Honglian WAN，Dongyue LlP

1.The KeY LaboratorY of Disaster Nonitoring and Nechanism Simulation of Shaanxi Province，Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，Baoji 721013，China；

2.Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，College of GeographY and Environment，Baoji 721013，China；

3.School of Literature of Huzhou Teachers College，Huzhou 313000，China

Problems of Land Pse during Prbanization of Western China：A Case Study in Baoji City，Shaanxi Province

Honglian WAN1，2*，Dongyue LlP3

1.The KeY LaboratorY of Disaster Nonitoring and Nechanism Simulation of Shaanxi Province，Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，Baoji 721013，China；

2.Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，College of GeographY and Environment，Baoji 721013，China；

3.School of Literature of Huzhou Teachers College，Huzhou 313000，China

Baoji CitY develops much faster recentlY，and much progress has made on urbanization.On the other hand，urbanization has been closelY linked to use of land resources，for citY expansion relies on lands.According to the 6th demographic census of Baoji and land surveY in 2009，the research analYzed problems in urbanization of Baoji and concluded that urbanization proceeds well，as well as land intensified use.Still，the problems can never be ignored，such as poor land qualitY，decreasing farmland，low land use ratio and intensive use degree，slow optimization process of land use structure，more limiting factors of land development and use，heavier eco-environment protection tasks.AdditionallY，the research proposed specific countermeasures based on status quo of land use.

Urbanization；Land use；Baoji

U rbanization isa population shift from rural to urban areas and the waYs in which rural residents adapt to the change of urban modern cultivation in terms of production mode and lifestYle.ln other words，it is a kind of urban land expansion.Lands laY foundation for urban development and closelY related to urbanization［1］.

Problems in urbanization have been discussed bY manY experts.For example，Jiang et al.［2］analYzed land use problems during urbanization and proposed countermeasures for new urbanization with a case of Hunan Province.Fang et al.［3］introduced urbanization process in China，analYzed land use state and problems during urbanization process and proposed intensive land use.Li［4］analYzed regional differences of land use change in Shaanxi Province and pointed out causes of policY，nature，economic leverage and population on basis of land use status during 1991-2001. Zhang et al.［5］constructed a GN （1，1）greY prediction model and predicted changes of construction lands in Baoji in 2010 and 2020 based on dYnamic changes and rules in urban and rural areas during 2002-2007.Wan et al.［6］made research on land use problems during urbanization in Shaanxi Province.However，less attention is paid to land use problems during urbanization process in Baoji CitY.

Prbanization DeveloPment of Baoji

lntroduction of Baoji

As shown in Fig.1，Baoji is thesecond largest citY and in western ShaanxiProvince.The prefecturelevel citY of Baoji has a population of 3 736 700，inhabiting an area of 18 117 km2（the length of 162 km from east to west and 159 km width from south to north），representing 8.8%of Shaanxi Province.Baoji consists of Fengxiang CountY， Qishan CountY， Fufeng CountY，F(xiàn)eng CountY，Taibai CountY，Nei CountY，Long CountY，QianYang CountY and LinYou CountY.

Table 2 Urban land use intensitY of Baoji

Status quo of urbanization develoP-ment

Urbanization reflects transformation agricultural population to nonagricultural population as well as concentration process in counties or cities，contributed bY social and economic development.According to the 6thChinese census［7］，urban population of permanent resident population in Baoji reached 1.538 4 million，taking up to 41.39%in 2010.Compared with the 5th Chinese census，urban population grew bY 454 000，which indicated that urbanization ratio advanced 11.8 percentage points.Therefore，Baoji urbanization further expedites during the 10 Years.Nevertheless，the growth still fell behind to national level and provincial level.lt can be concluded that regional characteristics of Baoji advance urbanization of Shaanxi Province and even our nation.

The use of land in a region plaYs a crucial role in political and economic development.Hence，it is feasible to research land use status，seek the problems and formulate scientific countermeasures based on urban land use intensitY.

Existing Problems

Reduction of farmland area and Poorer land quality

With application of the strategY of constructing large cities，construction lands are increasing and farmlands are going down，deteriorated bY agricultural structure adjustment and ecological de-farming policY.For example，according to statistics，net farmland area reduced bY over 249 000 hm2in Baoji during 2000-2009（Table 1）and annual average reduction rate reached 7.4%.ln 2009，agricultural farmland per capita dropped to 0.082 hm2，accounting for 82%of national level.Baoji is an important crop production base in Shaanxi Province，and cereal crops are intensive-oriented products，so that grain production scales are significantlY influenced bY farmland resources.The shrinkages of farmland per capita and highlY-Yielding farmland have become a major issue preventing Baoji agriculture development.

Low use rate of lands and intensive degree of construction lands

ln the end of 2005，industrial and mining lands per capita reached 128.6 m2and residential land per capita was 190 m2in Baoji.Output values of the secondarY industrY and tertiarY industrY achieved 414 000 Yuan/hm2，which represented 82.8%nationwide.

However，spatial laYout of construction lands is not well formulated. For example，there are some idle lands in industrial parks.Some problems exist of urban constructions，such as ignoring potential exploration，but highlighting expansion.ln rural residential areas，inner structure tends to be loose and the issue of＂emptY village＂becomes serious because of ex-tensive land use，without scientific planning.Land use intensifications were classified in different counties and districts in Baoji according to urban land use intensification and intensitY［10］（Table 2）.As sown in Table 2，Weibin District，JintaiDistrict，and Chencang District proved the highest in land use intensification；extensive land use dominatesin Fengxiang CountY，Qishan CountY，Nei CountY，and Feng CountY and severelY extensive land use dominates in rest areas.

Slowadvancementoflanduse structure and more limiting factors in utilization and develoPment

ln Baoji，LinYou CountY，F(xiàn)engxiang CountY and Nei CountY are rated as national ecological restoration counties，with limited reserved farmlands.What’s worse，the importance of planning is not widelY accepted，and it is hard for comprehensive control to be implemented on land use.AdditionallY，the issues of illegal land occupancY and illegalland transaction are much common and should be controlled.

Extensively distributed geological disaster sPots and heavier tasks of eco-environment Protection

With complicated landforms，Baoji has a serious issue of geological disasters occurring mainlY along Wei River，tributaries，as well as traffic lines and residential areas.What’s worse，human activities actuallY deteriorate the disasters，covering slope reclamation，road and canal construction，mining and pond building.

With growing land use intensitY，soil environment would be affected bY chemical fertilizer，pesticides and industrial pollutants，and farmland fertilitY is declining due to highlights on utilization rather than cultivation.Furthermore，water sources are destroYed in certain degrees，resulting in farmland productive decreasing.ln addition，illegal mining affects forests and leads to water and soil losses.

Countermeasures of Land Pse in Prbanization Process

To administer idle lands to ready for future use

There are some idle lands in Baoji，worsening the problem of land shortage.Therefore，it is necessarY for relevant departments to well deal with the lands regularlY.lt is notable that measures should be volatile upon specific lands in order to reduce land waste and improve use rate.As for reserved lands，it is recommended to make full use of to exploit the potential and accomplish sustainable use.

To comPrehensively advance land consolidation

lt is necessarY to enhance consolidation on abandoned homestead，mining lands and other lands to improve land use rate and land reclamation should be conducted on rural wasted residential areas and kilns.

ln general，it is important to rationallY lead concentrated construction of farmers’houses and advance demolition and merging residential area to reduce scales of rural residential areas as per construction of new countrYside demands.Besides，top prioritY should be given to using idle lands，homesteads and other lands and it is recommended to guide and rule rational land circulation in rural areas and to improve use rate of rural homestead.

To exPand urban greenbelt areas

lt is keY to integrate new urban district construction with old district afforestation according to the principles of＂comprehensive advancement，keY breakthrough，more investment and highlY-qualified construction＂to plaY a leading role in mobilizing green-oriented demonstration villages and enhancing afforestation nearbY.What's more，it is crucial to fullY exploit production function，ecological function，landscape function and isolating of farmland and broaden urban and rural production space.AdditionallY，it is feasible to construct landscapes，improve construction of eco-garden citY and enhance sustainable capacitY of lands.

To Protect lands，farmlands in Particular

lt is important to give top prioritY to protection of highlY-qualified and largescale farmlands with well accommodated infrastructure and improvements should be conducted on lowlY or moderatelY qualified farmlands in large scales to enhance construction of infrastructure and supporting facilitY and extend irrigation area in order to increase farmland productivitY and Yielding ratio.Neanwhile，land consolidation should be carried out to improve farmland protection and monitoring，reduce the number of farmland damaged bY natural disasters and conduct reclamation timelY.lt is notable that land occupation bY non-agricultural construction should be under strict control.

To exPloit urban land Potential and make use ofmulti-dimensional sPace

lt is keY to expand urban land scale，as well as exploit land potential to adapt to urbanization，such as improving floor space ratio and utilizing multi-space.Still，the waY of space use tends to be volatile.For instance，the development of viaduct and metro actuallY makes use of space verticallY and improves use rate of land per unit area，which is conductive to transport construction and farmland protection. Besides，such practices accomplish three-dimensional construction of public services as well as industrial plants，formulating industrial building or complex［11］.

Conclusion

Cities are a result of industrialization，and urbanization is a modern phenomenon linked to modernization.ln the context of rapid economic growth，it has a high demand on urban construction lands，and therefore，it is understandable that several land use problems might occur.Nevertheless，with consideration of foreign cases and self-characters and advantages，it is possible that Baoji urbanization be accomplished bY improving use intensitY of urban land and distributing land tYpes in a rational waY.The research detailed existing problems of urbanization in Baoji and proposed development countermeasures，which provide theoretical references for mitigating the conflict between urbanization and land shortage as well as advancing intensified use of land and urbanization.

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ResPonsible editor：Xiaoxue WANG

ResPonsible Proofreader：Xiaoyan WP

關(guān)中西部城市化過(guò)程中的土地利用問(wèn)題研究——以陜西省寶雞市為例

萬(wàn)紅蓮1，2*，劉東玥3（1.寶雞文理學(xué)院災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)與機(jī)理模擬陜西省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，陜西寶雞721013；2.寶雞文理學(xué)院地理與環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西寶雞 721013；3.湖州師范學(xué)院文學(xué)院，浙江湖州 313000）

寶雞市經(jīng)濟(jì)近年來(lái)有了較大的發(fā)展，城市化進(jìn)程也有了較好的發(fā)展，城市化進(jìn)程與土地資源的利用有著緊密的聯(lián)系，城市的擴(kuò)張需要土地資源作為支撐。根據(jù)寶雞市第六次人口普查數(shù)據(jù)和2009年土地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析了寶雞市城市化進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的土地利用問(wèn)題。研究認(rèn)為寶雞市近幾年城市化進(jìn)程與土地集約利用總體上保持著較好較快的發(fā)展，與此同時(shí)也存在著一些問(wèn)題。如耕地面積減少與土地質(zhì)量較差、土地利用效率偏低，建設(shè)用地集約化利用程度不高、土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化進(jìn)展緩慢，開發(fā)利用限制因素多、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害點(diǎn)多面廣，生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)任務(wù)加劇等問(wèn)題。結(jié)合寶雞土地利用現(xiàn)狀提出了具體發(fā)展對(duì)策。

城市化；土地利用；寶雞

國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目（07XZZ006）；陜西省教育廳重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室項(xiàng)目（11JS011）；陜西省教育科學(xué)“十二五”規(guī)劃課題 （SGH140676）；寶雞市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目（14SFGG-2）；寶雞文理學(xué)院院級(jí)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目（ZK12050）；寶雞文理學(xué)院自然地理學(xué)陜西省重點(diǎn)學(xué)科基金資助；國(guó)家級(jí)大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃（201410721029）；陜西省大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃（2014S1716）。

萬(wàn)紅蓮（1969-），女，陜西麟游人，副教授，博士，碩士生導(dǎo)師，主要從事資源開發(fā)與環(huán)境變遷等方面的研究和教學(xué)工作，E-mail：hyhm2006@163.com。*通訊作者。

2015-07-06

Supported bY National Social Science Fund Project（07XZZ006）；Shaanxi KeY laboratorY project of the Education Department（11JS011）；The 12thPlanning Topic of Education Science in Shaanxi Province （SGH140676）；Baoji Science and TechnologY Planning Program（14SFGG-2）；KeY Program of Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences（ZK12050）；KeY Subject Funds of Shaanxi Province of PhYsical GeographY of Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences；National Undergraduate Training Program for lnnovation and Entrepreneurship （201410721029）；Shaanxi Undergraduate Training Program for lnnovation and Entrepreneurship（2014S1716）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:hYhm2006@163.com

Received:JulY 6，2015 Accepted:August 16，2015

修回日期 2015-08-16