·論著·
索拉菲尼與異硫氰酸4-(甲基亞磺酰)丁酯體外協(xié)同殺傷肝癌細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
何文婷1,鞏志榮2,孫治國(guó)2,王美平2,高潔2,鐘延強(qiáng)2,魯瑩1,2(1.福建中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)系,福建 福州 350108;2 .第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,上海 200433)
[摘要]目的 探討索拉菲尼(sorafenib,SO)聯(lián)合異硫氰酸4-(甲基亞磺酰)丁酯(sulforaphane,SF)殺傷肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的協(xié)同比例。方法 采用CCK-8法探討SO和SF對(duì)HepG2殺傷效果最強(qiáng)的協(xié)同比例,利用協(xié)同指數(shù)(CI)反映協(xié)同殺傷效應(yīng):CI>1.1為拮抗;0.9 [關(guān)鍵詞]肝癌;索拉菲尼;異硫氰酸4-(甲基亞磺酰)丁酯;協(xié)同殺傷 [作者簡(jiǎn)介]何文婷,碩士研究生.E-mail:simona49@163.com [通訊作者]魯瑩,博士,副教授.研究方向:微粒靶向遞藥系統(tǒng).Tel:02-81871290;E-mail:acuace@163.com [中圖分類號(hào)]R965[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A DOI[]10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.02.012 [收稿日期]2014-09-28[修回日期]2014-12-26 Synergic effects of sorafenib combined with sulforaphane against hepatocellular carcinoma cellsinvitro HE Wenting1,GONG Zhirong2,SUN Zhiguo2,WANG Meiping2, GAO Jie2,ZHONG Yanqiang2,LU Ying1,2(1.Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China;2.Department of Pharmaceutics,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433,China) Abstract[]ObjectiveTo investigate the synergic ratio of sorafenib (SO) and sulforaphane (SF) against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 in vitro. MethodsThe synergic effect of SO combined with SF against HepG2 cells was determined by the CCK8 assay (the synergic effect was determined by combination index (CI) value: CI>1.1, antagonistic; 0.9 [Key words]hepatocellular carcinoma; sorafenib(SO); sulforaphane(SF);synergic effect 原發(fā)性肝癌(簡(jiǎn)稱:肝癌)在我國(guó)癌癥死亡率中已排名第二,索拉菲尼(sorafenib,SO)是一種雙芳基尿素類口服多激酶抑制劑,可以靶向于腫瘤細(xì)胞及腫瘤血管上絲氨酸(蘇氨酸)激酶及受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶,具有同時(shí)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和阻斷血管生成的雙重作用,是目前世界上第一個(gè)被批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于臨床的多靶點(diǎn)的分子靶向治療藥物[1]。SO是治療晚期肝癌的一線藥物,能顯著改善晚期肝癌患者的生存狀態(tài)。然而,在胰臟神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌瘤、膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤和乳腺癌腫瘤鼠模型上研究顯示[2,3],SO具有與抗血管生成物有關(guān)的作用,即增加了腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的可能。在許多惡性腫瘤中,SO可以誘導(dǎo)NF-κB的過表達(dá),而NF-κB 被定義為上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換(EMT)和乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移模型的中介物。 異硫氰酸4-(甲基亞磺酰)丁酯(sulforaphane,SF)是一種在綠葉花菜中的異硫氰酸鹽,在SO和SF聯(lián)合治療胰腺癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[4],盡管SF本身并未增強(qiáng)與啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域NF-κB復(fù)合物的結(jié)合,但它可顯著降低SO介導(dǎo)的NF-κB活性。SF下調(diào)NF-κB活性在前列腺癌以及結(jié)、直腸癌中也有報(bào)道[5-7]。此外,也有研究表明,聯(lián)合使用SO和SF可顯著抑制由缺氧導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。 基于以上研究,本實(shí)驗(yàn)首次研究觀察SO聯(lián)合SF對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的體外協(xié)同殺傷作用,以期降低由SO引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移副作用,為肝癌的體內(nèi)研究及綜合治療提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。 1材料與方法 1.1藥品與試劑SO(大連美侖生物技術(shù)有限公司),SF(天津大學(xué)合成),DMEM培養(yǎng)基 Hyclone(美國(guó)Thermo公司),小牛血清Gibco、0.25%胰蛋白酶溶液(含0.02%EDTA)Gibco(InvitrogenTM美國(guó)Life Technologies Corporation公司),CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8,日本Dojindo Laboratories),PBS(美國(guó)賽默飛世爾科技公司),二甲基亞砜 (DMSO,Sigma-Aldrich),0.4%臺(tái)盼藍(lán)染液(trypan blue)[研域(上海)化學(xué)試劑有限公司]。AnnexinV-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡試劑盒(美國(guó)BD公司)。 1.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2在添加10%小牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基中于37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下連續(xù)培養(yǎng);每2~3 d傳代。所用細(xì)胞均為20代以內(nèi)。 1.3藥物配制精密稱取SF 18.32 mg,溶解于10 ml水中,配制為10 mmol/L SF水溶液。精密稱取SO 318.5 mg,溶解于5 ml DMSO溶劑中,配成100 mmol/L SO溶液,用聚氧乙烯蓖麻油、無水乙醇以1∶1比例稀釋4倍。-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p> 1.4實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 1.4.1CCK-8法檢測(cè)SO與SF對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的殺傷活性取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的HepG2細(xì)胞,以每孔3 000個(gè)的密度接種于96孔板中,接種好的細(xì)胞于37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下培養(yǎng)12 h,讓細(xì)胞貼壁。實(shí)驗(yàn)分為空白組、未處理組和藥物處理組。進(jìn)一步用添加10%小牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基稀釋SO與SF至500 μmol/L,進(jìn)而以3倍比例稀釋,共9個(gè)濃度,每組設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。于37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下藥物作用48 h,加入10%CCK-8培養(yǎng)液,孵育2 h后,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定在450 nm處的吸光度值(A)。計(jì)算細(xì)胞存活率(CV)∶CV(%)=(實(shí)驗(yàn)組A-空白組A)/(未處理組A-空白組A)×100%,Graphpad6.0計(jì)算半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。 1.4.2CCK-8法檢測(cè)SO聯(lián)合SF對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的殺傷作用細(xì)胞接種方法及分組同“1.4.1”。藥物處理組包括單獨(dú)SO、SF組以及不同比例SO與SF聯(lián)合組。選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為單獨(dú)SO或SF濃度殺傷范圍涵蓋5%~95%,選擇單獨(dú)SO和SF最高濃度分別為20、40 μmol/L,2倍比例稀釋6個(gè)濃度;SO與SF聯(lián)合組選取摩爾比20∶1、10∶1、5∶1、1∶1、1∶5、1∶10、1∶20 7個(gè)比例,且最高濃度比分別為800∶40、400∶40、200∶40、100∶100、40∶200、40∶400、40∶800,3倍比例稀釋,分6個(gè)濃度,每個(gè)濃度設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔,使得混合比例中單獨(dú)的SO或者SF濃度殺傷范圍也能夠涵蓋5%~95%。藥物作用72 h后,使用CCK-8法檢測(cè)450 nm處A值,并計(jì)算其存活率及殺傷效力Fa,F(xiàn)a=1-CV,使用Compusyn1.0計(jì)算協(xié)同指數(shù)(CI)。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。 1.4.3平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)協(xié)同拮抗及相加比例下的克隆形成數(shù)進(jìn)一步使用平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)協(xié)同、拮抗以及相加比例進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。取對(duì)數(shù)期1×105個(gè)/ml HepG2細(xì)胞接種于12孔板,同樣在37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下培養(yǎng)12 h讓細(xì)胞貼壁。實(shí)驗(yàn)分空白組和藥物處理組。藥物處理組包括單獨(dú)SO、SF組,以及不同比例藥物處理組。藥物作用48 h后,棄去藥物,用PBS洗2遍,0.25%胰酶消化后吹打成單個(gè)懸浮細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)板計(jì)數(shù),逐級(jí)稀釋,按照200個(gè)/ml、每孔2 ml接種于6孔板中,每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)在37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下培養(yǎng)。每4 d換液,10 d后,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)肉眼可見克隆時(shí)終止培養(yǎng),棄去培養(yǎng)基,用PBS清洗,1%結(jié)晶紫染色20 min,PBS洗2遍,拍照,顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)。 1.4.4AnnexinV/PI檢測(cè)協(xié)同拮抗及相加比例下的細(xì)胞凋亡采用 FITC-Annexin V和碘化丙啶試劑分析各藥物處理組細(xì)胞的凋亡。對(duì)數(shù)期2×105個(gè)/ml HepG2細(xì)胞接種于6孔板, 在37 ℃、5% CO2的條件下培養(yǎng)12 h讓細(xì)胞貼壁。實(shí)驗(yàn)分組同“1.4.3”,每組2個(gè)復(fù)孔。藥物作用48 h后,保留上清液,使用不含EDTA 0.25%胰酶消化細(xì)胞,PBS洗2遍,加入500 μl結(jié)合液,加入5 μl Annexin V-FITC與5 μl碘化丙啶,輕輕混勻。室溫(20~25 ℃)避光孵育10 min。待孵育結(jié)束后入流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。 2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 2.1SO與SF單獨(dú)殺傷HepG2細(xì)胞0.076~500 μmol/L的SO和SF 對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的抑制呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴效應(yīng), 即隨著藥物濃度增加,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制效應(yīng)也增強(qiáng)(圖1)。SO和SF對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞作用48 h的半數(shù)抑制濃度IC50分別為(8.105±3.098)、(20.93±3.083) μmol/L。 圖1 SO與SF單獨(dú)對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞 HepG2的細(xì)胞存活率(n=3, ±s,%) 2.2SO與SF協(xié)同殺傷HepG2細(xì)胞通過比較不同比例下不同濃度的SO和SF對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的抑制率以及協(xié)同指數(shù)CI值來評(píng)價(jià)兩藥的協(xié)同效果。當(dāng)CI>1.1、0.9 圖2 SO與SF聯(lián)合治療對(duì)HepG2 肝癌細(xì)胞的殺傷作用(n=3, ±s) 2.3平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證SO與SF協(xié)同殺傷效果分別選取SO∶SF協(xié)同、相加、拮抗比例5∶1、10∶1、1∶1,對(duì)不同比例下不同濃度的協(xié)同、相加、拮抗作用進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)SO∶SF在5∶1協(xié)同比例下(圖3G組)其克隆形成數(shù)(14.66±4.08)與單獨(dú)使用SO(24.0±3.60)或SF(25.7±1.57)相比具有顯著性差異,P<0.01;并且協(xié)同比例下克隆形成數(shù)(14.66±4.08)也明顯低于拮抗比例1∶1(圖3H組)克隆形成數(shù)(31.33±5.16),P<0.01;10∶1(圖3F組)相加比例下克隆形成數(shù)(24.67±3.52)與單獨(dú)使用SO或SF無顯著性差異,P>0.05,結(jié)果均在預(yù)期范圍之內(nèi)(圖 3)。 圖3 SO與SF單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合作用對(duì)HepG2 細(xì)胞克隆形成數(shù)的影響 ( *P<0.05, **P<0.01,與B組比較, △△P<0.01,與G組比較,n=3);A.空白組;B.SO 4 μmol/L;C.SF 4 μmol/L;D.SF 0.8 μmol/L;E.SF 0.4 μmol/L;F.SO (4 μmol/L)+ SF(0.4 μmol/L);G.SO (4μmol/L)+SF(0.8 μmol/L); H.SO(4 μmol/L)+SF(4 μmol/L) 2.4SO與SF協(xié)同比例下促進(jìn)HepG2細(xì)胞的凋亡SO與SF主要抑制HepG2細(xì)胞早期凋亡。如表1所示,未經(jīng)任何藥物處理的細(xì)胞,早期以及晚期凋亡的細(xì)胞總量不到 10% (8.44%±1.75%),且在協(xié)同比例5∶1時(shí),SO與SF濃度分別是8、1.6 μmol/L時(shí)其早期凋亡率(18.9±3.87)%明顯高于拮抗比例1∶1,兩藥濃度分別是8、8 μmol/L時(shí)的早期凋亡率(4.76±0.06)%;且協(xié)同、拮抗比例組的早期凋亡率分別為(18.9±3.87)%、(4.76±0.06)%,與單獨(dú)SO組(5.31±1.86)%相比,P<0.01,但相加比例組的早期凋亡率(12.9±2.73)%與單獨(dú)SO組(5.31±1.86)%相比也有顯著性差異(P<0.01)。 **P<0.01,與SO=8 μmol/L組比較 3討論 SO聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑[9]、5-FU和甲酰四氫葉酸[10]、阿霉素[11]、多烯紫杉醇[12]、紫杉醇和卡鉑[13]等藥,在一些Ⅰ、Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)中顯示出良好的抗腫瘤活性。從機(jī)制上講,SO一方面抑制了由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)的VEGF-2和VEGF-3,另一方面抑制了PDGFR-β、FLT3、Ret及c-Kit[14,15],從而具有抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和阻斷血管生成的雙重作用。 SF的化學(xué)預(yù)防腫瘤效果通過阻斷作用和抑制作用兩方面進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[16]。阻斷作用表現(xiàn)在SF 通過抑制Ⅰ期新陳代謝酶來抑制致癌前物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹掳┪?,并誘導(dǎo)Ⅱ期新陳代謝酶促進(jìn)致癌物的排泄。而SF 的抑制作用在于誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和與細(xì)胞周期停滯相關(guān)的分子,包括Bcl-2 蛋白家族、caspases、P21,細(xì)胞周期蛋白(cyclins)以及細(xì)胞周期蛋白激酶[17]。此外,SF可以通過下調(diào)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)(HIF-1低氧誘導(dǎo)性因子-1)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9來抑制血管生成和腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。 抗腫瘤藥物的聯(lián)合作用是協(xié)同還是拮抗取決于兩藥聯(lián)合使用的濃度與比例。有研究表明,當(dāng)喜樹堿與阿霉素以5∶1的比例同時(shí)作用于膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞時(shí),顯示出明顯的拮抗作用,而以1.5∶1比例作用時(shí)則表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同作用[18]。 本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過比較SO與SF的7種不同摩爾比,每個(gè)比例篩選6種不同濃度,利用協(xié)同指數(shù)(CI)值,篩選出對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的協(xié)同、拮抗及相加比例,并通過平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)及細(xì)胞凋亡結(jié)果對(duì)不同比例進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果表明SO與SF在5∶1比例下,其克隆形成數(shù)與誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的能力均顯著強(qiáng)于兩藥在1∶1拮抗比例下的作用效果(P<0.01)。目前還未見關(guān)于兩藥聯(lián)合作用于肝癌細(xì)胞的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。 此外,腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、 增殖、 分化和轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)是一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜、 多因素、多途徑的蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),因此針對(duì)某個(gè)單一靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行治療,往往不足以遏制腫瘤的進(jìn)展,需要聯(lián)合不同作用途徑和機(jī)制的藥物多靶點(diǎn)聯(lián)合阻斷信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)、 抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。SO與SF聯(lián)合作用的機(jī)制可能與相關(guān)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路NF-κB相關(guān),兩藥聯(lián)合作用的機(jī)制以及在體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)的作用效果還有待進(jìn)一步研究。藥物聯(lián)合的最佳應(yīng)用模式及對(duì)其他腫瘤的療效仍需大量體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)及臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步研究,爭(zhēng)取對(duì)特定的、適合的腫瘤患者實(shí)施個(gè)體化治療,以最小的經(jīng)濟(jì)代價(jià)獲得最佳的治療效果。 【參考文獻(xiàn)】 [1]Wilhelm SM,Adnane L,Newell P,etal.Preclinical over view of sorafenib,a multikinase inhibitor that targets both Raf and VEGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2008,7(10):3129 3140. 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[12]Jonge MJA, Dumez H,Kitzen JEM,etal. Phase Ⅰ safety and pharmacokinetic study of SU-014813 in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours[J].Eur J Cancer,2011,47(9):1328-1335. [13]Flaherty KT, Lee SJ, Zhao F,etal.Phase Ⅲ trial of carboplatin and paclitacel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(3):373-379. [14]Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L,etal. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(19):7099-7109. [15]Carlomagno F, Anaganti S, Guida T,etal. BAY 43-9006 inhibition of oncogenic RET mutants[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2006,98(5):326-334. [16]Clarke JD, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer by sulforaphane[J].Cancer Lett, 2008,269(2):291-304. [17]Zhang Y, Tang L. Discovery and development of sulforaphane as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2007,28(9):1343-1354. [18]Pavillard V, Kherfellah D, Richard S,etal. Effects of the combination of camptothecin and doxorubicin or etoposide on rat glioma cells and camptothecin-resistant variants[J].Br J Cancer, 2001,85(7):1077-1083. SM,Adnane L,Newell P,etal.Preclinical over view of sorafenib,a multikinase inhibitor that targets both Raf and VEGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling[J].Mol Cancer Ther,2008,7(10):3129 3140. [2]Paez-Ribes M, Allen E, Hudock J,etal. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis[J].Cancer Cell,2009,15(3):220 231. [3]Ebos JM, Lee CR, Cruz-Munoz W,etal. Accelerated metastasis after short-term treatment with a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis[J]. Cancer Cell,2009,15(3):232 239. [4]Rausch V, Lui L, Kallifatidis G,etal. Synergistic activity of sorafenib and sulforaphane abolishes pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics[J]. Cancer Res,2010,70(12):5004-5013. [5]Choi S, Lew KL, Xiao H,etal. D,L-Sulforaphane-induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells is regulated by inhibitor of apoptosis family proteins and Apaf-1[J]. Carcinogenesis,2007,28(1):151 162. [6]Xu C, Shen G, Chen C,etal. Suppression of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression by sulforaphane and PEITC through IkappaBalpha, IKK pathway in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells[J]. Oncogene,2005,24(28):4486-4495. [7]Jeong WS, Kim IW, Hu R,etal. Modulatory properties of various natural chemopreventive agents on the activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway[J]. Pharm Res,2004,21(4):661 670. [8]Tardi P, Johnstone S, Harasym N,etal.Invivomaintenance of synergistic cytarabine:daunorubicin ratios greatly enhances therapeutic efficacy[J].Leuk Res,2009,33(1):129-139. [9]Kupsch P, Henning B, Passarge K,etal. Results of a phase Ⅰ trial of sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in combination with oxaliplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors, including colorectal cancer[J]. Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2005,5(3):188-196. [10]Lee J, Kang WK, Kwon JM,etal.Phase Ⅱ trial of irinotecan plus oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin in patients with untreated metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma.[J].Ann Oncol,2007,18(1):88-92. [11]Richly H, Henning B, Kupsch P,etal. Results of a phase Ⅰ trial of sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in combination with doxorubicin in patients with refractory solid tumors[J]. Ann Oncol,2006,17(5):866 873. [12]Jonge MJA, Dumez H,Kitzen JEM,etal. Phase Ⅰ safety and pharmacokinetic study of SU-014813 in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours[J].Eur J Cancer,2011,47(9):1328-1335. [13]Flaherty KT, Lee SJ, Zhao F,etal.Phase Ⅲ trial of carboplatin and paclitacel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(3):373-379. [14]Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L,etal. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(19):7099-7109. [15]Carlomagno F, Anaganti S, Guida T,etal. BAY 43-9006 inhibition of oncogenic RET mutants[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2006,98(5):326-334. [16]Clarke JD, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer by sulforaphane[J].Cancer Lett, 2008,269(2):291-304. [17]Zhang Y, Tang L. Discovery and development of sulforaphane as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2007,28(9):1343-1354. [18]Pavillard V, Kherfellah D, Richard S,etal. Effects of the combination of camptothecin and doxorubicin or etoposide on rat glioma cells and camptothecin-resistant variants[J].Br J Cancer, 2001,85(7):1077-1083. [本文編輯]李睿旻