Chinese naming customs in the age of globalization

貽笑大方？辦公室里亂飛的英語名字也是有存在的合理性的。

Almost the minute he arrived in Tokyo in September， 1897， Chinese revolutionary Sun Wen found himself in a bind. Having narrowly escaped China after failing to overthrow the Qing emperor， he was trying to check into the exclusive Taikakukan Hotel without giving away his real name. Suddenly， his minds eye recalled a house on the way to the hotel， which had a nameplate reading “Nakayama” （中山）—that would do as an alias for the time being.

Though Sun never called himself 中山?in his personal writings—and kept changing his names to Takano， “Mr. Aloha from Hawaii，” and more—the Chinese pronunciation of this alias under duress， Zhongshan， has somehow ended up as his official name in Chinese history books. Every Chinese city has a street， park， square， or school that bears this name. Chinatowns around the world， meanwhile， have structures that commemorate a Dr. Sun Yat-sen， which was yet another one of Suns assumed names from later life and used only in his writings in English： it is a corrupted spelling of a stylized form （逸仙， Yut-seen in Cantonese） of a baptismal name （日新， Yut-sen） he adopted while studying in Hong Kong.

Known today as the “Nations Father”， Sun is undoubtedly Chinas most famous example of success achieved under a foreign-language name. For the half million students who depart China each year to study abroad， as well as hordes of young professionals and entrepreneurs hoping to stay competitive in a global economy， adopting a foreign name is as much a strategy to prevent awkward mispronunciation as it signals their arrival on the world stage. As it becomes de rigueur?for even preschools to offer English classes， thus requiring children to adopt an English name for the benefit of foreign teachers， the task of finding the right name becomes a source of parental anxiety， a business opportunity， and a flashpoint in ongoing debates about Chinese language and identity in the modern era.

In late 2015， American entrepreneur Lindsay Jernigan received a smattering of both English and Chinese media attention when she set up Best English Name， a Shanghai-based consulting business devoted—or so it seemed from the media coverage—not so much to helping Chinese clients locate the perfect name as it is to steer them away from comically bad ones. At that time， the phenomenon of Chinese students and professionals running afoul of English naming conventions was already well documented in English media. Journalist Peter Hesslers memoir， River Town， featured the unforgettable Chinese student named “Mo Money”; Public Radio Internationals coverage of this issue introduced us to “Cinderella”， “DreamJazz”， and “Yes”. In Chinese media， a mother on Sina Weibo received both serious answers and criticism for asking whether her kindergartener should be called “Watermelon” or “Eleven”.

The crux of the issue behind these unusual names， wrote Jernigan for lifestyle blog Popsugar， are naming cultures which are “wildly different” in English and Chinese. Culture was also focal point of Chinese-American writer Huan Hsus reflections， published bySlateway back in 2009， on why the Chinese adopt English names and why this practice remains widespread in spite of rising nationalism. Hilarity ensues， according to Jernigan， when Chinese naming customs get transposed onto English， such as the emphasis on a name that has a clear meaning and is unique. Culture can also， Hsu asserts， lead to different attitudes toward purpose of a name and the absoluteness of ones identity， which in the traditional Chinese context has always been amorphous， a little utilitarian， and prone to changing along with ones life circumstance.

The multiple identities of Sun Yat-sen， who was born before Chinas 20th-century modernizing push and attended a Confucian school， fit the pattern of Chinas ancient naming traditions well. Since at least the Zhou Dynasty （1046 BCE – 256 BCE）， as recorded in the Book of Rites?（《禮記》）， a person had at least two names in his or her lifetime. A personal name， or ming?（名）， would be assigned at three months after an infants birth; it was subdivided into a “big name，” noted in the familys genealogical records， and a “small name” or “milk name” used by close family members.

Additional names may be assigned when a person starts Confucian or missionary school or， as in the case of Sun， when a person is baptized. Both men and women of a certain status also received a zi?（字）， or courtesy name， when they reached the age of majority. Together， ming?and zi?make up mingzi （名字）， the modern Chinese word for someones personal name.

While a courtesy name is assigned with the understanding that this will be their primary form of address out in public for the rest of their adult life， a person might still pick up a variety of hao （號）， or “styles，” in later life. These could be adopted for almost any reason including commemorating a personal achievement， service to the emperor， or a change of ones residence or career. It could also simply be a pen name.

In contrast to the ming?and zi， whose meanings often complement or contrast one another and are chosen to fit with the names of the rest of the family， a hao can have any meaning， origin， or length. Their meanings are often literal and make a direct reference to some characteristic of the person. Eleventh century poet and official Su Shi （蘇軾）， for instance， wrote under the hao of Dongpo Jushi

（東坡居士）， “Resident of the Eastern Slope”.

Far from observing an ancient rite， todays tradition of adopting English names are rooted in Chinas present manner of engagement with the globe： though popular in Hong Kong since colonial times and briefly present in mainland cities and Christian schools in the late 19th to early 20th centuries， the current wave of English naming started after the reform and opening-up in the late 1970s， as businesspeople sought better ways to communicate with newly arrived foreign investors. Hsus claim， however， that ancient rites might still shape present attitudes toward identity is not without base. He quotes a Chinese friend named Sophie who “flits” between English name， screen name， nicknames among friends， and the “small name” still used by her parents because， she says， “a name is just a daihao?（代號）”—a code for who she really was.

An internet backlash also followed Chinese medias profiling of Jernigans business earlier this year， which was somehow always accompanied by well-meaning articles from even CCTV on what Chinese do wrong when choosing their English name. Among the defenses that Chinese bloggers marshalled for why “haphazard naming” was not as big of a deal as the media claimed was these names were not legal name changes and easily changed again， that it was easy to have multiple English names for different settings， and that they were essentially being treated like a hao or its modern equivalent， the internet name （網(wǎng)名）.

Curiously， at least one of these well-meaning guides to English naming from the Chinese media actually reflects the attitudes of these critics. An article from Sina.coms parenting vertical advises that for young children， parents pick a name that is easy for the child to say and remember—like “Sisi”， “Momo”， or “Lolly”， which regularly crop on English medias list of weird Chinese names. Alternatively， parents could confer with their children and pick a name that they like， which might have given some answers to one bemused blogger from Henan Province earlier this year， who wrote of how her mothers kindergarten class was stuffed to the gills with Elsas， Annas， and an Ultraman. Implicit in these suggestions is the idea that English names are transient. Like the ancient hao， they are chosen according to a persons needs and preferences of the moment， with the understanding that they can be replaced in the next stage of the addressees life.