新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌婦女HLA-DRB1及HLA-DQB1基因多態(tài)性和細(xì)胞因子相關(guān)性研究
李亞偉1, 古麗娜·庫(kù)爾班1, 譚遙1, 王若崢1,2
(新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)1附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放療中心,2新疆腫瘤學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 烏魯木齊830011)
摘要:目的探討新疆維吾爾族婦女HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1的等位基因分布及其與IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10的關(guān)聯(lián)性。方法采集經(jīng)新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院病理科明確診斷為宮頸癌Ⅱb~Ⅳb期39例患者治療前的血標(biāo)本(宮頸癌組),同時(shí)采集居住在新疆地區(qū)健康女性50例血標(biāo)本(健康對(duì)照組)。測(cè)定HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1基因亞組分型,并檢測(cè)細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10的水平。對(duì)比不同臨床分期患者與健康對(duì)照組細(xì)胞因子的差異;根據(jù)患者HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1基因亞組分組,比較不同基因亞組間細(xì)胞因子水平的差異。結(jié)果檢出HLA-DRB1等位基因8個(gè),檢出HLA-DQB1等位基因4個(gè),其中HLA-DRB1*07、HLA-DQB1*02、HLA-DQB1*03在新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌組的構(gòu)成比分別為44.74%、56.41%、35.90%;健康對(duì)照組與維吾爾族HPV16感染Ⅱb和Ⅲb期宮頸癌組IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10水平差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);單因素方差分析顯示各HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1等位基因之間IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10水平差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論HLA-DRB1*07、HLA-DQB1*02、HLA-DQB1*03為新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌優(yōu)勢(shì)表達(dá)基因; IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10與宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展可能存在關(guān)聯(lián)性。
關(guān)鍵詞:宮頸癌; 人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原; 細(xì)胞因子
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R737.33文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-5551.2015.01.007
[收稿日期:2014-10-21]
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81273873)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:朱明(1960-),女,碩士,高級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)師,研究方向:感染免疫。
The correlation between Human leukocyte antigen and cytokines in HPV16
infected Xinjiang Uyghur women in advanced cervical cancer
LI Yawei1, Gulina Kuerban1,TAN Yao1, WANG Ruozheng1,2
(1DepartmentofRadiationOncology,AffiliatedTumorHospital,2KeyLaboratoryofOncology,
XinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi830011,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo analyze the distribution of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1alleles in HPV16 infected Xinjiang Uygur women in advanced cervical carcinoma, and to investigate the correlation between HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 and IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with cervical cancer. MethodsWe collected 39 blood samples of cervical carcinoma patients diagnosed by pathology as cervical cancer in stage Ⅱb-Ⅳb before the treatment in our hospital, and we gathered 50 blood samples of healthy women living in Xingjiang. We determined the genetic subtypes of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, and we measured the concentration of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10). We had a comparison of the difference of cytokines between patients with different clinical stages and healthy control group. According to genetic subtypes of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, we also had a comparison of the concentration of cytokine (CK) in different genetic subtypes. ResultsEight HLA-DRB1 alleles and four HLA-DQB1 alleles were found, the rates of HLA-DRB1*07, HLA-DQB1*02 and HLA-DQB1*03 were 44.74%, 56.41% and 35.90% respectively. We had a comparison of concentration of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) between healthy control group and HPV16 infected Xinjiang Uygur patients in advanced cervical cancer with stage Ⅱb-Ⅲb group, there were statistical significances (P>0.05). Single factor analysis of variance indicated that the difference of concentration of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 showed no statistical significance. ConclusionHLA-DRB1*07, HLA-DQB1*02 and HLA-DQB1*03 were the gene of dominant expression in HPV16 infected Xinjiang Uygur patients in advanced cervical cancer. There may be a correlation between the occurrence, development of cervical cancer and IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10.
Key words: cervical cancer; human leukocyte antigen; cytokine; interleukin; interferon
宮頸癌(cervical cancer)是女性生殖系統(tǒng)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,僅次于乳腺癌,成為全球?qū)е聥D女死亡的第二大惡性疾病[1]。在我國(guó),宮頸癌的患病率和病死率約占全世界的1/3[2]。新疆是我國(guó)宮頸癌高發(fā)區(qū)之一,其中新疆維吾爾族宮頸癌患病率及死亡率分別為459~526/10 萬(wàn)和15.78/50萬(wàn),遠(yuǎn)高于新疆地區(qū)漢族、哈薩克族、蒙古族等其他民族[2-4]。人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)與宮頸癌發(fā)生有關(guān),尤其是HLA II類(lèi)基因的DRB1、DQB1與宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[5-6]。已有研究報(bào)道,細(xì)胞因子(cytokines,CK)在宮頸癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要作用[7-9]。本研究分析新疆維吾爾族婦女HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1的等位基因分布,對(duì)比不同臨床分期患者和健康人群細(xì)胞因子的水平,探討宮頸癌患者HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1各等位基因分布及其與IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選擇2012年1月-2014年6月新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院收治的HPV16感染的維吾爾族中晚期宮頸癌患者39例(宮頸癌組)。年齡40~68 歲,中位年齡55 歲。宮頸癌分期(根據(jù)FIGO分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)):Ⅱb期18例,Ⅲb期17例,Ⅲa期1例,Ⅳa期2例,Ⅳb期1例。選擇新疆地區(qū)維吾爾族健康女性50例作為健康對(duì)照組。
1.2方法
1.2.1全血基因組DNA提取接受治療前宮頸癌組和健康對(duì)照組分別采集肘靜脈全血5mL(EDTA抗凝),試劑盒采用北京百泰克生物技術(shù)有限公司的全血基因組DNA提取試劑盒,嚴(yán)格按照說(shuō)明書(shū)操作進(jìn)行DNA提取。采用紫外分光光度計(jì)對(duì)濃度和純度進(jìn)行測(cè)定,其A260/280比值均為1.8~1.9,調(diào)整終濃度為0.3~0.5 μg/μL,取10 μg分裝后置于-20℃冰箱保存用于檢驗(yàn)。
1.2.2HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1基因亞組分型采用聚合酶連反應(yīng)/序列特異性引物(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer,PCR-SSP)方法。
1.2.3細(xì)胞因子的檢測(cè)血標(biāo)本經(jīng)離心機(jī)分離獲得的血漿在-80℃冷凍冰箱保存,根據(jù)human cytokine multi-plex (bio-rad, USA)分析和luminex multi-analytic profiling (bio-rad, USA)技術(shù)說(shuō)明書(shū)測(cè)定γ-干擾素(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)、白細(xì)胞介素-2(interleukin-2, IL-2)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(interleukin-10, IL-10)水平。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理利用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),分析HLA-DRB1,HLA-DQB1等位基因分布頻率;對(duì)兩組細(xì)胞因子(cytokines, CK)濃度采用t檢驗(yàn),對(duì)HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1各等位基因間細(xì)胞因子濃度采用單因素方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1宮頸癌患者HLA-DRB1表達(dá)全組患者39例中1例患者未檢出HLA-DRB1,共檢出HLA-DRB1等位基因8個(gè),各HLA-DRB1等位基因的檢出數(shù)和構(gòu)成比情況見(jiàn)表1。
表1新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染中晚期宮頸癌患者
HLA-DRB1等位基因分布(2n=76)
HLA-DRB1基因檢出構(gòu)成比/%DRB1*01810.53DRB1*03810.53DRB1*04810.53DRB1*073444.74DRB1*0967.89DRB1*1167.89DRB1*1222.63DRB1*1345.26合計(jì)76100.00
2.2宮頸癌患者HLA-DQB1表達(dá)全組患者39例,檢出HLA-DRB1等位基因4個(gè),各HLA-DQB1等位基因的檢出數(shù)和構(gòu)成比見(jiàn)表2。
表2新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染中晚期宮頸癌患者
HLA-DQB1等位基因分布 (2n=78)
HLA-DQB1-1基因檢出構(gòu)成比/%DQB1*024456.41DQB1*032835.90DQB1*0545.13DQB1*0622.56合計(jì)78100.00
2.3健康對(duì)照組與維吾爾族HPV16感染Ⅱb、Ⅲb期宮頸癌組相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子比較健康對(duì)照組與維吾爾族HPV16感染Ⅱb、Ⅲb期宮頸癌組IFN-γ(t=4.333,P=0.000)、IL-2(t=2.974,P=0.004)、IL-6(t=2.337,P=0.025)、IL-10(t=2.236,P=0.031)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。健康對(duì)照組與Ⅲb期宮頸癌患者CK濃度比較:IFN-γ(t=3.674,P=0.017)、IL-2(t=2.974,P=0.002)、IL-6(t=4.523,P=0.000)、IL-10(t=2.219,P=0.029)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。維吾爾族HPV16感染Ⅱb期和Ⅲb期宮頸癌患者CK濃度比較:IFN-γ(t=0.772,P=0.446)、IL-2(t=0.516,P=0.576)、IL-6(t=0.720,P=0.476)、IL-10(t=0.015,P=0.988),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表3。
表3 兩組相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子濃度比較(pg/mL, ±s)
表3 兩組相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子濃度比較(pg/mL, ±s)
CK健康對(duì)照組(n=50)宮頸癌組(n=35)Ⅱb期(n=18)Ⅲb期(n=17)IFN-γ207.630±108.342112.556±67.139*132.029±82.469*IL-218.404±9.16716.065±26.540*15.214±16.733*IL-612.211±5.910280.778±763.595*152.677±151.473*IL-104.844±2.764368.416±107.318*196.176±224.822*
注: Ⅱb宮頸癌患者組與健康對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05。
2.4HLA-DRB1各等位基因細(xì)胞因子濃度比較剔除樣本量少的HLA-DRB1*12和HLA-DRB1*13等位基因組,比較HLA-DRB1*01、HLA-DRB1*03、HLA-DRB1*04、HLA-DRB1*07、HLA-DRB1*09、HLA-DRB1*11等位基因的CK水平,單因素方差分析顯示:IFN-γ(F=0.212,P=0.995)、IL-2(F=0.226,P=0.926)、IL-6(F=0.447,P=0.812)、IL-10(F=0.298,P=0.910)水平在各等位基因之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表4。
表4 HLA-DRB1各等位基因細(xì)胞因子濃度比較(pg/mL, ±s)
表4 HLA-DRB1各等位基因細(xì)胞因子濃度比較(pg/mL, ±s)
CKHLA-DRB1*01HLA-DRB1*03HLA-DRB1*04HLA-DRB1*07HLA-DRB1*09HLA-DRB1*11IFN-γ90.125±71.071144.375±124.027137.000±39.741126.706±75.871132.333±122.680123.833±59.406IL-2-20.465±31.94611.572±3.67014.242±5.20815.160±16.6599.297±5.554IL-671.250±71.88191.750±40.136125.750±42.437157.559±153.301146.000±128.035115.000±54.836IL-1081.500±68.918177.750±168.074146.750±43.053188.677±218.866130.000±102.430160.229±166.649
2.5HLA-DQB1各等位基因細(xì)胞因子濃度的比較剔除樣本量少的HLA-DQB1*05和HLA-DQB1*06等位基因組,比較HLA-DQB1*02、HLA-DQB1*03等位基因的CK水平,經(jīng)單因素方差分析顯示:IFN-γ(F=0.174,P=0.679)、IL-2(F=0.443,P=0.512)、IL-6(F=0.521,P=0.475)、IL-10(F=0.589,P=0.448)濃度在各等位基因之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表5。
表5HLA-DQB1各等位基因細(xì)胞因子濃度的比較
(pg/mL,±s)
CKHLA-DQB1*02HLA-DQB1*03IFN-γ126.682±84.197115.714±63.045IL-215.331±15.40411.706±6.823IL-6115.955±83.979145.036±157.945IL-10138.477±97.663182.071±238.373
3討論
不同種族、不同地區(qū)宮頸癌患者HLA II類(lèi)基因分布存在差異。大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,HLA II類(lèi)基因的DRB1、DQB1與HPV16感染的宮頸癌密切相關(guān)[5-6, 10-12]。Beskow等[10]對(duì)440例確診HPV16感染的宮頸癌患者和476例健康人的HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1等位基因位點(diǎn)檢測(cè)后發(fā)現(xiàn),HLA-DRB1*0801、HLA-DRB1*1501、HLA-DQB1*0402、HLA-DQB1*0602等位基因的頻率增加,而HLA-DRB1*0101、HLA-DRB1*1301、HLA-DQB1*0501、HLA-DQB1*0603等位基因的頻率降低,校正后發(fā)現(xiàn)DQB1*0602和DRB1*1501與宮頸癌患者密切相關(guān)。Cuzick等[13]對(duì)英國(guó) 116例HPV16感染的宮頸癌婦女HLA分型分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)HLA-DQB1*0301(2P= 0.02)和HLA-DRB1*0401(2P= 0.02)是宮頸癌的易感單倍體。Madeleine等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HLA-DRB1*1501和HLA-DQB1 *0302為優(yōu)勢(shì)表達(dá)基因。李華[15]報(bào)道,HLA-DRB1*15可能是新疆喀什地區(qū)維吾爾族婦女宮頸癌的易感基因;而HLA-DRB1*04可能是喀什地區(qū)維吾爾族婦女宮頸癌的保護(hù)基因。古扎麗努爾等[16]研究結(jié)果提示,HLA-DRQB*06可能是維吾爾族婦女宮頸癌的易感基因,其可增加HPV16陽(yáng)性婦女患宮頸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,HLA-DRB1*07為優(yōu)勢(shì)表達(dá)基因,表達(dá)比例接近一半。這與文獻(xiàn)[13-14,17]報(bào)道有一定的差別,可能與病例數(shù)偏少,以及研究人群不同有關(guān)。檢出HLA-DQB1等位基因4個(gè),其中HLA-DQB1*02(56.41%)、 HLA-DQB1*03(35.90%),提示,HLA-DQB1*02與HLA-DQB1*03為優(yōu)勢(shì)表達(dá)基因,這與Madeleine等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HLA-DQB1*0301,HLA-DRB1*0301,HLA-DQB1*0201與HPV16陽(yáng)性的鱗狀細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)(比值比為0.5;95%置信區(qū)間0.3~0.9)研究相符 ,而與Ferrera等[6]報(bào)道的洪都拉斯女性HLA-DRQB*0602為易感表達(dá)基因不相符。本研究結(jié)果提示,新疆維吾爾族宮頸癌患者HLA-DRB1與HLA-DQB1等位基因分布大致相似,但也具有自身特點(diǎn),可能與不同民族、不同地區(qū)有關(guān)??蓴U(kuò)大樣本量繼續(xù)研究,以期待得到一個(gè)更為準(zhǔn)確的新疆維吾爾族婦女HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌HLA-DRB1及HLA-DQB1的等位基因分布情況。
CK是細(xì)胞間交流的工具, 是宿主免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)外來(lái)病原應(yīng)答的一種成分。 干擾素γ(IFN-γ)是II型干擾素家族的唯一成員,主要是由T淋巴細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞參與而產(chǎn)生,具有抗病毒、抗腫瘤和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等作用。有研究顯示,在惡性黑色素瘤、胃癌、肺癌、膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤、鼻咽癌、結(jié)腸直腸癌、宮頸癌和頭頸部腫瘤中IFN-γ水平下降[9,18]。Soong等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利用IFN-γ受體激動(dòng)劑可提高免疫應(yīng)答并且可增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤的效應(yīng)。Wang等[20]報(bào)道晚期宮頸癌患者由于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,免疫微環(huán)境被破壞,發(fā)生免疫逃逸,經(jīng)研究觀察到IL-6,IL-10高于正常水平,而IFN-γ低于正常水平。本研究結(jié)果表明不同臨床分期宮頸癌患者IFN-γ分別為(112.556±67.139) pg/mL和(132.029±82.469) pg/mL,較對(duì)照組均明顯降低,這與Lippitz等[9]與Wang等[20]的研究結(jié)果相一致。細(xì)胞因子IL-2主要由T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,在機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用,對(duì)免疫活性有增強(qiáng)作用??烧T導(dǎo)激活的殺傷細(xì)胞(LAK)、自然殺傷細(xì)胞( N K ) 細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(CTL)分化,從而發(fā)揮抵抗腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用[21]。Paradkar等[22]研究報(bào)道,HPV感染的女性外周血淋巴細(xì)胞中IL-2水平較正常組有所降低。Valle-Mendiola等[23]報(bào)道高劑量的IL-2,可抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞的增殖。本研究結(jié)果顯示宮頸癌組IL-2低于健康對(duì)照組(P<0.05),這與文獻(xiàn)[22-23]報(bào)道相一致。IL-6是一種典型的具有多種生物學(xué)功能的細(xì)胞因子,機(jī)體內(nèi)B細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞均可產(chǎn)生IL-6,其在細(xì)胞免疫、炎性反應(yīng)、造血調(diào)控中均發(fā)揮重要作用。Guo等[24]通過(guò)臨床研究表明,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、結(jié)腸直腸癌、腎細(xì)胞癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和卵巢癌的晚期腫瘤患者血清IL-6增高,而阻斷IL-6的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)成為一個(gè)潛在的治療腫瘤策略。Wang等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-6在正常宮頸組織不表達(dá)或低表達(dá),而在宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中多為中高表達(dá),宮頸鱗癌患者的IL-6的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯高于正常宮頸組(P<0.01)。本研究顯示在Ⅱb和Ⅲb宮頸癌組中,患者血清均明顯高于健康對(duì)照組(P<0.05和P<0.05),這與Wang等[20]的研究相似。白細(xì)胞介素- 10(InterIeukin-10,IL-10)是一種具有免疫抑制作用的細(xì)胞因子,它可抑制IL-2、INF-γ等因子生成,文獻(xiàn)[25-26]報(bào)道IL-10通過(guò)抑制機(jī)體免疫功能與HPV相互作用從而導(dǎo)致宮頸癌的形成和發(fā)展。有關(guān)研究表明在人類(lèi)很多腫瘤如腎癌、消化道腫瘤、黑色素瘤等中IL-10均過(guò)量表達(dá)[27-28]。因此抑制IL-10過(guò)表達(dá)可起到抗腫瘤的效果[29]。本研究結(jié)果表明Ⅱb期和Ⅲb期患者組IL-10分別為(368.416±107.318)pg/mL和(196.176±224.822) pg/mL,較對(duì)照組均明顯增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這與文獻(xiàn)[27-29]報(bào)道相符。綜合分析結(jié)果,新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染的Ⅱb和Ⅲb期宮頸癌婦女與健康對(duì)照組相比,IFN-γ和IL-2低于正常水平,IL-6和IL-10高于正常水平,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這意味著這些細(xì)胞因子可能在宮頸癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中扮演著重要的角色。
本研究假設(shè)HLA-DRB1與-DQB1各等位基因間細(xì)胞因子有差異,對(duì)HLA-DRB1*01、HLA-DRB1*03、HLA-DRB1*04、HLA-DRB1*07、HLA-DRB1*09、HLA-DRB1*11等位基因的CK濃度進(jìn)行比較,經(jīng)單因素方差分析顯示濃度在各等位基因之間均無(wú)明顯差異。對(duì)HLA-DQB1*02和HLA-DQB1*03等位基因的CK濃度進(jìn)行比較,經(jīng)單因素方差分析顯示濃度在各等位基因之間均無(wú)明顯差異。綜合分析認(rèn)為可能與樣本數(shù)太少有關(guān),也可能HLA-DRB1與HLA-DQB1各等位基因間細(xì)胞因子本身并無(wú)不同。
綜上所述,HLA-DRB1*07、HLA-DQB1*02和HLA-DQB1*03可能為新疆維吾爾族HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌婦女的優(yōu)勢(shì)表達(dá)基因;宮頸癌患者IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10細(xì)胞因子水平與健康人對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但新疆維吾爾族婦女HPV16感染的中晚期宮頸癌HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1各等位基因與細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10水平的關(guān)聯(lián)性,尚需要擴(kuò)大樣本深入研究。
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(本文編輯周芳)
通信作者:田樹(shù)革,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:中藥資源化學(xué)與質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),E-mail:tsgyz@sina.com。
·基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究·