鄧增華,謝輝,陳振崗,王廣舜△,張成崗
植物多糖和吡格列酮對小鼠肺腺癌干預(yù)效果的研究
鄧增華1,謝輝1,陳振崗1,王廣舜1△,張成崗2△
目的觀察植物多糖和吡格列酮對小鼠肺腺癌的干預(yù)效果,探討炎癥和肺腺癌之間的關(guān)系,為臨床肺腺癌的治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。方法100只小鼠分為對照組、模型組、植物多糖組、吡格列酮組、植物多糖和吡格列酮聯(lián)合干預(yù)組(聯(lián)合組),每組20只;植物多糖組給予植物多糖溶液500 mg/kg,吡格列酮組給予吡格列酮溶液15 mg/kg,聯(lián)合組給予500 mg/kg植物多糖+15 mg/kg吡格列酮;對照組和模型組給予等量生理鹽水(10 mL/kg),均1次/d,5 d/周;共20周。觀察各組不同時間小鼠肺腺癌成瘤情況,分別于第12周和20周,處死小鼠后檢測各組核因子(NF)-κB、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-6含量。結(jié)果對照組小鼠體質(zhì)量平穩(wěn)上升,其余組小鼠在烏拉坦注射期體質(zhì)量持續(xù)下降,然后持續(xù)上升;第20周,對照組小鼠肺表面未見結(jié)節(jié),其余組均見明顯的肺結(jié)節(jié),且小鼠肺的臟器指數(shù)明顯高于對照組;在第12周和20周時,模型、吡格列酮、植物多糖和聯(lián)合組小鼠體內(nèi)的NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均高于對照組,吡格列酮、植物多糖和聯(lián)合組小鼠體內(nèi)的NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均低于模型組。結(jié)論持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng)是肺腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的危險因素之一,植物多糖和吡格列酮均能降低肺腺癌小鼠體內(nèi)的炎癥水平,提示可將其用于臨床肺腺癌的藥物輔助治療。
植物多糖;吡格列酮;腺癌;肺腫瘤;NF-κB;腫瘤壞死因子α;白細(xì)胞介素1β;白細(xì)胞介素6
肺癌是對人體健康和生命威脅最大的腫瘤之一[1]。其在病理上分為小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)和非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC),NSCLC又主要分為大細(xì)胞肺癌、肺鱗癌和肺腺癌,其中肺腺癌已成為肺癌中最主要的類型[2]。核因子(NF)-κB家族在調(diào)節(jié)炎癥、免疫反應(yīng)以及細(xì)胞增殖中均起重要的作用[3-4],其與肺腺癌之間的關(guān)系一直受到人們的關(guān)注[5-6]。相關(guān)研究表明NF-κB促進肺腺癌的發(fā)生與其增強腫瘤相關(guān)的炎癥反應(yīng),促進血管生成以及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)[7]。
植物多糖是從植物中提取的天然化合物,具有廣泛的生理生化作用,已有研究顯示多種植物多糖均有抗腫瘤的作用[8-10]。吡格列酮屬于噻唑烷二酮類降糖藥,是過氧化物酶體增殖物激活型受體(PPAR)-γ激動劑,研究證明PPAR-γ激動劑對肺腺癌有抑制作用[11-12]。且植物多糖[10]和PPAR-γ激動劑[11]均能抑制NF-κB信號通路,從而控制炎癥。本研究使用植物多糖和吡格列酮干預(yù)小鼠肺腺癌模型,通過檢測小鼠肺部成瘤情況和體內(nèi)炎癥水平,探討炎癥與肺腺癌的關(guān)系。
1.1 材料烏拉坦(國藥集團化學(xué)試劑有限公司,化學(xué)純);植物多糖(蘇州科景生物醫(yī)藥科技有限公司,配料為膳食纖維、蟲草多糖、人參多糖、靈芝多糖、海藻多糖、猴頭菇多糖、枸杞多糖);鹽酸吡格列酮(北京太平洋藥業(yè)有限公司);小鼠ELISA試劑盒(美國Rapidbio公司,CK-E02226、CKE02538M、CK-E20012M、CK-E20073M);10%多聚甲醛(實驗室自制)。Bio-Rad公司680型酶標(biāo)儀和光學(xué)顯微鏡(OLYMPUS BX41)。SPF級雄性Balb/c小鼠100只(北京維通利華實驗動物技術(shù)有限公司),體質(zhì)量18~22 g。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 模型建立及實驗分組參照文獻中常用的方法建立小鼠肺腺癌模型,即腹腔注射烏拉坦(1 000 mg/kg,1次/周,連續(xù)8周)[13-15]。小鼠實驗室適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)2周后,按體質(zhì)量隨機分為5組:對照組、模型組、植物多糖組、吡格列酮組、植物多糖和吡格列酮聯(lián)合干預(yù)組(聯(lián)合組),每組20只。前8周,后4組均腹腔注射烏拉坦1 g/kg,對照組注射等量生理鹽水。從第4周開始,植物多糖組給予植物多糖溶液500 mg/kg,吡格列酮組給予吡格列酮溶液15 mg/kg,植物多糖和吡格列酮所用劑量均參照相關(guān)文獻[8,16],聯(lián)合組給予植物多糖和吡格列酮混合液(500 mg/kg植物多糖+15 mg/kg吡格列酮);對照組和模型組給予等量生理鹽水(10 mL/kg),均1次/d,5 d/周。整個干預(yù)方案一直到實驗結(jié)束(共20周,從第1次注射烏拉坦始算)。
1.2.2 各組小鼠肺部成瘤情況及炎癥因子測定每周一記錄小鼠體質(zhì)量,并觀看其生長狀態(tài);第12周時,每組處死6只小鼠,心尖取血分離血清(5 000 r/min,10 min),檢測各組NF-κB、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-6的含量,具體步驟參照試劑盒說明書。取肺組織并計算肺的臟器指數(shù)=肺的質(zhì)量/小鼠體質(zhì)量,然后將其固定于10%多聚甲醛溶液中,以備做石蠟包塊、病理切片(5 μm)和HE染色;第20周時處死剩余的小鼠,同第12周進行HE染色和病理分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,應(yīng)用GraphPad Prism 5軟件繪制圖表,采用方差分析進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)檢驗,組間多重比較用LSD-t檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 小鼠生長情況對照組小鼠體質(zhì)量在整個實驗周期基本保持平穩(wěn)上升,生長狀況良好。其余組小鼠在烏拉坦注射期(前8周)體質(zhì)量持續(xù)下降,到第9周時降到最低,在第9周以后體質(zhì)量開始持續(xù)上升,到20周時各組間小鼠體質(zhì)量基本一致,見圖1。
Fig.1The changes of body weights in different mouse groups圖1 各組小鼠體質(zhì)量變化
2.2 各組小鼠肺部成瘤情況至第20周,對照組小鼠肺表面未見結(jié)節(jié),其余組均見明顯的肺結(jié)節(jié),模型組、吡格列酮組、植物多糖組和聯(lián)合組間的肺表面結(jié)節(jié)數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=2.816,P=0.055),見圖2。對照組小鼠肺的臟器指數(shù)明顯小于其他4組(F= 12.680,P<0.05),而模型組、植物多糖組、吡格列酮組和聯(lián)合組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,見圖3。各組間小鼠肺部病理改變見圖4,其中對照組小鼠全部正常,其余組的每只小鼠均出現(xiàn)肺腺癌。
Fig.2The number of lung nodules at the 20thweek in different groups圖2 第20周時各組間小鼠肺表面結(jié)節(jié)數(shù)
Fig.3The index of lung in different groups圖3 各組小鼠肺的臟器指數(shù)
Fig.4The pathological changes of lung tissues in different groups(HE,×100)圖4 各組小鼠肺組織病理改變(HE,×100)
2.3 各組小鼠炎癥因子表達情況在第12周和20周時,模型組、吡格列酮、植物多糖和聯(lián)合組小鼠體內(nèi)的NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均高于對照組,吡格列酮、植物多糖和聯(lián)合組小鼠體內(nèi)的NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均低于模型組,見表1、2。
Tab.1The expression levels of inflammation factors in different groups at the 12thweek表1 各組小鼠12周炎癥因子表達水平比較(n=6,ng/L,)
Tab.1The expression levels of inflammation factors in different groups at the 12thweek表1 各組小鼠12周炎癥因子表達水平比較(n=6,ng/L,)
**P<0.01;a與對照組比較,b與模型組比較,P<0.05;表2同
I L -1 β 2 6 . 6 5 ± 4 . 0 7 9 8 . 7 8 ± 1 0 . 3 1 a 6 6 . 4 9 ± 7 . 2 2 a b 6 1 . 3 9 ± 7 . 1 5 a b 7 4 . 2 3 ± 5 . 1 1 a b 8 0 . 5 1 1**組別對照組模型組吡格列酮組植物多糖組聯(lián)合組F N F -κ B 4 4 1 . 8 8 ± 3 9 . 3 8 1 0 7 0 . 5 1 ± 8 1 . 4 3 a 7 9 0 . 0 3 ± 6 5 . 7 4 a b 7 3 7 . 3 2 ± 6 8 . 9 6 a b 8 6 6 . 8 2 ± 5 4 . 1 0 a b 3 8 . 5 0 7**T N F -α 1 2 9 . 1 2 ± 1 8 . 1 7 4 6 2 . 1 7 ± 4 7 . 5 9 a 3 5 0 . 3 7 ± 1 1 . 4 5 a b 2 8 1 . 7 2 ± 2 7 . 1 3 a b 3 4 4 . 4 5 ± 3 3 . 0 0 a b 4 6 . 1 6 5**I L -6 4 4 . 0 3 ± 3 . 9 8 1 1 2 . 5 5 ± 8 . 6 8 a 7 9 . 4 6 ± 8 . 9 2 a b 6 6 . 9 9 ± 1 0 . 8 0 a b 8 1 . 7 2 ± 8 . 2 6 a b 4 6 . 4 2 2**
Tab.2The expression levels of inflammation factors in different groups at the 20thweek表2 各組小鼠20周炎癥因子表達水平比較(n=14,ng/L,)
Tab.2The expression levels of inflammation factors in different groups at the 20thweek表2 各組小鼠20周炎癥因子表達水平比較(n=14,ng/L,)
組別對照組模型組吡格列酮組植物多糖組聯(lián)合組F N F -κ B 4 8 2 . 7 5 ± 4 6 . 3 8 1 1 2 9 . 0 7 ± 9 0 . 3 0a8 2 6 . 5 7 ± 7 2 . 4 9ab8 3 7 . 7 1 ± 7 0 . 4 9ab9 7 3 . 0 2 ± 8 8 . 8 3ab1 1 7 . 7 1 4**T N F -α 1 7 3 . 7 3 ± 1 6 . 8 2 4 8 3 . 9 1 ± 4 3 . 6 8a3 4 4 . 2 2 ± 3 1 . 7 2ab3 4 9 . 7 6 ± 3 6 . 2 7ab4 0 6 . 8 1 ± 3 4 . 5 2ab1 2 1 . 7 2 2**I L -6 4 0 . 4 9 ± 4 . 8 9 1 0 6 . 4 2 ± 9 . 3 3a7 9 . 1 3 ± 6 . 3 3ab7 9 . 1 9 ± 5 . 8 4ab9 4 . 2 3 ± 9 . 0 4ab1 3 5 . 6 3 5**I L -1 β 2 7 . 7 5 ± 6 . 3 5 9 4 . 7 0 ± 9 . 9 9a7 0 . 4 4 ± 7 . 2 1ab6 6 . 2 5 ± 7 . 2 4ab8 1 . 7 4 ± 8 . 5 9ab1 2 7 . 4 9 6**
烏拉坦的化學(xué)名為氨基甲酸乙酯,是煙草和吸煙煙霧中致癌成分之一,并且廣泛存在于發(fā)酵食品中[17],并在2007年被國際癌癥研究機構(gòu)認(rèn)定為2A類致癌物(可能對人體致癌)。烏拉坦作為一種膽堿酯酶抑制劑,由于其穩(wěn)定的麻醉效果,現(xiàn)仍廣泛應(yīng)用于動物麻醉。本次實驗結(jié)果證實烏拉坦能穩(wěn)定地誘導(dǎo)出小鼠肺腺癌,提醒人們應(yīng)該重視其對人體的潛在巨大危害。
NF-κB是一種核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,主要存在于細(xì)胞核中,是炎癥通路中關(guān)鍵因子之一,能調(diào)控多種炎癥介質(zhì)的表達。已有研究顯示其與肺腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[3,15,18],本次實驗再次證實烏拉坦誘導(dǎo)的小鼠肺腺癌中NF-κB和其他炎癥因子一直處于高表達狀態(tài),說明慢性炎癥反應(yīng)是肺腺癌形成的機制之一。相關(guān)研究表明,慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠模型患肺癌的概率增大與其體內(nèi)持續(xù)高水平的炎癥狀態(tài)有關(guān)[19],與本研究結(jié)果相符。
植物多糖是從植物中提取的天然化合物,具有廣泛的生理生化作用,且對人體基本沒有毒副作用,研究表明許多種植物多糖(如纖維素、枸杞多糖、人
參多糖)均具有抗腫瘤的作用[9,20]。但是以往關(guān)于植物多糖和肺腺癌的研究均停留在細(xì)胞實驗或者種植瘤實驗的水平,尚鮮見用植物多糖干預(yù)烏拉坦誘導(dǎo)小鼠肺腺癌模型的報道。吡格列酮屬于噻唑烷二酮類降糖藥,是PPAR-γ激動劑,相關(guān)研究顯示PPAR-γ信號通路和NF-κB信號通路存在交叉部分,PPAR-γ激動劑能抑制NF-κB的表達[21-22]。但是PPAR-γ激動劑能否通過抑制NF-κB控制炎癥從而達到抑制肺腺癌,尚鮮見文獻報道。本實驗結(jié)果顯示,植物多糖和吡格列酮均能降低肺腺癌小鼠體內(nèi)的炎癥水平,但是藥物干預(yù)組(植物多糖、吡格列酮和聯(lián)合組)小鼠體內(nèi)的炎癥水平仍然高于對照組,這很可能是兩種藥物未能進一步抑制肺腺癌的主要原因。能否將這兩種藥作為臨床治療肺腺癌的輔助用藥,尚需進一步實驗研究。
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(2015-05-20收稿 2015-06-20修回)
(本文編輯 閆娟)
The effects of polysaccharides and pioglitazone on mouse model of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
DENG Zenghua1,XIE Hui1,CHEN Zhengang1,WANG Guangshun1△,ZHANG Chenggang2△
1 Baodi Clinical Hospital,Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 301800,China;2 Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of the PLA△
ObjectiveTo provide theoretical reference for clinical therapy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma by evaluating the effects of polysaccharides and pioglitazone on mouse model of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and to explore the relationship between inflammation and pulmonary adenocarcinoma.MethodsOne hundred mice were averagely divided into five groups,including control group,model group,polysaccharides group,pioglitazone group,polysaccharides and pioglitazone group(unite group).Polysaccharides solution(500 mg/kg)was given to polysaccharides group,pioglitazone solution(15 mg/kg)was given to pioglitazone group,polysaccharides solution(500 mg/kg)and pioglitazone solution(15 mg/kg)were given to unite group;and the equal volume of saline(10 mL/kg)was given to control and model group(1 t/d,5 d/w,continuously 20 w).The pulmonary adenocarcinoma induced by urethane was evaluated in each group at different time points.The levels of NF-κB,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in each group at the 12thweek and the 20thweek respectively.Results The body weights were increased in the control group,which were decreased in other groups during urethane-injection,but increased continuously after the injection.At the 20thweek,nodules were found in lung surfaces in all mice except mice of control group.The lung index was higher in all mice except mice of control group.The levels of NF-κB,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher at 12thweek and 20thin model group,polysaccharides group,pioglitazone group,polysaccharides and pioglitazone group than those of control group.The levels of NF-κB,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lower in polysaccharides group,pioglitazone group,polysaccharides and pioglitazone group than those of model group.ConclusionSustained inflammatory response is one of the risk factors for the development of lung adenocarcinoma.Polysaccharides and pioglitazone can reduce the level of inflammation in mouse lung adenocarcinoma,suggesting that both of them can be used as potential adjuvant in the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
polysaccharides;pioglitazone;adenocarcinoma;lung neoplasms;NF-kappa B;tumor necrosis factor-alpha;interleukin-1β;interleukin-6
R734.2
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.12.011
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81271206)
1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)寶坻臨床學(xué)院(郵編301800);2軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)國家重點實驗室,全軍軍事認(rèn)知與心理衛(wèi)生研究中心,北京
鄧增華(1990),男,碩士在讀,主要從事肺腺癌發(fā)病機制和藥物干預(yù)研究
△通訊作者E-mail:wgs@bdhospital.com;zhangcg@bmi.ac.cn