劉建明,周友浪,馬利林,徐駿飛,章建國(guó)
Nanog與CD44在胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45球體細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)及其意義
劉建明,周友浪△,馬利林,徐駿飛,章建國(guó)
目的檢測(cè)與干細(xì)胞相關(guān)的2種因子胚胎干細(xì)胞相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(Nanog)和分化抗原簇44(CD44)在胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45懸浮球體細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。方法選擇人胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45,在含有表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)及成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),觀(guān)察球體形成情況;采用免疫印跡(Western blot)、免疫熒光與實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(qRT-PCR)檢測(cè)干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因Nanog和CD44在球體細(xì)胞及原代貼壁細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)差異。結(jié)果胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)條件下能形成懸浮球體,球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog和CD44的mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為2.34±0.22和1.18±0.04,明顯高于貼壁細(xì)胞中的Nanog和CD44的mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量1.00±0.00和1.00±0.05;球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog和CD44的蛋白質(zhì)相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.18±0.02和0.24±0.04,明顯高于貼壁細(xì)胞中的相對(duì)表達(dá)量0.07±0.02和0.18±0.01(P<0.05)。球體細(xì)胞中Nanog主要分布在細(xì)胞核周?chē)凹?xì)胞質(zhì)中,而CD44主要在細(xì)胞膜上表達(dá),且同一個(gè)球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog與CD44大多同時(shí)表達(dá)。結(jié)論胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)條件下形成的球體細(xì)胞具有腫瘤干細(xì)胞的特性。Nanog/CD44共表達(dá)細(xì)胞可能是胃癌干細(xì)胞的一種表型。
胃腫瘤;腫瘤干細(xì)胞;抗原,CD44;懸浮培養(yǎng)法;Nanog
腫瘤干細(xì)胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)是腫瘤的起源,它決定腫瘤發(fā)生進(jìn)展、治療抵抗和復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移[1-2]。針對(duì)CSC的研究,首要的任務(wù)是CSC的分離與鑒定。懸浮培養(yǎng)法是近年來(lái)用來(lái)分離CSC一種方法。Zhang等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前列腺癌細(xì)胞株在無(wú)血清的懸浮培養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中能形成腫瘤球,進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí),這些腫瘤球細(xì)胞中的CSC標(biāo)志物分化抗原簇44(cluster of differentiation 44,CD44)以及其他干性基因神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤致病基因1(Gli1),腺苷三磷酸結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體G2(ABCG2)與B細(xì)胞特異性莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒插入位點(diǎn)(Bmi-1)基因的表達(dá)水平增高。吳庭楓等[4]用神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞株,獲取其膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞球,發(fā)現(xiàn)這種膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞屬于CDl33+A2B5-亞群,高表達(dá)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體-2(VEGFR-2),具有自我更新及多向分化潛能,可參與血管擬態(tài)的形成。然而,懸浮培養(yǎng)法應(yīng)用于胃癌干細(xì)胞分離的相關(guān)報(bào)道極為罕見(jiàn)。本文采用懸浮培養(yǎng)法在胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45中分離球體細(xì)胞,并檢測(cè)其與干細(xì)胞相關(guān)的胚胎干細(xì)胞相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(ES cell associated transcripts4,Ecat4,又名Nanog)和分化抗原簇44(cluster of differentiation 44,CD44)在胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45懸浮球體細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。
1.1 材料人胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45購(gòu)自上海中科院細(xì)胞庫(kù);N-2添加劑及B-27添加劑購(gòu)自Invitrogen公司;青鏈霉素及培養(yǎng)液購(gòu)自Gibco公司;人成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子-2(basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-2,F(xiàn)GF-2)及表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(Epidermal Growth Factor,EGF)購(gòu)自Chemicon公司;Nanog、CD44抗體及電化學(xué)發(fā)光(Electro-Chemi-Luminescence,ECL)試劑購(gòu)自Santa Curz公司;4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)與4%甲醛購(gòu)自Sigma公司,Evagreen TM qPCR Master Mix購(gòu)自Biotium Inc公司;Trizol Reagent試劑盒購(gòu)自Qiagen公司;PCR引物由上海Invitrogen公司合成。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)人胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在含10%胎牛血清(FBS)的1640培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞貼壁以后,收集貼壁細(xì)胞置于含無(wú)血清的1640培養(yǎng)液96孔超低黏附板中培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)液中加入1%N-2添加劑、2%B-27添加劑、1%青鏈霉素、20 μg/L人FGF-2和100 μg/L EGF,觀(guān)察懸浮球形成情況,每孔100個(gè)細(xì)胞,2周后在倒置顯微鏡(Olympus)下觀(guān)察懸浮球形成情況(40及100倍)。當(dāng)形成的懸浮球長(zhǎng)到單個(gè)球體含200~500個(gè)細(xì)胞時(shí),將懸浮球溶解成1 000個(gè)/mL細(xì)胞的溶液,按每孔100 μL單細(xì)胞懸液植入含無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液的96孔的超低黏附板中,2周后觀(guān)察第二代懸浮球形成情況,貼壁細(xì)胞作為對(duì)照組觀(guān)察成球情況。
1.2.2 實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(qRT-PCR)以懸浮球體細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)組、貼壁細(xì)胞為對(duì)照組,分別取1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞提取總RNA,按照Trizol Reagent試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。分光光度計(jì)檢測(cè)RNA濃度,取1 μg RNA按照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒進(jìn)行合成cDNA,PCR反應(yīng)體系為50 μL,包括25 μL混合物,上、下游引物各1 μL[分別為Nanog、CD44、甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH)引物],2 μL cDNA模板,雙蒸水補(bǔ)足到50 μL。95℃預(yù)變性10 min,95℃變性10 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán)。熒光定量PCR(7500)檢測(cè)各基因的表達(dá),引物序列見(jiàn)表1,操作步驟及加樣劑量按照熒光定量PCR試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行,每組重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)3次,結(jié)果用7500 System Software V 2.0分析,以GAPDH基因?yàn)閮?nèi)參,根據(jù)公式2-ΔΔCT計(jì)算目的基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
Tab.1The base sequences of primers for quantitative real-time PCR表1 實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)引物序列
1.2.3 蛋白免疫印跡分析懸浮球或貼壁細(xì)胞經(jīng)含有蛋白酶抑制劑的裂解液裂解并提取蛋白樣本,然后添加變性緩沖液后煮沸備用,用十二烷基磺酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)在8%或12%的凝膠中分離并轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上,5%牛奶封閉后加入一抗,在4℃條件下孵育過(guò)夜(抗-Nanog 1∶500,抗-CD44 1∶500),洗膜緩沖液(TBST)洗3次,然后加入標(biāo)記辣根過(guò)氧化物酶的二抗,室溫下培養(yǎng)2 h,TBST洗3次,最后,蛋白條帶經(jīng)ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑曝光于膠片(Kodak)上。
1.2.4 免疫熒光分析將懸浮球細(xì)胞及貼壁細(xì)胞在室溫下用4%甲醛固定15~20 min,用磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)清洗3次,在含10%的羊血清及0.1%Triton X-100的封閉液中封閉10 min,去除封閉液,分別加入Nanog和CD44抗體,在4℃下孵育過(guò)夜(抗-Nanog 1∶200,抗-CD44 1∶200),PBS替代原抗體作為陰性對(duì)照,PBS洗3次,加入標(biāo)記異硫氰酸熒光素或羅丹明的相應(yīng)二抗,用DAPI染細(xì)胞核。在熒光顯微鏡下觀(guān)察并拍照。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包分析數(shù)據(jù),所有實(shí)驗(yàn)至少重復(fù)3次,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 胃癌細(xì)胞懸浮球體的形成胃癌MKN45細(xì)胞在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)7 d即開(kāi)始形成細(xì)胞球體,培養(yǎng)至14 d球體基本形成,中心密度増高。培養(yǎng)21 d左右球體完全形成,球體結(jié)構(gòu)飽滿(mǎn),細(xì)胞排列致密,中心密度更高,見(jiàn)圖1。第1代球體細(xì)胞吹散后在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),能繼續(xù)形成細(xì)胞球體,成球率達(dá)(29.70±6.21)%,高于原代細(xì)胞的成球率為(3.30±1.49)%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=13.052,P<0.05)。
Fig.1The spheroid body of gastric cancer cell line MKN45 observed in serum-free condition圖1 胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)條件下所形成的懸浮球體
2.2 球體細(xì)胞中干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)定量PCR顯示,球體細(xì)胞中干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因Nanog、CD44的表達(dá)明顯高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞,見(jiàn)表2。蛋白免疫印跡條帶顯示球體細(xì)胞的Nanog及CD44的表達(dá)明顯高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞,見(jiàn)圖2、表3。免疫熒光分析顯示,球體細(xì)胞中Nanog主要分布在細(xì)胞核周?chē)凹?xì)胞質(zhì)中,而CD44主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜上,且同一個(gè)球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog與CD44大多同時(shí)表達(dá),見(jiàn)圖3。而Nanog在原代貼壁細(xì)胞中表達(dá)微弱,CD44僅在部分原代貼壁細(xì)胞中表達(dá),見(jiàn)圖4。
Tab.2Comparison of the expression levels of Nanog and CD44 mRNA between spheroid cells and parental cells表2 2組細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子mRNA實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR分析結(jié)果(n=3,)
Tab.2Comparison of the expression levels of Nanog and CD44 mRNA between spheroid cells and parental cells表2 2組細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子mRNA實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR分析結(jié)果(n=3,)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01
組別原代貼壁細(xì)胞球體細(xì)胞t Nanog 1.00±0.00 2.34±0.22 10.288**CD44 1.00±0.05 1.18±0.04 4.386*
Fig.2Western blot results for Nanog and CD44 proteins in spheroid cells and parental cells圖2 球體細(xì)胞與原代貼壁細(xì)胞中Nanog、CD44電泳圖
Tab.3Comparison of expression levels of Nanog and CD44 protein between spheroid cells and parental cells表3 2組細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子蛋白表達(dá)量的比較(n=3,)
Tab.3Comparison of expression levels of Nanog and CD44 protein between spheroid cells and parental cells表3 2組細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子蛋白表達(dá)量的比較(n=3,)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01
組別原代貼壁細(xì)胞球體細(xì)胞t Nanog 0.07±0.02 0.18±0.02 5.886**CD44 0.18±0.01 0.24±0.04 3.084*
3.1 懸浮培養(yǎng)法分離胃癌球體細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)法是將候選細(xì)胞在含bFGF及EGF的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),能形成懸浮球體的細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為是CSCs[5]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道懸浮培養(yǎng)法已分別在前列腺癌[3]、膠質(zhì)瘤[4]以及大腸癌[6]等許多實(shí)體腫瘤中成功分離、鑒定出CSC,而應(yīng)用于胃癌干細(xì)胞的分離、鑒定的相關(guān)研究報(bào)道極為罕見(jiàn)。本研究選用胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在含人EGF及bFGF的無(wú)血清的培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示有一小部分細(xì)胞能夠形成懸浮球體,且懸浮球體細(xì)胞在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)條件下的成球率明顯高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞,提示懸浮球體細(xì)胞富集具有自我更新與增殖能力的胃癌干細(xì)胞。
3.2 Nanog及CD44在腫瘤懸浮球體細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)意義Nanog作為一種同源異型結(jié)構(gòu)域轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在維持鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞的多能性、阻止胚胎干細(xì)胞向原始內(nèi)胚層分化方面發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用。近年來(lái)研究表明,懸浮培養(yǎng)法分離的球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog表達(dá)明顯高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞。韓興文等[7]用無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)法從骨肉瘤細(xì)胞株U2-OS和MG-63中培養(yǎng)出懸浮球,RT-PCR檢測(cè)Stro-1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞(間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞)、Stro-1陰性細(xì)胞及懸浮球細(xì)胞中Nanog mRNA的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示Stro-1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞和懸浮球細(xì)胞Nanog mRNA表達(dá)水平均高于Stro-1陰性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)水平。王涌等[8]采用無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基結(jié)合耐藥篩選法在肝癌細(xì)胞系SMMC-7721中培養(yǎng)出懸浮球體,定量PCR、免疫熒光法檢測(cè)Nanog、CD24等腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物的表達(dá),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)懸浮球體細(xì)胞中的Nanog、CD24等腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物明顯高于普通肝癌細(xì)胞。提示Nanog基因可能在維持懸浮球體細(xì)胞自我更新及其未分化狀態(tài)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
CD44是一種多功能的跨膜糖蛋白,在許多正常組織細(xì)胞及腫瘤組織中都有表達(dá)[9],也是在實(shí)體腫瘤中最早用來(lái)分離鑒定CSC的標(biāo)志物之一[10]。Fan等[6]采用懸浮球培養(yǎng)法在大腸癌細(xì)胞株HT29中成功培養(yǎng)出懸浮球體細(xì)胞,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)懸浮球體細(xì)胞中CD44(+)細(xì)胞所占比例(89.5%)是原代貼壁細(xì)胞中CD44(+)細(xì)胞所占比例(1.3%)的68倍,CD133(+)/CD44(+)細(xì)胞所占比例從原代貼壁細(xì)胞中的0.6%上升到5.4%,球體細(xì)胞中醛脫氫酶1(Aldehyde dehydrigenase1,ALDH1)的表達(dá)(20.5%)高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞(7.5%),并且球體細(xì)胞對(duì)5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)的耐受性比原代貼壁細(xì)胞強(qiáng),提示懸浮培養(yǎng)法是富集大腸癌干細(xì)胞的有效方法,為大腸癌干細(xì)胞的研究提供了一種穩(wěn)定有效的細(xì)胞模型。楊宏瓊等[11]采用克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)在人胃癌細(xì)胞株SGC-7901中培養(yǎng)出3種類(lèi)型的克隆,即緊密型、中間型和松散型克隆。采用免疫熒光技術(shù)和Western blot法檢測(cè)不同克隆細(xì)胞中CD44和CDX2的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示CD44在緊密型克隆細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)明顯強(qiáng)于中間型和松散型克隆,因而推測(cè)緊密型克隆可能富含胃癌干細(xì)胞。
3.3 Nanog及CD44在胃癌球體細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)意義為了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)懸浮培養(yǎng)法分離的懸浮球體細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞特性,本研究對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45懸浮球體細(xì)胞中的干細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子Nanog及CD44做了檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示,球體細(xì)胞中Nanog、CD44表達(dá)均明顯高于原代貼壁細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),表明胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45在無(wú)血清的培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng)出的懸浮球體細(xì)胞具有類(lèi)似腫瘤干細(xì)胞的分子基礎(chǔ)。免疫熒光顯示原代貼壁細(xì)胞中Nanog表達(dá)微弱,證實(shí)隨著細(xì)胞的分化,Nanog的表達(dá)水平降低或消失;CD44僅在部分原代貼壁細(xì)胞中表達(dá),提示CD44在部分已分化的細(xì)胞中也能表達(dá),其并非干細(xì)胞的特異性標(biāo)志物。同一球體細(xì)胞中Nanog與CD44大多同時(shí)表達(dá),提示Nanog/CD44共表達(dá)細(xì)胞可能是胃癌干細(xì)胞的一種表型。
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(2014-04-19收稿2014-08-12修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
(圖3、4見(jiàn)插頁(yè))
The expression and significance of Nanog and CD44 in spheroid body-forming cells of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45
LIU Jianming,ZHOU Youlang△,MA Lilin,XU Junfei,ZHANG Jianguo
Department of General Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University,Jiangsu 226001,China△
ObjectiveTo detect the expression of stem-cell related factors Nanog and CD44 in spheroid body-forming cells of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45.MethodsThe gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 was used to culture spheroid bodies in non-adherent condition in a serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor(EGF)and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF).Using Western blot analysis,immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),the expression levels of stem cell-related genes Nanog and CD44 were studied.ResultsIn this study,we observed that MKN45 cells formed spheroid bodies in non-adherent condition in a serum-free medium,and the levels of Nanog and CD44 mRNA expression in spheroid body-forming cells were 2.34±0.22 and 1.18±0.04,respectively, which were higher than those in parental cells(1.00±0.00 and 1.00±0.05).The levels of Nanog and CD44 protein expression in spheroid body-forming cells were 0.18±0.02 and 0.24±0.04,respectively,which were significantly higher than those in parental cells(0.07±0.02 and 0.18±0.01,P<0.05).Nanog protein was positively stained within the perinuclear and cytoplasm of the spheroid body-forming cells,and CD44 was positively stained mainly in the membrane.Dual staining of Nanog/CD44 indicated that the embryonal protein Nanog was co-localized with CD44 in the spheroid body-forming cells.Conclusion Spheroid body-forming cells developed from human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 in serum-free medium supplemented with EGF and bFGF show characteristics of cancer stem cell(CSC).The cells co-expressed of CD44 and Nanog maybe a phenotype of gastric CSCs.
stomach neoplasms;neoplastic stem cells;antigens,CD44;suspension culture;Nanog
R735.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.01.008
江蘇省南通市科技局資助項(xiàng)目(HS2012067)
南通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院普外科(郵編226001)
劉建明(1965),男,主任醫(yī)師,副教授,博士,主要從事胃癌的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究
△通訊作者E-mail:liujmtq1@163.com