Li LIU , Xiaolong LEI Qinglan TIAN Qiang ZHANG Guangzhong HUANG, Wanjun REN*

1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in Southwest China, Wenjiang 611130, China;

2. Seed Administrative Station of Nanchong, Nanchong 637000, China;

3. Pixian Rural Development Bureau, Pixian 611700, China

Rice is one of staple food in China and plays a key role in crop safety. The production capacity and distribution characters of dry matter of rice have direct effects on economic yields[1]and it is researched that rice yield is of positive correlation with accumulations of total dry matter and in the period from heading to ripening stages[2]. It is known that rice development, nitrogen use, accumulation and distribution of dry matter,yield and quality are under influence of the cultivation methods[3-7]and an appropriate cultivation method would effectively regulate production of rice dry matter and improve rice yield[4].Recently, with rural to urban migration, it is urgent for China rice to develop modern rice technology oriented by mechanization[8], so that machinebased transplanting and direct seeding are born at the right moment[9]. Zheng et al.[10]pointed out that moisture irrigation enhanced leaf area indices in tillering, booting, and full-heading stages of rice by mechanical direct seeding and increased biomass in ripening stage. Yu et al.[11]believed that nitrogen accumulation of rice bymechanized-transplanting took advantages before critical leaf age of productive tillering and after heading. Luo et al.[12]proposed that mechanized planting guaranteed a stable yield, reduced cost and increased work rate. It is widely known that mechanization of rice planting and the development of related technologies would improve rice production technology in China[13].On the other hand, the appropriate number of seedlings per hole would improve rice population structure[14]and the date of seeding affects rice yield and quality by temperature and sunshine[15].At present,the researches are more on the effects of dry matter accumulation and cultivation methods of rice with different genotypes on production of rice dry matter. However,less attention is paid to the effects of the number of seedling per hole and seeding date on the production characters of dry matter of middle-season hybrid rice. The research took F You 498 as test materials and the treatment as per traditional manual transplanting as a control to explore accumulation and distribution of dry matters as per mechanical transplanting and seek the optimal cultivation method in order to provide references for application and extension of mechanized production technology for hybrid rice.

Table 1 Soil conditions of experimental locations

Table 2 Experimental design and seedling quality

Materials and Methods

Test site and rice variety

The test was carried out in Huapai Vilalge, Gucheng Town, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province during 2012-2013 at 30°52′N, 103°55′E. The test rice was F You 498, three-line indica hybrid rice, bred by Rice Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University and Chuanjiang Rice Institute, with growth term of 150 d.The preceding crop was vegetables and the soils were paddy soils developed based on brown alluviums and soil physical and chemical properties of soils of 0-20 cm were shown(Table 1).

Test design and field management

The test set sowing and planting method as a major factor, totaling 3 levels as per split block design, including the treatment as per direct seeding, machine-based transplanting and manual transplanting. In 2012, the sub-factor was the number of seedling per hole, with two levels, namely low and high seedling numbers per hole,and in 2013,the sub-factor changed to sowing term, totaling two levels,namely early and late sowing. As shown in Table 2, direct seeding of rice was conducted with a precision hill-direct-seeding machine developed by College of Engineering,SCAU,and the number of seedlings was determined in the stage when three leaves grew and a rice flower bloomed.Seedling transplanting was conducted with a VP6 high-speed transplanter.The test plot totaled 36.0 m2(12.0 m×3.0 m),with three repetitions. Furthermore, every test plot was separated with plastic mulch to guarantee fertilizer and water management proceeded individually. Besides, pure N was applied at 180 kg/hm2, as per base tillering fertilizer-to-ear fertilizer rate of 6:4,involving the base fertilizer-to-ear fertilizer rate of 2:1 and spikelet-promoting fertilizer-to-spikelet-developing fertilizer rate of 5:5. Additionally, the quantities of P and K fertilizers were determined as per N ∶P2O5∶K2O =2 ∶1 ∶2.Specifically, P fertilizers were applied totally once and K fertilizer was applied as per base fertilizer-to-ear fertilizer of 5 ∶5. Water management and disease or insect preventions were implemented as per high-yielding cultivation.Table 3 showed meteorological information of rice growing in 2012 and 2013.

Measurement items and methods

Rice in 20 holes were fixed and measured in every test plot.Specifically,the measurement proceeded in the peak of tillering stage, jointing stage,earing stage and ripening stage. The rice samples were collected from 5holes as per stem and tillering method(average) and divided into leaf, stemsheath and ear, followed by kill-out at 105 ℃for 60 min, and drying at 80 ℃to get a constant weight. Finally, the weights of dry matter were measured of different parts.

Table 3 Meteorological condition of different sowing and transplanting methods

Data calculation and statistical analysis

Apparent export (t/hm2) = The weight of dry matter (leaf and stem)in earing stage-The weight of dry matter(leaf and stem)in ripening stage;

Apparent export rate (%)=Apparent export (leaf and stem)/The weight of dry matter (leaf and stem)in earing stage×100;

Table 4 Dry matter weight of single stem and population at main growth stage of hybrid rice cultivar with different sowing and transplanting methods

Apparent conversion rate (%)=Apparent export (leaf and stem)/The weight of dry matter of seeds in earing stage×100;

Assimilation of materials after earing(t/hm2)=Total weight of dry matter of ground parts in ripening stage-Total weight of dry matter of ground parts in earing stage;

The proportion of dry matter after earing (%)=Assimilation of materials after earing/Total weight of dry matter of ground parts in ripening stage;

Assimilation rate of materials after earing(%)=The assimilation of materials after earing/The weight of dry matter of seeds in ripening stage×100;

The harvesting index (%)=The weight of dry matter of seeds in ripening stage/Total weight of dry matter of ground parts in ripening stage×100.

Data processing

The test data were processed with Microsoft Excel; analysis of variance was conducted with DPS7.05;the comparisons of significance differences were conducted on sample average as per LSD method.

Table 5 Dry matter accumulation of population,rate and its ratio to total dry matter in main growth period of hybrid rice cultivar with different sowing and transplanting methods

Results and Analysis

The weights of dry matters of single stem and rice population in growth stage

As shown in Table 4, the sowing and planting method has effects on the weights of dry matters of single stem and rice population in growth stage.The number of seedling per hole,sowing term, and interactions with sowing and planting method all have extremely significant effects on weight of dry matter of rice population in peak tillering stage, jointing stage and earing stage. In ripening stage, however, the weight of dry matter is mainly under influence of sowing and planting method, sowing term and interactions.For example, the weights of average rice population kept 27.12%, 18.75%and 6.53% higher in peak tillering stage, jointing stage and earing stage in treatments of highseedlings number per hole compared with the treatments with low seedlings number per hole.In contrast,the weight of dry matter of individual stem and rice population were higher in the treatment with low seedlings number per hole, which were 7.39%and 2.82%higher.On the other hand,for early-sowing treatment,the weights of dry matters of individual stem and rice population were lower compared with late-sowing treatments in peak tillering stage and jointing stage. As rice grew, however, the weights of dry matters of rice population in earing stage by early sowingwere higher compared with late-sowing treatment, as well as dry matter of stem and rice population in ripening stage. These incorporated that early sowing is conductive to accumulation of dry matter for middle-season hybrid rice in ripening stage.Furthermore,the sowing and planting method plays a key role for dry matter weight of individual stem of middle-season hybrid rice in peak tillering stage.Specifically,average weight of dry matter of individual stem is significantly lower as per mechanized cultivation than that as per traditional manual transplanting in peak tillering phase.Additionally,sowing and planting method has significant or extremely significant effects on the weight of dry matter of rice population in major growth phase. For instance,dry matter weights of rice population by mechanical direct seeding and mechanical transplanting both were significantly lower compared with the treatment as per traditional manual transplanting in peak tillering stage,jointing stage and ripening stage and from high to low were the treatment as per direct seeding, the treatment of rice cultivation as per traditional manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting.

Table 6 Dry matter weight distribution ratio to total plant and its variation of hybrid rice cultivar in main growth stage with different sowing and transplanting methods %

The accumulation of dry matter and t he proportions in different growth phases

It can be concluded from Table 5 that the accumulation of dry matter achieved the highest from jointing to earing and earing to ripening phases,with higher accumulation rates.It is obvious that sowing and planting method, and the interactions with the number of seedling per hole and sowing term had significant effects on accumulation of dry matter,accumulation rate and the proportion to total dry matter. Specifically, from peak tillering to jointing stages, the accumulation of dry matter of rice by mechanized cultivation kept lower compared with the treatment of cultivation as per traditional manual transplanting.From jointing to earing stages, however, the accumulation quantity and rate both were higher in the treatment as per direct seeding compared with the treatments as per mechanical transplanting and traditional manual transplanting. Besides,the accumulation quantity of the treatment by mechanized direct seedling was 18.00% and 17.55%higher compared with the treatments by mechanical transplanting and manual transplanting in terms of the proportion of accumulated dry matter to total dry matter.On the other hand,the accumulation quantity and rate of the treatments by mechanical transplanting and manual transplanting kepthigher compared with the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding from earing to ripening stages. What’s more, the proportion of accumulation quantity of dry matter to total dry matter accumulation maintained 21.98%and 7.94% higher compared with the treatments as per mechanical direct seeding and manual transplanting,respectively. Meanwhile, average accumulation quantity and rate of dry matter and the proportion to total accumulation quantity were 24.50% ,30.77% and 22.10% in the treatments with low seedling number per hole were higher compared with the treatments with high seedling number per hole. Nevertheless, the accumulated dry matter and the proportion were always higher in the treatment with high seedling number per hole compared with the treatment with low seedling number per hole in previous growth stages.Although late sowing effectively improves quantity and rate of dry matter accumulation during sowingpeak tillering stages, as well as the proportions, the indices started declining thereafter.For example,the quantity and rate of accumulated dry matter and the proportion were 25.31%,23.53%and 16.77%lower in the treatments as per late sowing compared with the treatments by early sowing.

Table 7 Dry matter export,transformation of hybrid rice cultivar with different sowing and transplanting methods

The proportions of dry matter distributions of rice organs in different growth stages

As shown in Table 6,the distribution of dry matter of leaf maintained higher from peak tillering to jointing stages; the proportion of stem-sheath dry matter kept higher in jointing and earing stages; the proportions of dry matter of leaf and stem-sheath dropped the lowest in ripening stage;the distribution proportion of dry matter in ears accomplished the peak in ripening stage.Furthermore,the number of seedling per hole, sowing term,and sowing and planting method would effectively adjust the distribution of dry matter of rice organs. In peak tillering stage, jointing stage, and earing stage, the proportion of dry mater of leaf was always lower in the treatment with low seedling number per hole that that with mature seedlings,but of stem-sheath was higher. The proportion of dry matter of leaf in the treatment with high seedling number per hole was 6.26% and 0.59% higher in ripening stage,but dry matter of ear was 2.26%higher in the treatment with low seedling number per hole in the same stage, which indicated that the treatment with low seedling numberper hole would improve distribution of dry matter of ears in ripening stage.As for sowing term, it affects significantly or extremely significantly rice in terms of dry matter distribution in peak tillering and ripening stages. Specifically,average distribution of dry matter of leaf in peak tillering stage and ripening stage was as follows:the treatment as per early sowing＜the treatment as per late sowing, which was in contrary to dry matter of stem-sheath;the proportion of dry matter of ear was 2.01%higher in the treatment as per early sowing in ripening stage.In addition to that, sowing and planting method and the interactions with the number of seedling per hole and sowing term had significant effects on distribution proportion of dry matter. In general, the proportion of dry matter in leaf kept higher in the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding and mechanical transplanting compared with the treatment as per traditional manual transplanting in different growth terms;the proportion of stem-sheaths was higher in the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding compared with the treatments as per mechanical transplanting and manual transplanting in earing stage; the proportion in the treatments cultivated by hand kept higher compared with the rest methods in peaking tillering, jointing and ripening stages; the proportions of ear in earing stage from high to low were the treatment as per direct seeding,mechanical transplanting and manual transplanting; the proportion of ears in ripening stage was 2.34% and 1.63%higher compared with the treatments as per direct seeding and manual transplanting.

Table 8 Correlation coefficients of dry matter export,transformation of hybrid rice cultivar with ecological factors

Transportation of dry matter before earing and accumulation characters after earing

As shown in Table 7, sowing and cultivation method, and the interactions with the number of seedling per hole and sowing term had significantly or extremely significant effects on export quantity, rate and transformation rate of dry matter of leaf and stemsheath. Specifically, the export quantity,rate and transformation rate of dry matter of leaf and stem-sheath showed similar as follows: the treatment with low seedling number per hole ＜the treatment with high seedling number per hole.Furthermore,the export quantity and rate of leaf in the treatment as per early sowing kept a little higher, but the export quantity,rate and transformation rate of dry matter of stem-sheath were 34.92%,36.59% and 47.29% lower compared with the treatment as per late sowing.On the other hand, the export quantity and rate and transformation rate of leaf were as follows: the treatment as per mechanical transplanting ＜the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding＜the treatment as per manual transplanting, and export quantity and rate and transformation rate of stemsheath kept higher in the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding. After earing, assimilation quantity, the proportion of dry matter,and the contribution of dry matter were all significantly or extremely significantly under influence of sowing and planting method,the number of seedling per hole, sowing term, and the interactions and the rules can be concluded the indices were higher in the treatment as per mechanical direct seeding; the treatment with young seedling and as per early sowing improved assimilation quantity , the proportion and contribution rate of dry matter after earing. Additionally, the harvesting index in the treatment with low seedling number per hole kept 2.26% higher, and in the treatment as per early sowing was 1.96% higher. In conclusion, the harvesting index is under influences of interactions between sowing term and sowing and planting method, and the cultivations with mechanical direct seeding as per early sowing, with mechanical transplanting as per early sowing and as per traditional manual transplanting would improve harvesting index.

Discussions

The production characters of dry matter of rice are a result of accumulation and distribution of photosynthates in organs of rice. Peng et al.[16]believed that rice yield can be increased by improving the quality of rice population and advancing dry matter accumulation. Previous researches demonstrated that the cultivation method has significant effects on accumulation and distribution of dry matter of rice[3-5,17-18]. Before determination of yield,seedling and nitrogen, the accumulation of dry matter actually proceeds slowly, but the accumulated dry matter increases and the process works faster[18].Ma et al.[19]believed that the accumulation of dry matter from earing to grain-filling stages was the fastest in the treatment as per traditional manual transplanting,as well as the treatment by direct seeding.Li et al.[2]researched that rice grew better cultivated by hand compared with mechanical transplanting and direct seeding; accumulated dry matter reached the best from sowing to jointing stage; the production capacity was maximal from jointing to earing stages and from earing to ripening stages. The research suggested that sowing and planting method and the interactions with the number of seedling per hole and sowing term have significant effects on accumulation, distribution and transportation of dry matter of middle-season hybrid rice; the accumulation of dry matter by mechanical direct seed-ing and mechanical transplanting were lower compared with cultivation as per traditional manual transplanting in peak tillering stage, jointing stage and ripening stage, but the accumulation quantity and rate from jointing to earing stages kept higher in the treatment by mechanical direct seeding compared with the treatment of cultivation as per traditional manual transplanting,and from earing to ripening stages maintained higher in the treatment as per mechanical transplanting; the export quantity and rate and transformation rate of dry matter of stem-sheaths were all high; the proportion and contribution of accumulated dry matter after earing kept higher after earing, and the distribution capacity of dry matter to ear performed stronger in the treatment cultivated by hand.

Rice cultivated by varied methods tend to be volatile in terms of use of nutrients and sunshine upon individual plant and environment, having effects on rice, individually or population[2].Wang et al.[1]and Tong et al.[20]explored that eco-environment has significant effects on dry matter accumulation of rice. The research indicated that export quantity and rate, transformation rate of dry matter, assimilation quantity after earing, the proportions and contribution of dry matter after earing were all significantly or extremely significantly affected by total temperature accumulation in growth term (Table 8);the treatment with low seedling number per hole as per early sowing improved assimilation quantity after earing, the proportions and contribution of dry matter after earing;harvesting index is under influences of interactions between sowing term and sowing and planting method and the cultivation by mechanical direct seeding as per early sowing, mechanical transplanting as per early sowing and traditional manual transplanting as per late sowing all enhanced harvesting index.

Mechanized cultivation of rice is an important part of whole-course mechanization of rice production. Previous researches show that mechanized cultivation would improve work efficiency,yield and reduce rice growth term[12,21-22]; rice population would be better by mechanical precision hill-direct-seeding[21]; it is a way for increasing yield of mechanized-cultivated rice by taking advantage of dry matter accumulation[1]. Chen et al.[23]believed that the advantage of dry matter production of super-high yielding rice is before earing stage. Huang[24]investigated that it is an effective way for accomplishing a high yield by reducing dry matter accumulation in early stage,and improving dry matter production in middle and later stages. Zou et al.[25]thought the accumulation of dry matter should be with a proper proportion of rice in every specific growth term. Zhu et al.[26]pointed out that the accumulation of dry matter should be maintained at a proper level before earing.Ying et al.[6]explored that the advantage of dry matter accumulation of super-high yielding rice should be in middle or later stages. Wu et al.[27]believed that biomass can be improved by increasing accumulation of dry matter in per unit area. The research incorporated that the appropriate number of seedlings per hole and sowing term is conductive to rational distribution and transformation of dry matter. Therefore, the proportions of dry matter can be well distributed in specific growth terms effectively by coordination of machines and cultivation techniques to increase biomass.

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