張坤,李廣平,李健,程立君,楊萬松,陳延勛
依折麥布和辛伐他汀對缺血再灌注大鼠心肌細胞瞬時外向鉀電流的影響
張坤,李廣平△,李健,程立君,楊萬松,陳延勛
目的研究依折麥布和辛伐他汀單獨及聯(lián)合使用對模擬缺血再灌注大鼠心肌細胞瞬時外向鉀電流(Ito)的影響。方法將75只雄性SD大鼠按隨機數(shù)字表法分為正常對照(CON)組、模擬缺血再灌注(CIR)組、依折麥布(EIR)組、辛伐他?。⊿IR)組和依折麥布+辛伐他汀(ESIR)組,分別予生理鹽水或其溶解的藥物灌胃2周后分離右室心肌細胞,采用全細胞膜片鉗技術(shù)記錄Ito。結(jié)果(1)Ito電流密度(+60 mV):CIR組較CON組下降,EIR組與CIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),SIR組、ESIR組與CIR組比較均升高,SIR組與ESIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。(2)Ito穩(wěn)態(tài)失活曲線最大半數(shù)失活電壓(V1/2):CIR組較CON組顯著增大,EIR組與CIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),SIR組和ESIR組較CIR組均顯著減?。≒<0.05),SIR組和ESIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。斜率因子(K)各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。(3)失活后恢復曲線失活時間常數(shù)(τ)值:CIR組較CON組顯著增加,EIR組與CIR組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),SIR組、ESIR組較CIR組明顯減低(P<0.05),而SIR組與ESIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論辛伐他汀、依折麥布+辛伐他汀預(yù)處理可以逆轉(zhuǎn)模擬缺血再灌注對心肌細胞Ito的影響,且效果相似,而依折麥布未表現(xiàn)出這種效果。
膜片鉗術(shù);再灌注損傷;依折麥布;辛伐他?。凰矔r外向鉀電流
急性心肌梗死(AMI)的再灌注治療可以顯著改善患者預(yù)后,但AMI和心肌血運重建合并缺血和再灌注心律失常,特別是惡性心律失常,常威脅患者生命。有研究證實辛伐他汀可以降低室性心律失常的發(fā)生率,具有心臟保護作用[1]。依折麥布作為新型降脂藥物,與他汀類藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,降脂效果確切,但是其對心肌細胞離子通道有無影響,尚少見報道。本研究旨在觀察依折麥布單獨和聯(lián)合辛伐他汀對模擬缺血再灌注的大鼠心肌細胞瞬時外向鉀電流(Ito)的影響,探討其是否存在心臟保護作用及其機制。
1.1 動物及分組健康清潔級Spraque-Dawley雄性大鼠(北京醫(yī)科大學動物中心提供),體質(zhì)量180~250 g,普通飲食。采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為5組:正常對照(CON)組、模擬缺血再灌注(CIR)組、依折麥布(EIR)組、辛伐他?。⊿IR)組和依折麥布+辛伐他?。‥SIR)組,分別予生理鹽水或其溶解的藥物灌胃2周。藥物劑量:EIR組依折麥布5 mg/kg,SIR組辛伐他汀20 mg/kg,ESIR組依折麥布5 mg/kg+辛伐他汀10 mg/kg。
1.2 藥物膠原酶Ⅱ(CLS-2,250~313 U/mg,Worthington,USA),牛血清白蛋白(BSA,Roche,Swizerland),?;撬?、4-羥乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)、乙二醇雙(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸(EGTA)、氫氧化銫(CsOH)、L-谷氨酸、四水磷酸肌酸二鈉鹽(Na2phosphocreatine-4H2O)、Mg2ATP、Na3GTP(Sigma,USA),其余試劑為國產(chǎn)分析純。辛伐他汀、依折麥布及其復合制劑均由默沙東公司生產(chǎn)。
1.3 細胞分離方案將大鼠予以10%水合氯醛300 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,麻醉后迅速開胸剪取心臟置于4℃無鈣臺式液(mmol/L:NaCl 136、KCl 5.4、MgCl20.8、NaH2PO40.33、HEPES 10、葡萄糖10,通純氧后用NaOH滴定pH至7.40)中,清洗并擠出心腔內(nèi)血液后迅速套扎主動脈于Langendorff灌流裝置上,用無鈣臺式液以70 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)壓力持續(xù)灌流心肌4~6 min后,換用酶解液(無鈣臺氏液中加膠原酶Ⅱ0.033%;BSA 0.2%及CaCl250 μmol)以60 cmH2O壓力灌流12~15 min(兩步灌流所用溶液恒溫37℃,持續(xù)充以100%O2),待右心室膨大、顏色變白后剪取心肌組織,以KB液(mmol/L:KCl 20、KH2PO4 10、牛磺酸10、EGTA 10、葡萄糖10、L-谷氨酸70、BSA 0.5%即5 g/L,用KOH滴定pH至7.40)洗滌后,于恒溫瓶中剪碎、吹打3~5 min,過濾后以KB液稀釋至40 mL,在室溫(22~28℃)下靜置1 h后用于實驗。
1.4 膜片鉗全細胞記錄1~2 mL細胞置于顯微鏡灌流池中,以KB液稀釋,靜置10 min貼壁,生理臺式液(mmol/L:NaCl 136、KCl 5.4、MgCl20.8、CaCl21.8、NaH2PO40.33、HEPES 10、葡萄糖10,通純氧后用NaOH滴定pH至7.40)灌流8 min(流速約1.5 mL/min),除CON組外,均繼以模擬缺血缺氧(IR)液(mmol/L:NaCl 136、KCl 6.8、CaCl21.8、MgCl21、NaH2PO40.33,充100%氮氣30 min)灌流15 min,再予生理臺式液灌流8 min,為減少干擾,每臺細胞使用1 h。選擇貼壁牢固、橫紋清晰、形態(tài)規(guī)則、立體感強的細胞進行記錄。使用Model P-97水平拉制儀(美國Sutter公司)拉制電極,在充以電極內(nèi)液(mmol/L:KCl 20、K-Aspartate 110、MgCl20.5、HEPES 10、EGTA 10、Mg2ATP 5、Na3GTP 0.1、Na2phosphocreatine 5,以KOH調(diào)節(jié)pH至7.30)后電阻2.0~4.0 MΩ,采用三維液壓微操縱器將電極靠近細胞進行封接,負壓吸引致封接阻抗達1 GΩ以上,采用放大器的電擊功能或負壓吸引吸破細胞膜,進行電容補償與串聯(lián)電阻補償,形成全細胞記錄模式。啟動應(yīng)用軟件pCLAMP中相應(yīng)刺激程序,觀察記錄細胞膜Ito(外向電流記為正值,內(nèi)向電流為記為負值,n為列入統(tǒng)計的細胞的個數(shù))。本研究采用Clampex 10.2數(shù)據(jù)采集軟件進行全細胞記錄,Clampfit 10.2軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)圖線。Origin 8.0進行非線性擬合。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計量資料采用表示。用Kolmogorov-Smirnov法檢驗數(shù)據(jù)正態(tài)分布情況,如符合則采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),多組間比較采用LSD-t法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 不同藥物對ItoI-V曲線的影響置鉗制電位于-80 mV,預(yù)置-40 mV寬度20 ms的電壓,然后給予脈沖幅度為-50 mV~+60 mV,脈沖寬度300 ms,步幅+10 mV的去極化脈沖刺激電壓,刺激頻率0.5 Hz。以不同鉗制電壓下的電流密度繪制成I-V曲線,見圖1。5組細胞ItoI-V曲線均呈電壓依賴性,見圖2。Ito的峰值電流密度(+60 mV)CIR組較CON組下降(P<0.05),EIR組與CIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,SIR組、ESIR組與CIR組比較均升高,但仍低于CON組(P<0.05),SIR組與ESIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
Fig.1Representative Itocurrent traces recorded from myocytes of five groups圖1 5組細胞典型的Ito形態(tài)曲線
2.2 藥物對Ito穩(wěn)態(tài)失活曲線的影響本實驗置鉗制電位于-80 mV,先給予-120 mV~+20 mV,步幅10 mV,刺激波寬300 ms的階梯預(yù)脈沖刺激,再給予+60 mV的測試脈沖刺激,刺激波寬300 ms,刺激頻率0.2 Hz。通過Origin軟件使用Bolttzmann方程I/Imax=1/{1+exp[(V1/2-V)/k]}計算Ito最大半數(shù)失活電壓(V1/2)及斜率因子(K)。5組穩(wěn)態(tài)失活曲線擬合后
對比,見圖3。V1/2CIR組較CON組增大(P<0.05),EIR組與CIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,SIR組、ESIR組與CIR組比較均減?。≒<0.05),但仍高于CON組(P<0.05),SIR組與ESIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);各組間K比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
Fig.2Comparison of Itocurrent-voltage relation in myocytes of five groups圖2 5組細胞的ItoI-V曲線對比
Tab.1Peak current density,half-inactivation(V1/2),slope factors(K)and recovery time-constant(τ)of Itoin five groups表1 5組Ito電流的峰值電流密度、最大半數(shù)失活電壓(V1/2)、斜率因子(K)和失活時間常數(shù)(τ)值
Tab.1Peak current density,half-inactivation(V1/2),slope factors(K)and recovery time-constant(τ)of Itoin five groups表1 5組Ito電流的峰值電流密度、最大半數(shù)失活電壓(V1/2)、斜率因子(K)和失活時間常數(shù)(τ)值
*P<0.05,**P<0.01;a與CON組比較,b與CIR組比較,P<0.05
組別C O N組C I R組E I R組S I R組E S I R組F n 9 1 3 n 9 1 1 K 1 1 1 0 1 1峰值電流密度(p A / p F)2 6 . 4 5 ± 4 . 7 0 1 5 . 2 9 ± 3 . 5 9 a 1 5 . 6 3 ± 1 . 4 6 2 1 . 8 3 ± 2 . 2 0 a b 2 0 . 9 0 ± 3 . 3 4 a b 2 1 . 8 3 4 * * 1 2 1 2 1 1 V1/2(m V)-4 7 . 4 5 ± 2 . 1 8 -5 7 . 8 1 ± 2 . 2 0 a -5 4 . 3 1 ± 2 . 5 3 -4 6 . 9 3 ± 2 . 0 5 b -5 1 . 7 3 ± 1 . 2 1 a b 4 . 7 6 2 * 4 . 6 7 ± 0 . 2 1 6 . 1 5 ± 0 . 6 8 4 . 9 7 ± 0 . 3 0 5 . 8 3 ± 0 . 3 5 6 . 5 2 ± 0 . 8 2 2 . 0 6 2 n 7 7 7 7 7 τ(m s)2 5 . 1 0 ± 2 . 5 6 5 1 . 1 4 ± 1 . 7 2 a 4 7 . 2 9 ± 2 . 2 3 3 0 . 2 9 ± 3 . 2 9 a b 3 1 . 5 9 ± 2 . 0 1 a b 2 2 . 2 2 5 * *
Fig.3Comparison of Itosteady-state inactivation curves in myocytes between five groups圖3 5組細胞Ito穩(wěn)態(tài)失活曲線對比
2.3 藥物對Ito失活后恢復曲線的影響本實驗采用雙脈沖刺激,鉗制電壓-80 mV,先后給予兩個去極化到+60 mV持續(xù)200 ms的去極化刺激,間隔時間依次增大分別設(shè)為20、30、40、60、90、120、150、180、210、250 ms。采集5組細胞的失活后恢復曲線,使用單指數(shù)方程I/Imax=1-exp(-t/τ)進行擬合并畫圖,見圖4。失活時間常數(shù)(τ)CIR組較CON組顯著增加(P<0.05),EIR組與CIR組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),SIR組、ESIR組較CIR組明顯減低(P<0.001),而SIR組與ESIR組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
Fig.4Comparison of Itorecovery curves from inactivation in myocytes between five groups圖4 5組細胞失活后恢復曲線對比
在AMI發(fā)生后,梗死區(qū)心肌細胞缺血缺氧、壞死,梗死區(qū)周圍細胞亦處在缺血缺氧狀態(tài),進而使心肌細胞上的離子通道活性發(fā)生改變,包括Ito的減低[2-3]。大鼠的心室肌細胞動作電位呈三角形,Ito減低使得動作電位早期復極過程減慢,鈣內(nèi)流增加,心室肌原有復極過程的平衡被打亂,易于誘發(fā)室性心律失常。
在本研究中,CIR組是將正常大鼠(未服藥)右室心肌細胞進行模擬缺血再灌注處理,且缺血缺氧程度足夠苛刻。與對照組相比,Ito電流密度明顯下降,筆者考慮這是由于細胞缺血缺氧及低pH值所致,而這一過程正是模擬了AMI再通干預(yù)后的心肌細胞的生存環(huán)境。
他汀類藥物是羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶抑制劑,能夠抑制肝臟及其他組織中膽固醇的生物合成,促進低密度脂蛋白受體表達,從而發(fā)揮降脂作用。他汀類藥物能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)病理狀態(tài)下的心肌電學重構(gòu)和組織重構(gòu),降低心律失常的發(fā)生率。此外,他汀還具有抗炎、抗氧化、保護血管內(nèi)皮細胞功能、穩(wěn)定粥樣硬化斑塊[4]和抗血栓等作用,這些作用獨立于其調(diào)脂作用,稱為他汀類藥物的多效性保護作用[5]。依折麥布是選擇性膽固醇吸收抑制劑,口服后于小腸絨毛刷狀緣被快速吸收,于小腸絨毛刷狀緣及肝臟進行葡萄糖醛酸化,選擇性抑制尼曼-匹克C1型類似蛋白1(Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1,NPC1L1)活性,有效減少腸道內(nèi)膽固醇的吸收,降低血漿膽固醇水平以及肝臟膽固醇儲量[6]。多項研究證實依折麥布與他汀類藥物聯(lián)合使用降脂效果確切,安全性良好[7-9]。IMPROVE-IT研究[10-11]共納入了18 144例急性冠狀動脈綜合征(ACS)患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)依折麥布聯(lián)合辛伐他汀與單獨使用辛伐他汀比較,主要終點事件(心血管死亡、心肌梗死、需血運重建的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,冠脈血運重建或卒中的復合終點)的發(fā)生率降低,
加用依折麥布與他汀聯(lián)合可對動脈粥樣硬化終點事件產(chǎn)生有利的影響。
同樣,有關(guān)依折麥布單獨使用及聯(lián)合他汀使用的臨床多效性作用也是研究熱點,其中就包括這種非抗心律失常藥物的抗心律失常作用[12]。在本研究中,筆者比較了依折麥布對心肌細胞Ito的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用辛伐他汀可以在模擬缺血缺氧的條件下抑制心肌細胞Ito,而依折麥布沒有相同作用。王士生等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)辛伐他汀能有效抑制缺血再灌注時心肌細胞線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔(mPTP)的開放,并能減少缺血再灌注引起的損傷。他汀可以通過eNOS途徑發(fā)揮內(nèi)皮保護作用[14-15],還可以通過抑制核因子(NF)-κB的活性和趨化因子IP-10、單核趨化因子-1(MCP-1)的表達而在動脈粥樣硬化過程中發(fā)揮抗炎作用[16],他汀治療則可以降低C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)增高患者的心血管事件發(fā)生率[17]。雖然他汀抗心律失常的機制尚未完全明確,筆者認為這是通過他汀的多效性實現(xiàn)的。依折麥布藥物作用機制決定了其高選擇性,在本研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn)其單獨使用可以發(fā)揮心臟保護作用。然而,依折麥布聯(lián)合辛伐他汀較加倍劑量的辛伐他汀具有相似抑制Ito電流的作用,其作用機制尚不明確,有待進一步探討。他汀聯(lián)合依折麥布的降脂方案,有良好的降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)的作用,且可以全面改善血脂譜[18]。聯(lián)合用藥效果確切,是降脂治療的新的選擇。
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(2015-03-19收稿 2015-07-09修回)
(本文編輯 魏杰)
Effects of ezetimibe and simvastatin on transient outward potassium current in ischemiareperfused ventricular myocytes in rats
ZHANG Kun,LI Guangping△,LI Jian,CHENG Lijun,YANG Wansong,CHEN Yanxun
Department of Cardiology,Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease,Tianjin Institute of Cardiology,Tianjin 300211,China△
ObjectiveTo observe the impact of alone or combined use of ezetimibe and simvastatin on transient outward potassium current(Ito)in ventricular myocytes of rat model of ischemia and reperfusion(IR).MethodsSeventy-five male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,control group(CON),control-IR group(CIR),ezetimibe treatment group(EIR),simvastatin treatment group(SIR)and combined ezetimibe and simvastatin treatment group(ESIR).After two weeks of treat?ment with intragastic normal saline or drugs(ezetimibe or simvastatin),myocytes were isolated from right ventricular with colla?genaseⅡ,and Itowas recorded by whole-cell patch clamp technique.Results(1)The Itocurrent density at+60 mV was sig?nificantly decreased in CIR group than that of CON group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in Itocurrent density between SIR group and ESIR group(P>0.05).The Itocurrent densities were higher in SIR group and ESIR group compared to those of CIR group.There was no significant difference in Itocurrent density between SIR group and ESIR group(P>0.05).(2)There was a significant increase in the half-inactivation(V1/2)in CIR group than that of CON group,but no significant differ?ence between EIR group and CIR group(P>0.05).There was a significant difference in the half-inactivation(V1/2)in SIR group and ESIR group compared to that of CIR group(P<0.05),but no significant difference between SIR group and ESIR group(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the slope factor(K)between five groups(P>0.05).(3)The time-con?stant(τ)of Itorecovery curves from inactivation was significantly higher in CIR group than that of CON group(P<0.05),which was no significant difference between EIR group and CIR group(P>0.05).There was a significant difference in the time-con?stant(τ)of Itorecovery curves from inactivation in SIR group and ESIR group compared to that of CIR group(P<0.05),but no significant difference between SIR group and ESIR group(P>0.05).ConclusionSimvastatin pre-treatment or ezetimibe+ simvastatin pre-treatment can reverse the effect of IR on Itoof ventricular myocytes,but ezetimibe shows no such effects.
patch-clamp techniques;reperfusion injury;Ezetimibe;Simvastatin;transient outward potassium current
R542.2
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.11.020
天津醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院心臟科,天津心血管病離子與分子機能重點實驗室,天津心臟病學研究所(郵編300211)
張坤(1985),男,醫(yī)學碩士,主要從事冠心病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床方面研究
△通訊作者E-mail:tjcardiol@126.com