2008北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)柔道、跆拳道比賽館（北京科技大學(xué)體育館），北京，中國

Judo & Taekwondo Venue of 2008 Beijing Olympics Games (USTB Gymnasium), Beijing, China, 2007

2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)北京柔道、跆拳道比賽館（北京科技大學(xué)體育館）作為北京2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)的主要比賽場(chǎng)館之一，在奧運(yùn)期間，承擔(dān)奧運(yùn)會(huì)柔道、跆拳道比賽，在殘奧會(huì)期間作為輪椅籃球、輪椅橄欖球比賽場(chǎng)地。工程由主體育館和一個(gè)50m×25m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)游泳池構(gòu)成，總建筑面積24,662.32m2。該項(xiàng)目不僅是為奧運(yùn)柔道跆拳道比賽所設(shè)計(jì)，而且將建設(shè)在大學(xué)校園里，如何應(yīng)對(duì)奧運(yùn)和校園的功能轉(zhuǎn)換、特殊的地理人文環(huán)境、校園的場(chǎng)所特點(diǎn)、管理和運(yùn)營的校園化特征是我們面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)。因此，這是一個(gè)特殊的項(xiàng)目，建筑師在前期進(jìn)行了充分的策劃調(diào)研。

比賽區(qū)場(chǎng)地

主體育館比賽區(qū)場(chǎng)地為60m×40m。該尺寸大小系奧運(yùn)大綱中對(duì)柔道、跆拳道比賽要求的場(chǎng)地尺寸。這一尺寸也恰好滿足賽后布置3塊籃球場(chǎng)的基本要求，可以充分地滿足賽后體育館內(nèi)的教學(xué)、訓(xùn)練和健身的需要。在一般高校的綜合體育館里這樣大尺寸的場(chǎng)地是不多見的。其原因就是大場(chǎng)地會(huì)造成環(huán)繞場(chǎng)地坐席排布的分散，觀眾廳空間加大，而且會(huì)造成在小場(chǎng)地比賽項(xiàng)目時(shí)視距過遠(yuǎn)。滿足奧運(yùn)比賽要求和追求盡量大的內(nèi)場(chǎng)以滿足賽后多塊籃球（甚至手球）場(chǎng)地的布置與賽后小場(chǎng)地比賽的觀演形成了矛盾。解決這一矛盾的方法就是在內(nèi)場(chǎng)設(shè)置活動(dòng)看臺(tái)。

固定看臺(tái)、臨時(shí)看臺(tái)、活動(dòng)看臺(tái)

根據(jù)奧運(yùn)大綱的要求，柔道、跆拳道館的坐席數(shù)量必須達(dá)到8000座。但根據(jù)我們的設(shè)計(jì)理念，通過考察我國高校普通場(chǎng)館的規(guī)模和使用特征，坐席數(shù)量一般設(shè)為5000席。因此,立足學(xué)校長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的使用要求，永久席位應(yīng)以5000席為宜，另設(shè)3000席為臨時(shí)坐席，賽后拆除。

由于本館內(nèi)場(chǎng)比賽區(qū)尺寸較大，如果5000個(gè)固定席圍繞場(chǎng)地布置，3000個(gè)臨時(shí)席又無法布置在比賽區(qū)內(nèi)，賽后勢(shì)必造成內(nèi)場(chǎng)空曠、視距過遠(yuǎn)和空間浪費(fèi)。所以，我們以學(xué)校實(shí)際使用情況出發(fā)，將3000個(gè)左右的臨時(shí)席以腳手架搭建方式集中設(shè)在南北固定席之后的兩塊方整的平臺(tái)上，賽后拆除座椅，可留下完整的兩塊場(chǎng)地。在比賽內(nèi)場(chǎng)沿四邊設(shè)置了1000個(gè)左右活動(dòng)坐席，賽中及賽后教學(xué)訓(xùn)練時(shí)可以靠墻收入不影響內(nèi)場(chǎng)的使用。

所以，最終設(shè)計(jì)觀眾坐席8012個(gè)，其中觀眾固定坐席4080個(gè)，租用3932席臨時(shí)看臺(tái)，滿足奧運(yùn)會(huì)柔道、跆拳道比賽及殘奧會(huì)輪椅橄欖球、輪椅籃球比賽的要求。奧運(yùn)會(huì)后，臨時(shí)看臺(tái)拆除，內(nèi)場(chǎng)設(shè)有1230席活動(dòng)看臺(tái)，可以自由收放，總體可達(dá)5050標(biāo)準(zhǔn)席，可承擔(dān)重大賽事（如殘奧會(huì)盲人柔道、盲人門球比賽、世界柔道、跆拳道錦標(biāo)賽），承辦國內(nèi)柔道、跆拳道賽事，舉辦學(xué)校室內(nèi)體育比賽、教學(xué)、訓(xùn)練、健身、會(huì)議及文藝演出等活動(dòng)，成為校內(nèi)游泳教學(xué)、訓(xùn)練中心及水上運(yùn)動(dòng)、娛樂活動(dòng)的場(chǎng)所。

賽中熱身館與賽后游泳館

在項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)開始，該館就設(shè)計(jì)有50m×25m的游泳館, 包含10條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泳道。同樣，我們立足學(xué)校長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)使用，游泳館的設(shè)計(jì)與主館緊密結(jié)合，運(yùn)動(dòng)員區(qū)與淋浴更衣區(qū)緊湊布局，考慮師生的教學(xué)和對(duì)外開放，設(shè)有足夠的更衣與淋浴空間。配合教學(xué)上課，設(shè)有寬敞的陸上訓(xùn)練和活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地，并且在泳池邊陸上場(chǎng)地設(shè)置了地板輻射采暖，為賽后學(xué)生和教師使用提供了人性化的設(shè)計(jì)。

賽中，游泳池被加上臨時(shí)蓋板，作為柔道、跆拳道熱身場(chǎng)地。由于游泳館與主館的緊湊布局，使泳池改造的熱身場(chǎng)地與比賽場(chǎng)距離很近，聯(lián)系極為方便和順暢，很好地貫徹了設(shè)計(jì)理念。

賽中功能定位與賽后功能轉(zhuǎn)換

在設(shè)計(jì)中，我們以賽后長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)使用為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，充分考慮賽后功能的轉(zhuǎn)換。

考慮賽后體育館所處的學(xué)校體育運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)能更大限度地為師生提供運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)地，總平面設(shè)計(jì)中盡量集中緊湊布局，力求在立面創(chuàng)新、符合場(chǎng)所精神的前提下，選取體形系數(shù)較小的單體造型，盡量節(jié)約用地，空出場(chǎng)地為賽后師生教學(xué)、鍛煉健身使用。將體育館南北兩側(cè)的健身綠化場(chǎng)地在賽時(shí)設(shè)為運(yùn)動(dòng)員、媒體及貴賓停車場(chǎng)，東側(cè)沿主軸線設(shè)計(jì)成五環(huán)廣場(chǎng)，賽后結(jié)合校園道路形成有紀(jì)念意義的永久性體育文化廣場(chǎng)，五環(huán)廣場(chǎng)南北側(cè)的投擲場(chǎng)和籃球、網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)賽時(shí)作為BOB媒體專用場(chǎng)地。

館內(nèi)各空間賽時(shí)賽后功能轉(zhuǎn)換如下：

新聞發(fā)布廳——舞蹈教室

分新聞中心——學(xué)生活動(dòng)中心

貴賓餐廳——展覽休憩

單項(xiàng)聯(lián)合會(huì)辦公——體育教研組

運(yùn)動(dòng)員休息檢錄——學(xué)生健身中心（賽時(shí)熱身場(chǎng)地）

賽時(shí)熱身及競(jìng)委會(huì)——標(biāo)準(zhǔn)游泳池

興奮劑檢查站——按摩理療房

裁判員更衣室——健身中心更衣室

貴賓休息室——咖啡廳

臨時(shí)觀眾席——籃球練習(xí)館（或其他球類練習(xí)館）

此外，在設(shè)計(jì)中貫徹的東西立面以實(shí)墻為主、南北主入口結(jié)合二層休息平臺(tái)、方便拆卸的腳手架式的臨時(shí)坐席系統(tǒng)、光導(dǎo)管自然采光系統(tǒng)、多功能集會(huì)演出系統(tǒng)、太陽能熱水補(bǔ)水系統(tǒng)、游泳池地?zé)岵膳到y(tǒng)等設(shè)計(jì)策略的實(shí)施都實(shí)現(xiàn)了當(dāng)初“立足學(xué)校長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)使用，滿足奧運(yùn)會(huì)比賽要求”的設(shè)計(jì)理念?！?/p>

1.2 設(shè)計(jì)草圖/Sketch

3 外景/Exterior view

4 鳥瞰/Bird's eye view

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Principal in Charge: 莊惟敏/ZHUANG Weimin

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 莊惟敏，栗鐵，任曉東，梁增賢，董根泉等/ZHUANG Weimin, Ll Tie, REN Xiaodong, LIANG Zengxian, DONG Genquan, et al.

基底面積/Building Area: 23,800m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 24,662m2（地上/Aboveground, 22,060m2，地下/Underground, 2602m2）

檐口高度/Height of Eaves: 體育館/Main Stadium, 23.75m;

游泳館/Swimming Stadium, 13.14m

座席數(shù)/the Number of Seats:

賽時(shí)/ Olympic period: 8012個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)席（固定座席/Fixed seats, 4080個(gè)；臨時(shí)座席/Temporary seats: 3932個(gè)）

賽后/Post-Olympic period: 5050個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)席（固定座席/ Fixed seats, 3820個(gè)；活動(dòng)座席/Moveable seats, 1230個(gè)）

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2004.11-2005.9

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2007.11

攝影/Photos: 張廣源/ZHANG Guangyuan

Serving as one of the primary competition venues of the 29th summer Olympic Games, the 2008 Beijing Olympics Judo & Taekwondo facility (USTB Gymnasium) successfully hosted judo and taekwondo games during the Olympics, as well as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby games during the subsequent Paralympics. The building, consisting of a main arena and a Olympic-sized swimming pool (measured 50m long and 25m wide), has a gross floor area of 24,662.32 square meters. As it is located on a campus, it was designed not only for the games, but for future utilization by the university as well. As a result, the architect conducted investigations in order to ensure a functional transition between Olympic use and post-Olympic use, and to analyze the special geographic, social, and campus characteristics of the project’s genius-loci, management, and operation.

Competition zone courts

the dimensions of the competition area in the main arena were 60m x 40m, which was required by the IOC’s official guidelines for judo and taekwondo games. These requirements can also accommodate three basketball courts for post-Olympic usage by the university. Large competition areas such as this are not frequently found in many universities, as they often result in the dispersal of seating areas and expansion of audience hall, as well as excess of proper visual distance in the smaller-court games. The large-scale competition area, which was designed to be as large as possible as to fulfill Olympic requirements, obviously contradicts with multiple, comparably smaller-scale basketball (or handball) courts planned post-Olympics because of the visual distances involved. To solve this issue, moveable stands have been employed.

Permanent stands, temporary stands, and moveable stands

According to the IOC's guidelines, the number of seats in a judo & taekwondo arenas should be at least 8000. A capacity of 5000 was identified in the design concept, based on a precedent study of the scale and features of Chinese university arenas. therefore, based on future requirements of campus usage, 5000 permanent seats were planned to be installed. However, in order to meet IOC requirements, at least 3000 temporary seats needed to added for the Olympics.

If all of the 5000 permanent seats were to be placed fronting the competition zone, then the 3000 temporary seats typically would be located along the inner edges of the competition zone. this could have led to a void inner zone after the Olympics, with an excess of visual distance and waste of space due to the requirements of the competition areas. Therefore, the 3000 temporary seats were built on scaffolds on two platforms behind the northern and southern permanent seats, and will be removed to make room for two courts after the Olympics and Paralympic games. In addition, 1000 moveable seats were placed along four walls of the competition zone, which can be folded into the wall so as not to obstruct events during and after the Olympics.

As a result, the final designed number of seats was fixed at 8012, of which 4080 are permanent, 3932 were temporarily rented (fulfilling all requirements of judo and taekwondo games during the Olympics, as well as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby games during the Paralympics), and 1230 are moveable. After the Olympics, the total number of permanent seats will be 5050, adequate for larger-scale sporting events, such as blind judo, goalball, international and domestic judo and taekwondo championships, campus sporting events, meetings, performances, as well asswimming and other types of recreation.

5 總平面/Site plan

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

7 外景/Exterior view

Warm-up gymnasium during Olympics & swimming pool after Olympics

The design also includes a standard ten-track swimming pool, measuring 50m long and 25m wide. the pool, located beside the main arena, takes future usage into consideration as well. the athlete areas and locker rooms have a compact layout, still providing sufficient locker space for teaching and public usage. For teaching purposes, there is a wide training court alongside the pool, as well as is an infloor radiant heating system surrounding the pool for the comfort of teachers and students.

During the Olympics, the swimming pool was capped with a temporary slab, which served as a warm-up zone for the judo and taekwondo events. It was especially convenient for the athletes to go back and forth between the warm-up zone and the adjacent competition zone, and this was a welcome and tangible result of the general design concept.

Function programming during Olympics and functional transition after Olympics

Post-Olympic reuse was highly considered in the design, based on the future usage and development of the building. In order to save land and create more space athletic spaces within the sports zone of the university campus, the building's plan has a compact layout. Based on the genius-loci of the site and innovations in the building's elevation, a simple volume with a small shape coefficient was selected, which makes the building space-efficient and energy-efficient. After the Olympics, parking lots for athletes, media staff and VIPs on the north and south side of the building have been turned into athletic areas, and the previous Olympic plaza on the east side, consistent with the campus axis and road network, has been transformed into a permanent cultural square that has a monumental significance. In addition, previous BOB media areas on the north and south side of the Olympic square have been converted into throwing sports, basketball and tennis courts.

The Olympic and post-Olympic use of interior spaces include:

Former news release hall—dancing classroom;

Former news sub-center—students activity center;

Former VIP dining room—exhibition space;

Former office for sport association—office for PE class teaching crew;

Former athletes' registration room—students' exercise center (warm-up zone);

Former warm-up zone and competition committee—standard swimming pool;

Former doping-check room—physical therapy room;

Former locker room for referee—locker room for Gymnasium;

Former VIP lounge—cafe;

Former temporary seats—basketball (or other ball sports) court.

In addition, some other details also vividly demonstrate the design concept of "fulfilling Olympic requirements and adapting to future longterm usage of the university", including east and west elevations which are primarily solid walls, public platforms on the second floor near the north and south entrances, the scaffold-like moveable temporary seating system, natural light conduit systems, multi-functional performance systems, a solar water-heating system, a floor radiation heating system around the swimming pool, etc.□

評(píng)論

鄭方：1996年我從建筑學(xué)院畢業(yè)到設(shè)計(jì)院工作，不久就有幸跟隨莊惟敏老師設(shè)計(jì)清華大學(xué)綜合體育中心。當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有明確的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書，但莊老師已經(jīng)對(duì)大學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館進(jìn)行了清晰準(zhǔn)確的定位。這一成功的定位已經(jīng)在豐富多采的校園生活中得到時(shí)間的驗(yàn)證（后來我再師從莊老師修讀博士學(xué)位，畢業(yè)典禮也恰好就在那個(gè)體育館中舉行）。這些理念在2004年北京科技大學(xué)體育館的設(shè)計(jì)中再次被驗(yàn)證。莊老師以“是奧運(yùn)的，更是校園的”定義這一場(chǎng)館的性質(zhì)，在功能計(jì)劃、能源策略和技術(shù)選擇上達(dá)到完美的統(tǒng)一。這個(gè)體育館和同為2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)建設(shè)的北大體育館、北工大體育館一起，定義了我國大學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館的綜合性多功能校園場(chǎng)所的基本模式，亦為之后的大學(xué)場(chǎng)館建設(shè)樹立了典范，相信會(huì)在將來很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間塑造校園公共生活的方式。

實(shí)際上，我國體育場(chǎng)館的建設(shè)一向缺乏準(zhǔn)確清晰的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書，從功能使用到技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、運(yùn)行策略都相當(dāng)模糊。因此，建筑師需要同時(shí)擔(dān)當(dāng)建筑策劃、設(shè)計(jì)甚至運(yùn)行顧問的職責(zé)。北京科技大學(xué)體育館不僅建立了適合校園生活的運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)地和游泳池，而且包含固定、臨時(shí)和活動(dòng)坐席的多樣化看臺(tái)，更以可持續(xù)策略為場(chǎng)館引進(jìn)創(chuàng)新的光導(dǎo)管自然照明，以降低校園建筑的運(yùn)行成本，使其真正成為貼切適宜的設(shè)計(jì)。

8 入口局部/Entrance

9.10 內(nèi)景/Interior views

Comments

ZHENG Fang：After graduating from School of Architecture in 1996, I began to work at the Institute of Architectural Design. Later on, I had the honor of designing the Sports Center of Tsinghua University with prof. ZHUANG Weimin. Despite the lack of a comprehensive design brief at that time, Mr. Zhuang had a clear concept for the sports center. the success of such definition in stimulating a colorful campus life has seen testified by time (I continued my doctoral study with prof. ZHUANG and my graduation ceremony happened to take place at that very sports center). The concepts adopted by prof. ZHUANG for the Sports Center of Tsinghua University were employed again in 2004 in the design of the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) Gymnasium. In prof. ZHUANG's definition, the primary purpose of the Gymnasium is to serve the campus as well as the Olympic Games. He integrated functional planning, energy strategies and technological choices into his design. the USTB Gymnasium and two other gymnasiums built for the 2008 Summer Olympics, namely Peking University Gymnasium and Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium, became the basic model for multifunctional campus sports facilities in China. they also established a paradigm for later campus facility constructions and will help define campus community life in a long run.

In fact, the lack of clear design briefs has always been a problem in the construction of sports facilities in China. Programming, technical standards and operational strategies are all ambiguous. Therefore, architects undertaking such projects have to be adept at architectural programming, design and even operation consultation. USTB Gymnasium not only provides a playground and a swimming pool suitable for campus life, a multi-use grandstand equipped with permanent, temporary and mobile seats, but also introduces a sustainable strategy through an innovative tubular daylighting system which reduces the building's operating costs. All this has fulfilled the design purposes of the USTB Gymnasium.(English translation by Dandan WANG)

11 剖面/Section

12 觀眾入口/Audience entrance