魏臣義 趙守琴
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 (北京100730)
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉頭頸科學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (北京100730)
·綜 述·
先天性外中耳畸形聽力植入技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展
魏臣義 趙守琴
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 (北京100730)
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉頭頸科學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (北京100730)
先天性外中耳畸形是面部最常見的出生缺陷之一,臨床表現(xiàn)多樣。除了面部缺陷,患者通常伴有中重度的傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失。這類患者需要早期干預(yù)和治療以減少對言語發(fā)育和社會適應(yīng)的不良影響。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展及人工聽覺植入設(shè)備的出現(xiàn),先天性外中耳畸形患者的聽力重建有了更多選擇和聽力獲益。本文對先天性外中耳畸形聽力植入技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
先天性外中耳畸形;聽力重建;骨錨助聽裝置;振動(dòng)聲橋;骨橋
先天性外中耳畸形是面部最常見的出生缺陷之一,新生兒發(fā)病率為0.83~17.4:10000[1],單側(cè)多于雙側(cè),右耳多于左耳,男性多于女性。臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,包括耳廓畸形,外耳道閉鎖或狹窄,中耳畸形等;部分患者伴有半側(cè)顏面短小畸形。先天性外中耳畸形患者多伴有中重度的傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失(80%-90%)[2],這類患兒需要早期干預(yù)和治療以減少其對言語發(fā)育和社會適應(yīng)的不良影響[3]。先天性外中耳畸形患者的聽力重建有了更多選擇和聽力獲益,醫(yī)生對患者的聽力干預(yù)方式也有較大的變化。這里首先需要考慮的是手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)與單雙耳策略。①單側(cè)耳畸形患者:因?qū)?cè)耳聽力正常,沒有言語發(fā)育的延遲,部分專家倡導(dǎo)對這類患者早期不干預(yù),建議患者成年后自己權(quán)衡手術(shù)的收益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn),來決定是否行手術(shù)治療[4]。但外耳道狹窄,特別是外耳道直徑小于2毫米的患者,因極易伴發(fā)膽脂瘤,應(yīng)盡早手術(shù)[5]。其聽力修復(fù)獲益大于手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),術(shù)后患者在嘈雜環(huán)境中的言語辨別率、聽聲距離、聲音定位都有改善[6-10]。②雙側(cè)耳畸形的處理策略:由于雙側(cè)聽力受損將嚴(yán)重影響患者言語發(fā)育,需要盡早行無創(chuàng)性助聽干預(yù)。
先天性外中耳畸形患者聽力重建的方案包括:傳統(tǒng)外耳道與鼓室成形聽骨鏈重建技術(shù),植入式骨錨助聽裝置(bone-anchored hearing aids,BAHA)、振動(dòng)聲橋(vibrant soundbridge,VSB)、骨橋(Bonebridge,BB)等。
傳統(tǒng)外耳道及鼓室成形手術(shù)復(fù)雜、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,但對于具有外耳道鼓室成形手術(shù)適應(yīng)癥的患者,很多專家仍然把其作為首選,因?yàn)槭中g(shù)成功的患者不僅能得到很好的實(shí)用聽力,而且擁有一個(gè)清潔、干燥,接近正常的外耳道,這是患者和家屬最終的期望。手術(shù)主要包括外耳道重建、鼓室重建、聽骨鏈重建。
先天性外中耳畸形患者,聽骨鏈畸形、前庭窗閉鎖、面神經(jīng)畸形發(fā)生率較高[11],中耳發(fā)育差異大,很多患者不適合行外耳道鼓室成形術(shù),術(shù)前評估至關(guān)重要。目前,臨床上應(yīng)用最廣泛的是Jahrsdorfer評分系統(tǒng)[12],其根據(jù)顳骨高分辨率CT結(jié)果以及耳廓畸形的程度進(jìn)行評估,此評分系統(tǒng)由9個(gè)項(xiàng)目組成,共10分,評分8分以上手術(shù)效果好,6分以下術(shù)后效果差,不適合手術(shù)。Chang等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)僅50%的先天性外耳道閉鎖患者適合外耳道鼓室成形手術(shù)。同時(shí),Jahrsdorfer評分系統(tǒng)對術(shù)后短期效果的預(yù)測較好,對術(shù)后長期效果預(yù)測不佳[12]。
外耳道成形術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期效果不盡如人意,究其原因,與外耳道再狹窄、外耳道慢性感染、鼓膜外移、聽骨鏈固定等遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥有關(guān)[14],Bouhabel S報(bào)道[15]外耳道成形術(shù)后大約26%的患者需要再次手術(shù);Oliver報(bào)道[16]再次手術(shù)的患者中再狹窄占58%。El-Hoshy等[17]報(bào)道外耳道感染發(fā)病率為17.5%。有關(guān)外耳道鼓室成形術(shù)后的聽力結(jié)果的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,因使用的評分系統(tǒng)、患者的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、手術(shù)成功衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間等,均各不相同,相互之間缺乏可比性。綜合患者術(shù)后聽力達(dá)到30dB的各家文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道35%—76%[18-21]。鑒于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)存在的問題,本文就現(xiàn)代聽力植入技術(shù)做一重點(diǎn)綜述。
20世紀(jì)50年代Branemark教授發(fā)現(xiàn)了骨融合現(xiàn)象,1977年Tjellstron利用骨融合的概念發(fā)明了BAHA(bone anchored hearing aids,BAHA)并應(yīng)用于臨床[22]。BAHA由植入體、基座、聲音處理器組成,將植入體錨在耳后的顱骨上,鈦植入體與顱骨發(fā)生骨融合形成一個(gè)整體,再將聲音處理器通過基座連接在鈦植入體上,使聲音不通過外耳和中耳,直接經(jīng)顱骨傳導(dǎo)至內(nèi)耳。BAHA 2010年正式進(jìn)人我國臨床,逐漸成為傳導(dǎo)性或混合性聽力損失患者改善聽力的有效方法之一,特別是對于中耳發(fā)育較差不適合耳道再造術(shù)的先天性外耳道閉鎖患者。
BAHA的主要適應(yīng)證是傳導(dǎo)性聾、混合性聾以及單側(cè)全聾,而且患者無法佩戴氣導(dǎo)助聽器或無法通過佩戴氣導(dǎo)助聽器提高聽力。幾乎所有外耳道閉鎖/狹窄伴傳導(dǎo)性聾或混合性聾的先天性外中耳畸形患者都是BAHA植入的合適人選。主要適用聽力范圍是佩戴耳要求為骨導(dǎo)閾值≤45 dBHL,言語識別率≥60%。單側(cè)和雙側(cè)外耳道閉鎖/狹窄均是植入BAHA的適應(yīng)證,雙側(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是雙耳骨導(dǎo)差值小于10 dB,單側(cè)聾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是健康耳骨導(dǎo)≤20 dBHL[14,23]。主要植入手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)為成人和5歲以上的兒童,顱骨厚度≥3mm。
BAHA是一個(gè)安全可靠高效的聽力植入設(shè)備,在聽力獲益上與傳統(tǒng)外耳道成形術(shù)相比有巨大優(yōu)勢。Sarah Bouhabel等[15]最近的一項(xiàng)研究得出相似結(jié)果[24]:植入BAHA患者術(shù)后短期和長期聽力獲益都明顯高于傳統(tǒng)外耳道成形術(shù)組。BAHA植入對聲音定位功能的改善仍存在爭議[25-26]。BAHA術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,主要包括感染、皮膚反應(yīng)、骨融合失敗、鈦植入體周圍軟組織增生、基座丟失、需再次手術(shù)修正等,罕見并發(fā)癥有硬腦膜膿腫、局部神經(jīng)瘤等[15,27]。
振動(dòng)聲橋(vibrant soundbridge,VSB)是一種半植入式中耳助聽裝置,由體外的聽覺處理器和植入體兩部分組成,通過體外部分的聽覺處理器(audiopro?cessor,AP)收集和處理聲音,將聲信號通過電磁感應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為飄浮質(zhì)量傳感器(floating masstransducer,F(xiàn)MT)的振動(dòng)信號,經(jīng)聽骨鏈、卵圓窗或圓窗將聲音信號傳入內(nèi)耳,引起內(nèi)耳淋巴液振動(dòng),刺激聽覺毛細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生聽覺。VSB無論在手術(shù)上還是在聽力學(xué)上都是安全可靠的中耳植入裝置[28]。
主要適應(yīng)人群及聽力標(biāo)準(zhǔn):2008年國際專家共識公布的兒童和成人振動(dòng)聲橋植入適應(yīng)證包括感音神經(jīng)性、混合性或傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失。歐洲推薦患者年齡為≥3歲,但Colletti曾成功為2個(gè)月嬰兒植入VSB并取得滿意效果[29],Jack F.W.Lo等[22]推薦在患者18月的時(shí)候可以植入,此年齡的患者中耳基本可以容納FMT。先天性外耳道閉鎖患者振動(dòng)聲橋植入的術(shù)前評估可用Jahrsdoerfer評分系統(tǒng),國際共識推薦VSB植入應(yīng)在Jahrsdoerfer評分≥8分的患者,但是越來越多的研究表明Jahrsdoerfer評分在3-7分之間的患者也能獲得一個(gè)較滿意的聽力[30]。近期的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[31],對于前庭窗閉鎖的患者,F(xiàn)MT圓窗植入也可獲得很好地聽力效果。
VSB的有效性和優(yōu)越性已經(jīng)被大量研究證實(shí)。Zernotti等[32]對12例先天性外耳道閉鎖患者植入VSB后的聽力結(jié)果分析顯示:在所有聽力頻率上平均獲益55 dB。國內(nèi)學(xué)者報(bào)道了[33]4例先天性外中耳畸形患者植入VSB后平均氣導(dǎo)聽閾改善35dB。最近一項(xiàng)歐洲多中心研究結(jié)果表明[34]:兒童和青少年組術(shù)后6個(gè)月,言語辨別能力都有巨大的提高,5-9歲組,術(shù)后6個(gè)月言語識別率(word recognition score,WRS)由術(shù)前28.9%增加到95.5%,言語識別閾值(Speech reception thresholds,SRT)從術(shù)前57.2 dB降到44.1dB;10-17歲組,言語識別率從18.5%增加到89%,SRT從術(shù)前62.9 dB降到40.2dB。近年來耳外科專家和耳整形專家合作在先天性外中耳畸形患者耳整形的最后一期同時(shí)植入VSB,不但減少了患者的手術(shù)次數(shù)及醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,患者的外形和聽力都得到滿意結(jié)果[35]。目前FMT放置的位置現(xiàn)在還有爭議,一些專家作者認(rèn)為在卵圓窗和鐙骨,能獲得更好的效果[32],但是其他學(xué)者認(rèn)為FMT放置位置的不同對聽力結(jié)果影響不明顯[30]。VSB術(shù)后最常見的并發(fā)癥為耳脹滿感、鼓索神經(jīng)損傷導(dǎo)致的味覺障礙,眩暈,內(nèi)耳損傷,F(xiàn)MT附著的人工聽骨脫出或移位,面神經(jīng)受損導(dǎo)致的面癱。在外中耳畸形病例中,面神經(jīng)走形變異率高,術(shù)中行面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測,可以降低面神經(jīng)損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。同時(shí),術(shù)中實(shí)時(shí)的多頻穩(wěn)態(tài)誘發(fā)電位可評估聽力,指導(dǎo)術(shù)者選擇最佳的FMT耦合位置,使得手術(shù)效果更為確切。
骨橋(Bonebridge,BB)是一款半植入式系統(tǒng)。骨橋采用跨皮技術(shù),術(shù)后皮瓣保持完整,克服了植入BAHA所面臨的皮膚問題。BB包括植入體(Bone Conduction Implant,BCI)和體外Amadé BB聽覺處理器,BCI由接受線圈、調(diào)制解調(diào)器、骨傳導(dǎo)-漂浮質(zhì)量傳感器(BC-FMT)組成。來自聽覺處理器的信息跨皮傳遞至BC-FMT產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)傳遞至顱骨;顱骨直接將振動(dòng)傳遞至內(nèi)耳,內(nèi)耳將其作為聲信號處理后傳遞至大腦。
骨橋植入對象年齡通常年齡≥5歲,聽力學(xué)適應(yīng)癥[36-37]包括:①傳導(dǎo)聾或混合聾,骨傳導(dǎo)閾值在500Hz、1kHz、2 kHz、和4 kHz 4個(gè)頻率均不超過45 dBHL。②單側(cè)感音神性聾,一側(cè)患有重度至極重度感音性聾,而對側(cè)聽力正常(在500Hz、1kHz、2 kHz、和4 kHz,氣導(dǎo)閾值均不超過20 dBHL)。BB主要的植入方法:經(jīng)乳突徑路,乙狀竇后徑路,顱中窩入路。因術(shù)后保持完整的皮膚,骨橋與BAHA相比有較少的并發(fā)癥,而且已證明植入后言語識別和聽力都有明顯獲益[38]。Manrique等[39]報(bào)道混合性聾患者,植入BB后平均獲益35.6dB,Barbara的結(jié)果與Manrique相似[40],混合聾患者PTA平均獲益為36.5dB。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究納入了2012-2014年植入BB的20例患者[32]:90%的傳導(dǎo)性患者氣骨導(dǎo)差縮?。ǐ@益范圍為30-60dB),所納入的先天性外耳道閉鎖患者幾乎都達(dá)到這個(gè)水平,所有患者聽力增益范圍為24-43dB。
目前對先天性外中耳患者的聽力重建除傳統(tǒng)外耳道成形和鼓室成形術(shù)手術(shù)外,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)提供了多種選擇,包括傳統(tǒng)骨導(dǎo)助聽器、軟帶骨導(dǎo)助聽器、BAHA、聲橋以及剛進(jìn)入我國臨床的骨橋。每項(xiàng)選擇都有優(yōu)勢和不足,需要根據(jù)患者個(gè)人情況來選擇聽力重建的方法。
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Progress in Research on Hearing Implants in Congenital Malformation of External and Middle Ear
WEI Chenyi,ZHAO Shouqin
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University,Beijing 100730,China
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Medical University,Beijing 100730,China
Congenital malformation of external and middle ear is one of the most common facial birth defects,with various clinical manifestations.Beside cosmetic defects,patients with congenital malformation of external and middle ear usually have mild to severe conductive hearing loss.These patients need early intervention and treatment to reduce adverse effects on speech development and social activities.With the development of modern technologies and the advent of implantable hearing aids,there are now more choices for hearing reconstruction and better outcomes for patients.This article will review the progress of research on hearing implants in congenital malformation of external and middle ear.
Congenital abnormality of external and middle ear;Hearing restoration;Bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHA);Vibrant soundbridge(VSB);Bonebridge(BB)
R764.72
A
1672-2922(2016)06-833-4
2016-08-22審核人:陳偉)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2016.06.025
魏臣義,碩士,研究方向:分泌性中耳炎的病因與治療
趙守琴,Email:shouqinzhao@163.com