system, satellite communication system and integrated system were done, respectively, in Luoyang (Henan), Yan Liang (Shaanxi) and Changchun (Jilin). Joint test for software functions of satellite communication system and integration system, serving as a guide for the contractors was completed. M60 aircraft overall functional test has been done, which would provide for the progress of the system acceptance.(Regional Centre Administration Office, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5.2 Cloud-seeding King Air Aircraft platform construction

Cloud-seeding King Air Aircraft platform construction has been completed by late May. After 2 hours test flight and trial flight check, the airplane has been handed over to the Standards Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) for further modification and integration.

Cloud Seeding Airborne Plane with High Performance Modification and Integration Scheme was set before handing over to SPEC. Discussions regarding to aircraft seats, plane sampling head installation, CCN inlet, laser radar installation, gas path and integration solutions, cloud macro camera position, flame size design were held between WMC, CMA and SPEC. Modification work by SPEC in progress is predicted to be shipped back to China by the end of 2017. (Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5.3 Other regional weather modi fication projects

Northwest Regional Weather Modification Feasibility Study report has been made and submitted to National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), which was sent to the Disaster Reduction Division,CMA on April 15, 2016. The project was approved by NDRC. Central Weather Modification Feasibility Study Report has been made and submitted to NDRC, which was sent to Disaster Reduction Division, CMA on September 26. Tibetan Weather Modification Foundation Ability Construction Feasibility Study Report has been made and reviewed by experts. (Regional Centre Administration Office)