□鞠洪玲
過去完成時用法初探
□鞠洪玲
定義:過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,即“過去的過去”。
構成:過去完成時由“助動詞had+過去分詞”構成,其中had通用于各種人稱。如:
He had finished his homework before I went to see him.在我去看他前他就做完作業(yè)了。
They had learned ten English songs by the end of this month.到這個月底為止,他們已經(jīng)學了10首英語歌了。
1.由時間狀語來判定。
一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:
(1)by+過去的時間點。如:
I had worked out ten math problems by nine o’clock last night.到昨晚九點為止,我算出了10道數(shù)學題。
(2)by the end of+過去的時間點。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上學期末為止,我們學了兩千多個英語單詞。
(3)before+過去的時間點。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last month.上個月前,他們種了六百棵樹。
2.由“過去的過去”來判定。
過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
(1)賓語從句中
當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如:
She said that she had read the book before.她說以前讀過這本書。
He told me that he had been there before.他告訴我說以前他去過那里。
(2)狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。如:
When I got to the airport,the plane had already left.當我到達機場時,飛機已經(jīng)起飛了。
After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.他做完作業(yè)后就去睡覺了。
注意:before,after引導的時間狀語從句中,由于before和after本身已表達了動作的先后關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:
Where did you go before you came here?你在來這里之前去哪兒了?
(3)表示意向的動詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,sup?pose等,用過去完成時表示“原本……,未能……”如:
We had hoped that you would buy me a house,but you didn’t.我們是多么希望你能給我買棟房子,但是你卻沒有。
3.根據(jù)上、下文來判定。
I met Jim in the street yesterday.We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上遇見吉姆了,自從他去了北京,我們彼此就沒見過。
1.過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結束,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如:
When I woke up,he had left.我醒來時,他已經(jīng)走了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)
2.過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如:
粘液腺囊腫需要與血管瘤、早期粘液表面樣癌和粘液腺癌相區(qū)別。血管瘤是一種閉合性腔隙,受到壓力時血液進入血管,體積可縮小,色澤變淺,觸診無波動感,刺穿內(nèi)容物為血性。早期粘液表面樣癌和粘液腺癌多發(fā)生在腭、頰粘膜以及上唇等部位,通常基底與周圍組織粘連,較硬,存在實質性腫塊。粘液腺囊腫具有以下幾點特征:
He told me that he had written a new book.他告訴我說,他寫了一本新書。(had written發(fā)生在told之前)
3.過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與already,yet,still,just,before,never等時間副詞及by,before,until等引導的短語或從句連用。如:
Before she came to China,her father had taught English in a mid?dle school for about five years.在她來中國之前,她爸爸在一所中學教了大約5年的英語。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
Lily said that she hadn’t finished her homework yet.莉莉說她還沒做完作業(yè)。
4.過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如:
By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年,還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能)
雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應注意以下幾點:
1.時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強調“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強調過去某一特定的時間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.昨天10點鐘前他們到達了車站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.他們在10點鐘到達的車站。
2.在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如:
Shewasveryhappy.Herfamilywerepleasedwithher,too.She had just won the first in the composition.她很高興,她的家人也很高興,她在英語競賽中獲得第一名。
3.當兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用and或but連接時,按時間順序,只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外,在before,after,as soon as引導的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后,因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如:
He went into the room,turned on the light and read an evening pa?per.他進了房間,打開燈,讀起了晚報。
I(had)called her before I left the office.我在離開辦公室前給她打了電話。
Ⅰ.單項選擇
1.What________Jane________by the time he was seven?
A.did,do B.has,done C.did,did D.had,done
2.By the time my parents reached home yesterday,I________the dinner already.
A.had cooked B.cooked
C.have cooked D.was cooked
3.She said she________the film already.
A.has seen B.saw C.will see D.had seen
4.Jim turned off the lights and then________the classroom.
A.was left B.had left C.has left D.left
5.He________in the factory for three years before he joined the army.
A.has worked B.works
C.had worked D.will work
參考答案:1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.C