張毅 董劍達 季敬章 鄭志強
[摘要] 目的 探討超聲(ultrasound,US)聯(lián)合計算機斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)對甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結轉移的臨床診斷價值。 方法 選取2013年6月~2015年6月在我院行甲狀腺癌手術治療、術后病理證實為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌98例,術前均行頸部B超和CT檢查,術后行HE染色、組織病理檢查,進行相互比較。 結果 根據(jù)“每水平”分析,US/CT與US相比能顯著提高頸側區(qū)和頸總區(qū)轉移淋巴結的檢測準確度(P=0.032,P=0.028);US/CT與CT相比并未能顯示出優(yōu)越的診斷價值(P>0.05)。根據(jù)“每人”分析,US與CT的準確率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);US/CT與US之間的準確率比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.047);而US/CT與CT之間的準確率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。影像學預測轉移組與未轉移組準確率對比,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。 結論 US/CT對PTC患者頸側區(qū)轉移淋巴結的檢測優(yōu)于US,對術前US懷疑有頸側區(qū)淋巴結轉移者,可進一步行CT檢查,以決定是否行頸側區(qū)淋巴結清掃。
[關鍵詞] 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;淋巴結轉移;超聲;計算機斷層掃描
[中圖分類號] R576 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2015)34-0092-04
Clinical value of combined ultrasound and CT for detecting cervical metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
ZHANG Yi1 DONG Jianda1 JI Jingzhang2 ZHENG Zhiqiang1
1.Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China; 2.Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the value of ultrasonography and CT in diagnosis of the cervical lymph nodes metastasis of thyroid carcinoma. Methods From June 2013 to June 2015, 98 cases of thyroid cancer patients were selected as the research object patients, who confirmed as papillary thyroid carcinoma by pathology. All patients were evaluated by ultrasonography and CT examination before surgery. And then examined by pathologicl HE staining and pathology method after operation. Results The accuracy of detection of metastatic nodes by US/CT was higher than By US at the level of central and lateral neck with “per level” analysis (P=0.032 and P=0.028). Detected by US/CT was no significant difference of diagnostic values than by CT. With “per person” analysis, there were no significant differences of accuracy between US and CT or between US/CT and CT (P>0.05). Compared with the group without metastasis, the accuracy of the imaging prediction was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion US/CT combination is found to be superior to US alone for the detection of cervical metastatic lymph nodes in lateral neck levels in PTC patients. Preoperative CT should be used in some PTC patients with suspected node metastasis by US, and to determine whether the lateral compartment dissection is needed.
[Key words] Papillary thyroid carcinoma; Lymph nodes metastasis; Ultrasound; CT
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺最為常見的惡性腫瘤,約占所有甲狀腺癌的80%[1-4],頸淋巴結轉移是PTC最主要的轉移方式,目前對頸淋巴結陽性(cN+)病例實行聯(lián)合根治手術已無異議,但對臨床頸淋巴結陰性(cN0)的病例,是否實行頸部淋巴結清掃以及清除范圍、時機等問題國內外均存在爭議。超聲是目前術前評估甲狀腺癌淋巴結轉移情況的首選方法[5],然而大部分這些報道主要根據(jù)“每人”的視角,而不是以“每水平”為基礎作分析研究[6-9]。本實驗通過比較甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結轉移的B超和CT的表現(xiàn),探討B(tài)超聯(lián)合CT對甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結轉移的臨床診斷價值,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年6月~2015年6月在我院行手術治療的術前診斷甲狀腺癌患者98例,經術后病理診斷證實均為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌,所有患者在本次手術前未接受過頸部淋巴結切除或頸部淋巴結清掃術。患者依據(jù)彩超及CT檢查中1項及以上提示有頸淋巴結轉移者為轉移組共52例,其中男24例,女28例;中位年齡38.4歲(15~67歲)。腫瘤部位:左側23例,右側27例,雙側2例;其中包膜內型7例,腺內型32例,腺外型13例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 超聲檢查 采用ALOKA SSD-2000型、GE VIVID-3型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀。探頭頻率7.5~13.3 MHz。淋巴結轉移超聲診斷標準:局部或彌漫性高回聲;細小或粗大鈣化;囊性變;近圓形(長短徑<1.5)[10-13]。
1.2.2 CT檢查 使用Siemens 16層螺旋CT機,平掃加增強,增強造影劑選用德國拜耳醫(yī)藥公司的優(yōu)維顯370,60~85 mL(2~2.8)mL/s靜脈推注,層厚為1~3 mm,掃描范圍從乳突水平至胸骨切跡水平行頸部掃描。同樣按頸部淋巴結分區(qū)記錄淋巴結的部位、大小、數(shù)目及CT的影像特點。淋巴結轉移CT診斷標準:強化明顯而淋巴門血管不強化;環(huán)形強化或伴不均勻強化;細小或粗大鈣化;囊性變或壞死[14,15]。淋巴結均勻強化和淋巴結門血管強化被認為反應性增生。淋巴結大小標準不被采用,因為尚沒有建立PTC轉移性淋巴結的大小標準[16-18]。
1.2.3 病理檢查 采用1991年美國耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學會頸部淋巴結分區(qū)判斷陽性淋巴結。手術中頸清掃標本被整塊切除后,由手術者按解剖標志分為Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ區(qū)等5塊組織并分別標識。由病理科醫(yī)生對被標識標本進行取材,獲取淋巴結并觀察、計數(shù),報告標本中淋巴結的數(shù)量及轉移淋巴結在各區(qū)的分布。
1.3 判斷標準
將術前超聲、CT結果與術后病理檢查進行“區(qū)-區(qū)”對照比較(即“每水平”分析)和“人-人”對照比較(即“每人”分析),判斷超聲、CT、以及聯(lián)合檢查對PTC頸淋巴結轉移的診斷準確性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學分析
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計軟件學進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,率的比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
轉移組CT、US檢查顯示淋巴結轉移見圖1,2,共52例患者,術后病理證實均為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌,其中單側頸清(Ⅱ~Ⅵ)50例,雙側頸清(Ⅱ~Ⅵ)2例,共行頸清54側,獲頸淋巴結灶區(qū)標本234個,其中轉移性淋巴結區(qū)143個(53%)。
2.1 “每水平”分析US、CT和US/CT的診斷準確性
根據(jù)“每水平”分析,US、CT和US/CT在中央區(qū)的診斷準確度為50.0%、57.9%、60.5%,在頸側區(qū)為58.2%、77.0%、79.1%,總頸水平為56.8%、73.9%、76.1%。在中央區(qū)、頸側區(qū)和頸總區(qū)US和CT的診斷結果沒有統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05);與US相比,US/CT能顯著提高頸側區(qū)和頸總區(qū)轉移淋巴結的檢測準確度(P=0.032和P=0.028);與CT相比,無論在中央區(qū)還是頸側區(qū)US/CT并未能顯示出優(yōu)越的診斷價值(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 “每水平”分析US、CT和US/CT的診斷準確性
注:#*與US/CT相比;準確度=術后病理診斷陽性例數(shù)/預測淋巴結轉移陽性例數(shù)×100%
2.2 根據(jù)“每人”分析
轉移組52例患者中經術后病理確診轉移的31例,準確率59.6%,其中彩超提示42例,病理確診20例,準確率52.3%;CT提示40例,病理確診28例,符合率70%;彩超和CT同時提示31例,病理確診28例,準確率87.5%。彩超與CT檢查的準確率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=0.002,P=0.553),彩超聯(lián)合CT同時檢查的符合率與彩超單獨檢查的準確率之間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=2.421,P=0.047)。彩超聯(lián)合CT同時檢查與CT單獨檢查的準確率之間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=2.076,P=0.082)。未轉移組患者按本院治療常規(guī)未行預防性側頸清除術,至隨診截止,本組共12例發(fā)生經病理確診的頸部淋巴結轉移。轉移組與未轉移組對比,兩組之間的準確率比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=4.471,P=0.026)。
3 討論
目前國內外對PTC患者是否行頸淋巴結清掃以及清掃的范圍等尚存在爭議,爭論的焦點主要集中在對頸側區(qū)淋巴結的處理上。因此術前準確評估頸淋巴結轉移情況非常重要,直接影響到治療決策,決定手術成敗。US是目前評估甲狀腺結節(jié)和頸淋巴結的重要影像學檢查手段[19,20],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結內鈣化和液性暗區(qū)時淋巴結轉移具有非常特異性表現(xiàn)。但由于US的主觀依賴性強,對咽后、縱隔、部分低位Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結檢查受限,一定程度上影響US的應用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結內鈣化、增強掃描時出現(xiàn)環(huán)形強化和不均勻強化以及液性暗區(qū)時具有非常明顯的特異性。
CT相比較US而言,具有以下優(yōu)點:如不依賴于操作者,可對整個頸部進行全面評估,而薄層1~3 mm的掃描更不易遺漏小病灶[21]。本研究結果表明,根據(jù)“每水平”對照分析,在PTC患者術前頸淋巴結評估中,US/CT聯(lián)合檢測在頸側區(qū)診斷方面優(yōu)于單獨的US;而在頸中央區(qū),US/CT與US的診斷準確度無明顯差異。因此根據(jù)我們的研究結果,US/CT聯(lián)合檢測有助于提高頸側區(qū)和頸總水平的診斷。
在本實驗中,盡管CT的診斷準確度沒有US高,但US/CT在診斷頸側區(qū)淋巴結方面具有顯著的優(yōu)勢。結果顯示,在PTC患者的術前淋巴結評估中,CT對US有補充作用。相比較單獨的US而言,US/CT的診斷敏感度更高,其原因可能解釋為:US和CT對轉移性淋巴結的影像學診斷特點不同,減少了操作者的主觀誤差(漏診),對全頸水平進行整體評估,包括US有時候難以發(fā)現(xiàn)的低位Ⅵ和高位Ⅱ區(qū);同時,CT可有助于增加US對非特異性轉移淋巴結的診斷信心,如體積較大、淋巴門消失、圓形或US形態(tài)有懷疑者。由于US/CT較US能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的頸側區(qū)轉移淋巴結,所以有可能改變原定的手術計劃,最終使患者受益。因此,我們認為CT有助于US對部分PTC患者的術前評估。
總之,通過對PTC患者術前頸淋巴結的“每水平”比較分析,US/CT比單獨US在頸側區(qū)診斷方面更具有優(yōu)勢,CT可為評估PTC患者淋巴結轉移提供有用的診斷價值。
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(收稿日期:2015-08-17)