周 英,張文會(huì),張 敏,彭禮軍,黃俊飛,楊 超,劉雄利,余章彪
(貴州大學(xué)藥學(xué)院貴州省中藥民族藥創(chuàng)制工程中心,貴州 貴陽 550025)
由于吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚類化合物具有明確或潛在的生物和藥物活性,近年來已被大家廣泛關(guān)注[1]。例如,spirotryprostatin A(1)[2],pteropodine(2)[3],alstonisine(3)[4],elacomine(4)[5],horsfiline(5)[6],formosanine(6)[7],rychnophylline(7)[8]等都是經(jīng)典的含具有吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚骨架的天然生物堿(見圖1)。同時(shí),對這些化合物進(jìn)行藥理研究發(fā)現(xiàn)具有顯著的生物和醫(yī)藥活性。并且,各種含天然吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚骨架類化合物及其衍生物也已經(jīng)被人工通過新穎有效的方法大量合成。這里,我們主要綜述近年來以α-氨基酸和羰基化合物為原料原位產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德,再和缺電子烯烴發(fā)生[3+2]1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)合成各種3-吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚的合成方法。
圖1 具有吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚骨架的代表性天然生物堿Fig.1 Typical alkaloids with pyrrolo spirooxindole skeleton
通常,亞胺葉立德和吸電子烯烴的1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)是合成吡咯環(huán)最常用的方法。而α-氨基酸和靛紅通過熱力學(xué)原位去羰基化產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德,和缺電子烯烴發(fā)生的1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)則是合成吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚骨架的一種方法(路線 A,圖表2)[9-16]。實(shí)際上,通過路線 A 合成吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚化合物是目前報(bào)道最多的方法。靛紅衍生的Knoevenagel縮合烯烴,通過和α-氨基酸、醛原位去羰基化產(chǎn)生的亞胺葉立德發(fā)生1,3-偶極環(huán)加成是合成吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚化合物的另一種有效方法(路徑B,圖表2)。
圖2 吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚化合物的合成路線A和路線B圖Fig.2 Synthetic pathway A and B of pyrrolo spirooxindoles
無環(huán)α-氨基酸如肌氨酸[17]或環(huán)狀α-氨基酸如脯氨酸[18]、噻唑 -4- 羧酸[19]、八氫 -1H- 吲哚 -2- 羧酸[20]、1,2,3,4- 四氫異喹啉 -3- 羧酸[21]等可以用作生成亞胺葉立德的原料。此外,分別以無環(huán)缺電子烯烴和環(huán)外缺電子烯烴作為親偶極體,也可以得到螺環(huán)和雙螺環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)。通常,該環(huán)加成反應(yīng)有高度的區(qū)域選擇性和立體選擇性,這種選擇性的原因可以用B3LYP/6-31G密度泛函理論和半經(jīng)驗(yàn)AM計(jì)算規(guī)則闡明[22]。
2007年,Scheidt課題組[23]以一價(jià)金屬銅鹽為催化劑,催化亞胺、重氮化合物和靛紅衍生的親偶極體的三組份1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)(圖3)。該反應(yīng)能提供四個(gè)手性中心相連高官能團(tuán)化的單一異構(gòu)體產(chǎn)物吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(8)。該產(chǎn)物的2,5位是反式結(jié)構(gòu),源于反應(yīng)過中的E-環(huán)外過渡態(tài)產(chǎn)生。
圖3 構(gòu)建四個(gè)手性中心相連高官能團(tuán)化的單一異構(gòu)體吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚Fig.3 Construction of single isomer of pyrrolo spirooxindole connected by 4 chiral centers
2008年,Li課題組[24]按照合成路線A報(bào)道了第一個(gè)四組份參與的1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)合成了雙螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚(9)。該反應(yīng)采用1,3-茚二酮和芳基醛原位產(chǎn)生Knoevenagel縮合烯烴,同時(shí)和肌氨酸與靛紅原位產(chǎn)生的亞胺葉立德進(jìn)行反應(yīng),具有高效,操作簡單等優(yōu)越性。類似地,3-腈乙?;?吲哚也能和芳基醛原位產(chǎn)生Knoevenagel縮合烯烴,得到相應(yīng)的螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚(10)(圖4)[25]。
圖4 四組份參與的1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)構(gòu)建螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚Fig.4 Pyrrolo spirooxindoles synthesis via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
2009 年,Taheri等[26]報(bào)道了以芳基醛和二級α-氨基酸如肌氨酸生成亞胺葉立德,和靛紅衍生的Knoevenagel縮合烯烴發(fā)生環(huán)加成反應(yīng),生成了低區(qū)域選擇性的1∶1異構(gòu)體(11,12)的吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(圖5)。如果用脯氨酸做底物,也得到類似的結(jié)果。
2010年,Perumal課題組報(bào)道了合成一系列包含三環(huán)或四環(huán)吡咯稠合苯并2,3-二氫噻吩-1,1-二氧化物的螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(13,14)。該反應(yīng)以靛紅、苯并噻吩-1,1-二氧化物、肌氨酸或脯氨酸為原料,在甲苯回流條件下發(fā)生區(qū)域選擇性的多組份1,3-偶極環(huán)加成,通過使用環(huán)內(nèi)烯烴作為親偶極體,以一步反應(yīng)有效得到包含螺環(huán)和稠環(huán)復(fù)雜拼接產(chǎn)物(圖 6)[27]。
圖5 構(gòu)建低區(qū)域選擇性異構(gòu)體的吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚Fig.5 Construction of isomers of pyrrolo spirooxindoles with low regioselectivity
圖6 構(gòu)建包含三環(huán)或四環(huán)吡咯稠合苯并2,3-二氫噻吩-1,1-二氧化物的螺環(huán)氧化吲哚Fig.6 Constraction of spirooxindoles
2006-2010年,Sriram等課題組以苯基甘氨酸、肌氨酸或脯氨酸和靛紅作為起始原料原位產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德[28],同時(shí)與3,5-二烯哌啶 -4-酮發(fā)生1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)高產(chǎn)率合成了具有抗微生物活性的螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚哌啶-4-酮(15-17)。該反應(yīng)底物親偶極體雖然有兩個(gè)α,β-不飽和烯鍵,由于雙加成產(chǎn)物會(huì)產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的立體位阻作用,所以僅僅一個(gè)單螺環(huán)加成產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)生[29-31]。有意思的是,單加成產(chǎn)物中的α,β-不飽和烯鍵能進(jìn)一步與腈氧化產(chǎn)物發(fā)生第二次環(huán)加成生產(chǎn)三螺環(huán)產(chǎn)物(18)(圖 7)[32]。
圖7 構(gòu)建具有抗微生物活性的螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚哌啶-4-酮Fig.7 Construction of pyrrolo spirooxindole piperidin-4-one with antibacterial activity
2012年,F(xiàn)arag課題組[33]報(bào)道了以肌氨酸和靛紅作為起始原料原位產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德,同時(shí)與馬內(nèi)酰胺發(fā)生1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)高產(chǎn)率合成了螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚哌啶-4-酮(19)。經(jīng)檢測,所有的化合物都對人腫瘤細(xì)胞株HCT116,MCF-7和HepG2表現(xiàn)了中等至很好的抑制活性。其中化合物(R1=4-MeC6H4,R2=OMe)對人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2 IC50為12.16 μM,活性接近于陽性對照藥阿霉素(IC50=7.36 μM)(圖 8)。
圖8 構(gòu)建具有抗腫瘤活性的螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚Fig.8 Construction of pyrrolo spirooxindoles with antitumor activity
2013 年,Perumal課題組[34]報(bào)道了以肌氨酸和靛紅作為起始原料原位產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德,同時(shí)與親偶極體含雙吲哚結(jié)構(gòu)的Knoevenagel縮合烯烴發(fā)生環(huán)加成反應(yīng),生成含三吲哚三季碳相連的雙吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(20)。這系列化合物都表現(xiàn)了重要的抗微生物活性。其中4個(gè)化合物(R1=H,R2=Me;R1=H,R2=C6H3;R1=H,R2=CH2CCH;R1=Me,R2=5-NO2)還對A549人肺腺癌細(xì)胞株表現(xiàn)了非常好的抑制活性(圖9)。
圖9 構(gòu)建具有生物活性的含三吲哚三季碳相連的雙吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚Fig.9 Construction of dipyrrolo spirooxindoles with biological activity
2014年,我們課題組[35]報(bào)道了以多聚甲醛和肌氨酸生成亞胺葉立德,和靛紅衍生的Knoevenagel縮合烯烴發(fā)生1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng),得到了相應(yīng)的吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(21)。該反應(yīng)通過在氮原子上采用吸電子基團(tuán)如叔丁氧羰基保護(hù),解決了底物3-烯鍵親偶極體活性不足的問題,最高可達(dá)85%的產(chǎn)率和大于99∶1的非對映選擇性(圖10)。
圖10 構(gòu)建具有抗微生物活性的螺環(huán)吡咯氧化吲哚哌啶-4-酮Fig.10 Construction of pyrrolo spirooxindole piperidin-4-one with antibacterial activity
此外,1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)親偶極體可以擴(kuò)展到其他吸電子基烯烴,如Baylis-Hillman加合物[36-40],二茂鐵基 α,β -不飽和酮[41-43],16- 亞芳基雌酮衍生物[44],穿心蓮內(nèi)酯[45]等。并且1,3-偶極[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)也可以通過超聲輻照提高產(chǎn)量和縮短反應(yīng)時(shí)間[46-48]。
本文對通過原位產(chǎn)生亞胺葉立德參與1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)合成3-吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚的研究進(jìn)行了較全面的綜述。在氧化吲哚3位成功構(gòu)建了季碳吡咯螺環(huán)中心,以較高產(chǎn)率和非對映選擇性獲得了多官能團(tuán)的氧化吲哚衍生物,這為進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)合成生理活性物質(zhì)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。我們相信,這類反應(yīng)會(huì)在有機(jī)合成界,特別是天然產(chǎn)物的合成中起到重要的促進(jìn)作用;這類反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的具有3-吡咯螺環(huán)氧化吲哚骨架的化合物會(huì)在今后的藥物設(shè)計(jì)和研發(fā)中占據(jù)重要地位。
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