建筑設(shè)計(jì)：薩伊亞·霍爾門(mén)，延尼·雷烏特，海倫娜·桑德曼/霍爾門(mén)–雷烏特–桑德曼建筑師事務(wù)所/Ukumbi NGO

KWIECO庇護(hù)之家，莫希，坦桑尼亞

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：薩伊亞·霍爾門(mén)，延尼·雷烏特，海倫娜·桑德曼/霍爾門(mén)–雷烏特–桑德曼建筑師事務(wù)所/Ukumbi NGO

1 外景/Exterior view

乞力馬扎羅山女性信息交換和咨詢(xún)公司（KWIECO）創(chuàng)立于1987年，他們?cè)诜?、健康、社?huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題上向女性提供建議。就像非洲的其他地區(qū)一樣，乞力馬扎羅山的婦女飽受生活、自由和安全上的權(quán)利侵犯。社會(huì)和文化的價(jià)值觀允許婦女被實(shí)施暴力，而法律既不能為她們提供足夠的保護(hù)，也無(wú)法改進(jìn)那些價(jià)值觀來(lái)使她們享受基本的權(quán)利。

于是，KWIECO規(guī)劃了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目來(lái)發(fā)展他們的概念，并最終形成了庇護(hù)之家。他們和Ukumbi NGO組織合作，引進(jìn)芬蘭外交部的項(xiàng)目，并且獲得了用于一期基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和運(yùn)營(yíng)的必要資金。一期的竣工時(shí)間是2015年5月。

二期的建筑綜合體包括用于社區(qū)教育和能力建設(shè)的空間，并且為了在人權(quán)上支持KWIECO的工作和加強(qiáng)其組織的穩(wěn)定性與可靠性，還為KWIECO建造了辦公空間。KWIECO和Ukumbi NGO目前正在籌集更多資金用于啟動(dòng)二期項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)。

庇護(hù)所的建筑

庇護(hù)之家的設(shè)計(jì)尊重坦桑尼亞的文化、氣候和空間譜系，強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用本土材料、可再生能源以及當(dāng)?shù)氐娜肆图夹g(shù)資源，并且采用參與式的規(guī)劃來(lái)確保入住者與他人共享?yè)碛蟹课菟袡?quán)的感受。為了向顧客提供一個(gè)在保護(hù)和醫(yī)療上安全的環(huán)境，庇護(hù)所被置于場(chǎng)地的內(nèi)側(cè)，不過(guò)二期項(xiàng)目中會(huì)增設(shè)一個(gè)保護(hù)這些庇護(hù)所的體量。設(shè)計(jì)手段將環(huán)境影響降至最低，并且顧及當(dāng)?shù)貤l件，以及使用全部可能的資源。

戶(hù)外區(qū)域的大部分被覆以頂棚，既保證了自然通風(fēng)和建筑中空氣的自由流動(dòng)，也提供了遮陽(yáng)和避雨的場(chǎng)所。這些帶有頂棚的戶(hù)外空間被用于集會(huì)和課題討論。同時(shí)屋頂上的窗戶(hù)也幫助房間采光，可以節(jié)省白天的照明電量。玻璃磚用回收的瓶子做成，給浴室?guī)?lái)色彩斑斕的光線，營(yíng)造環(huán)境氛圍。波紋鐵板屋頂和天花板之間設(shè)有一個(gè)隔熱層，形成了屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)。一些房間中的天花板使用了香蕉葉作為材料。

庇護(hù)之家的門(mén)是在金屬框架上覆蓋竹子表皮制作而成的。大門(mén)參考了坦桑尼亞婦女的一個(gè)重要文化習(xí)慣：她們會(huì)穿一種印有簡(jiǎn)短語(yǔ)句的肯加裙子，來(lái)向朋友或客人傳遞敏感的信息。庇護(hù)之家的 “大門(mén)肯加裙”上的斯瓦西里語(yǔ)意為：“平等的權(quán)利是發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)”?！酰ㄐ翂?mèng)瑤 譯）

2 外景/Exterior view

3 總平面/Site plan

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑師/Architects: Saija Hollmén, Jenni Reuter, Helena Sandman/Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects /Ukumbi NGO

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)/Structural Engineer: Larissa and Mike Leach, GMP Engineers, Arusha, Tanzania

承建商/Contractor: Prajesh Chauhan, Rocktronic Ltd, Moshi, Tanzania

建筑面積/Floor Area: 423m2

攝影/Photos: Juha Ilonen

The Kilimanjaro Women Information Exchange and Consultancy Organization (KWIECO) was founded in 1987. It provides advice on legal, health, social and economic issues to women. Just as in the rest of Africa, women in Kilimanjaro are highly vulnerable to violations of their rights to life, liberty and security. Violence against women is tolerated by social and cultural attitudes; meanwhile the law has failed to provide adequate safeguards against violence, nor has it been able to promote attitudes conducive to women's enjoyment of their fundamental rights.

KWIECO has outlined a project to develop the concept of, and eventually found, a Shelter House. Together with Ukumbi NGO, KWIECO introduced the project to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and was awarded funds for setting up the necessary operations and infrastructure for the first phase. The completion time for the construction of the first phase is May 2015.

The second phase of the building complex includes spaces for community education and capacity building, as well as office spaces for KWIECO to support their work for human rights and to increase the stability and reliability of the organization. KWIECO and Ukumbi are currently raising funds to start the construction of the second phase of the project.

Architecture of the Shelter

The Shelter House is designed to respect the Tanzanian culture, climate and spatial hierarchy. Local materials, renewable energies, local manpower and know-how, as well as participatory planning hold great importance in ensuring the feeling of shared ownership among the people. In order to provide the clients of the Shelter with a safe environment for protection and healing, the Shelter is situated in the inner half of the plot, whereas the 2nd phase of the project will create a protecting volume for the Shelter. The design solutions are made to minimize environmental impacts, taking into account local conditions and making use of all possible resources.

Large covered open air areas allow natural ventilation and free air movement within the building, providing shade and protection from rain. Covered outdoor spaces are used for meetings and seminars. Roof windows provide daylight to the rooms, thus minimizing the need of electrical lightning during daytime. Glass tiles are made of recycled bottles to create ambiance and bring colorful light into the bathrooms. The roof structure has an insulating layer between the corrugated iron roof and the ceiling. In some rooms the ceiling is made of banana leafs.

The doors of the shelter have a metal frame with bamboo as surface material. The main gate refers to a culturally important habit among the Tanzanian women: a kanga skirt with a printed message is worn to deliver a subtle message to her friends or a guest. The Swahili words on the "kanga" of the main gate have the meaning: "Equal rights for all are the basis of development". □

4 庭院/Courtyard

5 入口/Entrance

6 平面/Floor plan

7 庭院/Courtyard

評(píng)論

青鋒：善良的意愿不一定能帶來(lái)好的建筑，這仍然有賴(lài)于對(duì)基本建筑原則的杰出闡釋。芬蘭建筑師在人情化建筑的創(chuàng)作上歷來(lái)享有盛譽(yù)，即使是在非洲，他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)仍舊卓有成效。密實(shí)的墻體用于應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)乜釤岬臍夂?，輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的回廊則環(huán)繞出令人平靜的家庭式院落。在廊子中休息的婦女與兒童展現(xiàn)出迷人的閑適與平和，這也正是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的所在。

張弘：KWIECO 住宅項(xiàng)目具有濃郁的地域特色，通過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)氐牡投诉m宜技術(shù)創(chuàng)造出舒適的建筑環(huán)境。為了應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)馗蔁岬臍夂驐l件，建筑師采用了靈活空間布局的主要策略。分散布局的封閉實(shí)體功能模塊采用地方材料以及夯土的地方建筑工藝，小面積開(kāi)窗并輔以回收玻璃瓶裝飾墻面，在起到裝飾效果的同時(shí)，很好地保證了室內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定性，而采用簡(jiǎn)易波紋板形成的室外灰空間提供了陰涼通風(fēng)的舒適環(huán)境，滿(mǎn)足居民交往、活動(dòng)的需求。

Comments

QING Feng: Good will does not necessarily create good architecture. It still needs outstanding interpretation of basic architectural principles. Finnish architects enjoy a worldwide acclaim for their humanized designs. Even in Africa, their valuable experiences are still effective. Thick walls are installed to resist the heat, while the galleries supported by light steel structure form a homelike courtyard of tranquility. Women and children sit in these galleries with a relaxed and pacific mood. It is the exact purpose of this project.

ZHANG Hong: KWIECO Shelter House has a marked vernacular character, creating a comfortable architectural environment with low-end yet adaptive local techniques. In order to respond to the hot dry climate, the architect used a flexible spatial arrangement strategy. The dispersed, enclosed functional modules use local materials and rammed earth techniques; small window openings are supplemented by wall decoration composed of recycled glass bottles, which, in addition to decorative effect, also helps to stabilize the interior climate. Meanwhile, simple corrugated plates are used to create comfortably ventilated and shaded exterior space, thus fulfilling local residents' demands for areas of public communication and activities.

KWIECO Shelter House, Moshi, Tanzania, 2015

Architects: Saija Hollmén, Jenni Reuter, Helena Sandman/Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects /Ukumbi NGO

8 外景/Exterior view

9 外景/Exterior view

10 剖面/Section

11 南立面/South elevation

12 立面細(xì)部/Details on the facade