建筑設計：H建筑事務所 + DATAAE建筑事務所

學生公寓，圣庫加特·德爾·瓦萊斯，巴塞羅那，西班牙

建筑設計：H建筑事務所 + DATAAE建筑事務所

1 局部立面/Partial elevation

這棟新建的學生公寓與巴塞羅那瓦萊斯高等建筑技術學院校區(qū)的基地一致，都位于圣庫加特·德爾·瓦萊斯的一塊低密度住宅區(qū)內。該項目由巴塞羅那瓦萊斯高等建筑技術學院和加泰羅尼亞理工大學共同組織競標，他們提出了3個雄心勃勃的挑戰(zhàn)：為建筑系學生建造一個住宅區(qū)域，符合瑞士迷你能源標準（38kWh/（m2·a）以下），采用一項新的工業(yè)施工系統(tǒng)（Compact Habit公司的工業(yè)化集成模數(shù)系統(tǒng)）。

原有地形及2條平行的體塊組織使得這棟公寓更貼近地面，且易于形成一個巨大的中央庭院，為集體生活提供起居空間。

這座建筑系學生專用公寓可以引導住戶進行深入交流，并且無論個人還是集體都得益于單元模塊的靈活，中央庭院也具有作為社會活動空間的功能。

我們的目標是盡可能少地決定單元模塊的類型，僅提供規(guī)范要求的部分，以降低對居住可能性的限制。在這個方式下，我們嘗試不完全建成這座建筑，以開啟新的可能性：我們給予建筑系學生更多自由來挪用空間，在能源效率上進行再投資以節(jié)省建材開銷，并且提供一種更身臨其境且有教學意義的建造方式。

這個工業(yè)化系統(tǒng)對于該項目的開展具有決定性意義，它明確地提出了很多關于工業(yè)過程的最優(yōu)化和合理化決定。工業(yè)化可以節(jié)省時間，更好地保證操作實施，能移植新的干燥施工系統(tǒng)，并減少施工過程中的材料浪費。這個系統(tǒng)在設計及可持續(xù)性中是一個很大的機會。

施工時間按照以下階段發(fā)展。2個月：基地作業(yè)（地基、下水系統(tǒng)、整體安裝等）；2個月：在加工車間制造單元模塊；2周：運輸單元模塊并在基地裝配；3個月：整體完成（屋頂、立面細節(jié)、城市化等）。

這種“未完成”的建筑思想對于建筑材料的結局具有決定性的影響。由于初期的混凝土模塊大部分都是裸露的，因此能夠得益于它的可塑性、紋理及熱慣性。僅有的室內裝飾成品來自常被用于制作混凝土模板的膠合板，其優(yōu)勢在于這種接頭材料可更新且干燥，因此也沒必要徹底完成室內裝飾。安裝過程是公開的，可能在某種方式上也完成了教學。立面技術采用一種輕型且可逆的干燥施工方法，在絕熱的厚壁上覆蓋一層透氣防水的薄膜，形成占主導地位的通風立面系統(tǒng)。由于這種方法可以節(jié)約能耗經費，現(xiàn)已被投資于一項能效改進工程（更隔熱、更優(yōu)質的玻璃、木窗框等）。

一些工業(yè)化系統(tǒng)比傳統(tǒng)施工（在能源消耗、廢渣廢料及CO2的產生方面）更加環(huán)保。但這個項目使用一種封閉生命循環(huán)的材料準則（材料用量小的服務單元、可循環(huán)利用的材料、干燥可逆的接頭、更耐久的結構），經證實可以顯著減小對環(huán)境的影響：該項目在制造階段減少排放CO225%，在裝配階段減少排放廢物廢渣50%，在拆解階段減少材料浪費75%。

一旦建筑達到使用壽命就可以將其完全拆解，混凝土模塊以及幾乎全部的零件和系統(tǒng)都可以被再利用。于是這個建筑將不再是產品，而是重新成為資源?？裳h(huán)與再利用過程是這種模塊系統(tǒng)最強有力的概念。沒有固定或完全拆卸的關節(jié)，這種裝配系統(tǒng)使我們能夠暢想可循環(huán)混凝土模塊被用于其他建筑及環(huán)境的未來圖景。

這個項目并不試圖表達一種工業(yè)模塊系統(tǒng)，而是把模塊邏輯優(yōu)化并融合于技術性與適居性的一種混合式思維?！酰ㄐ翂衄?譯）

2 外景/Exterior view

3 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: UTE d'Aro Compact-Habit Campus de Sant Cugat主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 大衛(wèi)·洛倫特·伊瓦涅斯，何塞普·里卡特·烏利德莫林斯，澤維爾·羅斯·馬霍，羅杰·圖多·加利/H建筑事務所+克勞迪·阿吉洛，阿爾伯特·多明戈/DATAAE建筑事務所/David Lorente Ibá?ez, Josep Ricart Ulldemolins, Xavier Ros Majó, Roger Tudó Galí/H ARQUITECTES+ Claudi Aguiló, Albert Domingo/DATAAE

合作者/Collaborators: Toni Jiménez, Montse Fornés, Anna Tamayo (H ARQUITECTES); Anne Hinz, Letizia Dipasquale, Catarina Marques (DATAAE)

設計團隊/Project Team: Societat Orgànica (環(huán)境/ consultoria ambiental), DSM arquitectes (結構/estructura), àBAC enginyers (設備/instal·lacions)

建筑面積/Floor Area: 3101m2

設計時間/Design Period: 2009-2010

建造時間/Construction Period: 2010-2011

攝影/Photos: Adrià Goula

4-8 內景/Interior view

The new dwelling house for students is placed in the same plot as the University of Architecture (ETSAV), in a low density residential area in Sant Cugat del Vallès. The competition, organized by the ETSAV and the UPC, considered three ambitious challenges: to build a housing area for architecture students, to comply with the Swiss energetic certification Minergie (below 38 kwh/m2a) and to use a new system of industrialized construction (EMI System by Compact Habit).

The existing topography and its own double parallel block organization allows dwelling to be closer to the ground level and to favour a big central atrium, where, as a living room, the community life will take place.

The residency program for architecture students allows for imagination of deep relationships between users, both individual, due to the housing unit flexibility, and collective, thanks to the potential use of the central atrium as a social event space.

Our proposal tries to determine as little as possible the unit typology bordering the habitability limits and only offer those elements required by regulation. In this way we try not to completely finish the housing, opening new fields of opportunity: more freedom in the students' appropriation of the space, material cost saving in finishing reinvested in energy efficiency, and a more real and pedagogical expression of construction.

The use of an industrialized system has been decisive for the project development and it has positively conditioned many decisions related to optimization and rationalism of the industrial process. Industrialization helps to save time, to guarantee a better execution control, to implant new dry construction systems and to minimize the production of waste materials during the construction process. It was a great opportunity in design and sustainability terms.

The construction time was developed in the next stages: 2 months of on-site works (foundations, sewage, general installations…), 2 months of units manufacturing in workshop, 2 weeks of transporting and assembling the units on site, and 3 months of general finishing (roof top, fa?ade details, urbanization…)

The idea of a 'none finished' building has a decisive influence on the material result of the building. The original concrete module appears mostly naked, taking positive profit of its materiality, texture and thermal inertia. The few interior finishings added are mainly formed by plywood panels often used for the concrete framework, which have the advantage of being a renewable and dry joint material and with no finishing need. Installations are exposed, when possible, as a way to implement teaching. The fa?ade technology uses a dry construction logic, light and reversible, which are predominated by a ventilated facade system and an important thermal isolation combining thickness with a breathable and watertight membrane. The economic savings achieved by using this kind of material have been invested in energy efficiency improvements (more isolation, better glazing, wooden windows...).

Some of the industrialized systems have a greater environmental impact (energy consumption, generation of waste materials and CO2emissions) than conventional construction. But in this case, using a closed life-cycle materials criteria (less material used by service unit, recycled and recyclable materials, dry and reversible joints, more durability of the structure, etc.), a significantly lower environmental impact has been verified: this project saves up to 25% CO2emissions in manufacturing process, 50% waste materials in the assembly stage and 75% waste materials in the deconstruction stage.

Once the lifetime of the building is over it could be completely disassembled, concrete modules as well as almost all elements and systems could be reused, and the building will no longer be a product, but to become a resource once again. Possibly, recyclable and reuse processes are the strongest concept of the modular system. Its assembly system, without rigid or completely disassembled joints, allows us to imagine a future reuse of the concrete module in other buildings and situations.

The project does not try to show an industrial modular system, but to optimize and integrate a modular logic within a technology and habitability collage.□

10 水消耗/Water consumption

11 材料與廢物/Materials and waste

12 生命周期/Life cycle

13 外景/Exterior view

評論

丁力揚：這是一個貌似簡單直白的建筑，但它實際上不僅蘊含模數(shù)化的設計思路，還呈現(xiàn)出一種有趣的復雜性。具體來說，從模數(shù)化的角度來看，這個建筑中的每個宿舍空間具有上下雙層樓板和左右雙層隔墻，意味著每一個宿舍房間本身就是一個完整的結構單元。模數(shù)化構件的使用貫徹到了從建筑到景觀鋪裝的不同區(qū)域。除了模數(shù)化和工業(yè)預制，建筑師對“未完成”思路的貫徹，也為這座學生公寓帶來了增加復雜性的可能。首先，這種復雜性不僅來自設計師的構想，同時也來自學生們在使用時的實際操作，具體說，就是學生們對房間內部功能格局的自由調整。其次，建筑立面通過增加垂直綠化和附著的鐵絲網所創(chuàng)造的界面，加厚了建筑的“墻體”，也隨之將建筑與環(huán)境兩者之間看似常規(guī)的關系變得不那么簡單。美中不足的是，中庭里的兩組清水混凝土樓梯略顯“粗暴”，和其他部分看似隨意、實則微妙的材料應用比起來，并不太協(xié)調，尤其不如有意暴露的設備管道以及鍍鋅鋼板的局部應用來得匠心獨到。

姜涌：乍看以為是一個集裝箱或者某種工業(yè)化制品廢料堆積而成的建筑，細看才知道是刻意未完成狀態(tài)的、預制清水混凝土的學生宿舍。簡單而堅硬的外殼和設施、柔性的綠化和內院、奢侈的空間尺度為生活提供了最大的可能和最小的干擾：超過4m的面寬、3m左右的廚房臺面和衛(wèi)生間、可供一人獨居的極簡生活。唯一遺憾的是，空間和設施的固定無法提供給居住者更多的可能。

Comments

DING Liyang: This project seems very simple at first, yet it actually displays an architectural modular philosophy with a significant level of complexity. Specifically, regarding the modular design strategy, each dorm unit is composed of double floor slabs and double partition walls, which implies that each individual dorm room is a self-complete structural unit. Modular components are also applied to various aspects of the whole project from construction to landscaping. Apart from modular design and prefabrication, the implementation of the architect's "incompleteness" concept also adds to the project's complexity. Moreover, students who literally inhabit this dorm building also contribute to its complexity through free adaptation of the interior functional layout. On the other hand, vertical landscape on the exterior fa?ade helps to thicken the wall, an approach that renders more complex the seemingly ordinary relationship between architecture and nature. The only defect, in my opinion, consists in the treatment of the courtyard staircases, which seems a little rough as compared to the delicate treatment of other materials and elements, in particular the intentionally exposed wall pipes and galvanized steel plates.

JIANG Yong: on the first sight, it may easily be mistaken for a container or a building piled up with some sort of industrial wastes. Only on closer look can one realize that it is a student dorm built of precast concrete and deliberately left in an unfinished status. Simple yet firm shells and facilities, courtyard with soft greening, and luxurious spacial scale, all provide maximum living potential and minimum disturbance: the 4-meterwide room, the 3-meter kitchen counter and toilets are designed for the simplistic life of individual student. The only pity lies in the immobility of spaces and facilities, which failed to provide more possibilities for the inhabitants.

Student Housing, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain, 2011

Architects: H ARQUITECTES + DATAAE

14 外景/Exterior view

18 細部/Detail

15 單元剖面/Unit section

16 單元平面/Unit plan

17 單元示意/Unit diagram