亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        離子液體

        2015-09-09 03:08:32
        關(guān)鍵詞:研究

        熱點(diǎn)追蹤

        離子液體

        ·編者按·

        隨著環(huán)境和能源相關(guān)問題的凸顯,作為一種綠色功能材料和介質(zhì),離子液體的研究正得到越來越多的重視,成為綠色化學(xué)化工等領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn),其應(yīng)用研究領(lǐng)域也已經(jīng)從最初的化工領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)展到功能材料、能源、資源環(huán)境、生命科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域。

        離子液體(ionic liquids)是由正、負(fù)離子組成的,在室溫或室溫附近呈現(xiàn)液體狀態(tài)的有機(jī)鹽。相比固態(tài)物質(zhì)它是液態(tài),相比傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)物它是離子型的。

        離子液體的發(fā)現(xiàn),最早可以追溯到1914年,Walden通過濃硝酸和乙胺反應(yīng)制得發(fā)明了人類史上第一種離子液體:硝基乙胺(EtNH3)NO3,也是第一代離子液體的代表。20世紀(jì)90年代,誕生了以含(CF3SO2)2N-的咪唑類離子液體為代表的第二代離子液體,相比前一代,其穩(wěn)定性更高。到21世紀(jì),根據(jù)所需要的物理性質(zhì)和化學(xué)性質(zhì),在離子液體中嫁接一些功能化基團(tuán)以適應(yīng)需要,至此,第三代種類和功能更加豐富的離子液體誕生。

        從第一代到第三代,離子液體的合成與制備始終是離子液體研究的基礎(chǔ)與核心。其中,離子液體的常規(guī)合成方法主要沿襲了第一代離子液體的合成路線與制備方法,常見的方法為一步合成法和兩步合成法。一步合成法包括由親核試劑——叔胺(包括吡啶、咪唑等)與鹵代烷烴或酯類物質(zhì)(羧酸酯、磷酸酯和硫酸酯)發(fā)生親核加成反應(yīng),或利用胺的堿性與酸發(fā)生中和反應(yīng)而一步生成目標(biāo)離子液體的方法。兩步合成法,是在第一步的基礎(chǔ)上,再通過離子交換、絡(luò)合反應(yīng)、電解法或復(fù)分解反應(yīng)等方法,將鹵素離子轉(zhuǎn)換為目標(biāo)離子液體的陰離子。其他合成方法主要是應(yīng)用微波和超聲波輔助合成離子液體,提高了離子液體制備的效率。

        由于特殊的構(gòu)成,相比傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)溶劑和電解質(zhì),離子液體有著獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)。主要表現(xiàn)為:蒸汽壓小,不會(huì)蒸發(fā)散失;穩(wěn)定性高,能夠在低于或接近室溫到300℃之間保持液態(tài);溶解能力強(qiáng),可溶解無機(jī)化合物、有機(jī)化合物、及金屬有機(jī)化合物等;熱容量較大,可將離子液體用做吸熱介質(zhì)以促進(jìn)太陽能等的轉(zhuǎn)化;電導(dǎo)率高,可作為許多物質(zhì)電化學(xué)研究的電解液。

        由于具有優(yōu)良的特性,離子液體在化學(xué)研究的多個(gè)領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。在有機(jī)合成方面,由于離子液體和大量有機(jī)物質(zhì)能形成兩相,且具有溶劑和催化劑的雙重功能,可以作為許多化學(xué)反應(yīng)溶劑或催化活性載體。在萃取分離方面,因?yàn)殡x子液體具有較大的極性可調(diào)控性,黏度低,密度大,可以形成二相或多相體系,適合作分離溶劑。在電化學(xué)方面,離子液體以其液態(tài)范圍寬、熱穩(wěn)定性好、無酸性質(zhì)子、導(dǎo)電能力、“π-π環(huán)”相互作用和黏合性良好而被應(yīng)用于電化學(xué)當(dāng)中。在納米材料方面,由于離子液體具有良好的分散性和穩(wěn)定性,在納米材料方面多被當(dāng)作修飾劑和雙功能催化劑來使用。在清潔燃料方面,離子液體具有良好的脫硫脫氮能力,因此目前已被應(yīng)用于清潔燃料的制備。在環(huán)境科學(xué)方面,近年來,離子液體以其綠色環(huán)保,回收利用率高以及其對(duì)有機(jī)物有良好的溶解能力而被應(yīng)用于含油污水的處理和水體中某些物質(zhì)含量的測(cè)定等方面。

        本專題得到了張香平研究員(中國(guó)科學(xué)院過程工程研究所)的大力支持。

        ·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

        截至2015年7月28日,中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示,以離子液體為詞條檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為4846與12602條,本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照:研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行,結(jié)果如下。

        研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)   研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

        作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)   作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

        期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)   期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

        根據(jù)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告,以離子液體為詞條檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

        國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

        根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),以離子液體為詞條檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下?!そ?jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

        國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

        ·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

        基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果,利用Histcite軟件選取LCS(Local Citation Score,本地引用次數(shù))TOP 30文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

        本領(lǐng)域經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)

        來源出版物:Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1997, 144(11): 3881-3886

        Asymmetric hydrogenation and catalyst recycling using ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide

        Brown, RA; Pollet, P; McKoon, E; et al.

        Abstract: Asymmetric hydrogenation of tiglic acid catalyzed by Ru (O2CMe) 2 ((R)-tolBINAP) in wet ionic liquid ([bmim] PF6 with added water, bmim) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) gave 2-methylbutanoic acid with high enantioselectivity and conversion. The product was extracted with supercritical CO2(scCO2)giving a clean separation of product and catalyst. The catalyst/ionic liquid solution was then reused repeatedly without significant loss of enantioselectivity or conversion.

        Keywords: water; ACIDS

        來源出版物:Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2001, 123(6): 1254-1255

        Supported ionic liquid catalysis-A new concept for homogeneous hydroformylation catalysis

        Mehnert, CP; Cook, RA; Dispenziere, NC; et al.

        Abstract: The new concept of supported ionic liquid catalysis involves the surface of a support material that is modified with a monolayer of covalently attached ionic liquid fragments. Treatment of this surface with additional ionic liquid results in the formation of a multiple layer of free ionic liquid on the support. These layers serve as the reaction phase in which a homogeneous hydroformylation catalyst was dissolved. Supported ionic liquid catalysis combines the advantages of ionic liquid media with solid support materials which enables theapplication of fixed-bed technology and the usage of significantly reduced amounts of the ionic liquid. The concept of supported ionic liquid catalysis has successfully been used for hydroformylation reactions and can be further expanded into other areas of catalysis.

        Keywords: phosphine-ligands; membranes; solvents; mixtures; rhodium

        來源出版物:Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002, 124(44): 12932-12933

        CO2capture by a task-specific ionic liquid

        Bates, ED; Mayton, RD; Ntai, I; et al.

        Abstract: Reaction of 1-butyl imidazole with 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide, followed by workup and anion exchange, yields a new room temperature ionic liquid incorporating a cation with an appended amine group. The new ionic liquid reacts reversibly with CO2,reversibly sequestering the gas as a carbamate salt. The new ionic liquid, which can be repeatedly recycled in this role, is comparable in efficiency for CO2capture to commercial amine sequestering reagents, and yet is nonvolatile and does not require water to function.

        來源出版物:Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002, 124(6): 926-927

        Solubilities and thermodynamic properties of gases in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

        Anthony, JL; Maginn, EJ; Brennecke, JF

        Abstract: This work presents the solubility of nine different gases in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The gases considered include carbon dioxide, ethylene, ethane, methane, argon, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. We also report the associated Henry's constants and enthalpies and entropies of absorption. We found carbon dioxide to have the highest solubility and strongest interactions with the ionic liquid, followed by ethylene and ethane. Argon and oxygen had very low solubilities and immeasurably weak interactions. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen all had solubilities below the detection limit of our apparatus. Our results suggest that the mass transfer of gases into ionic liquids likely will be an important issue for reactions involving these gases. We also determined that ionic liquids show good potential for use as a gas-separation medium.

        Keywords: equation-of-state; catalytic-hydrogenation; fluid region; temperature; pressures; solvents; water; CO2; imidazolium; argon

        來源出版物:Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, 106(29): 7315-7320

        The room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate: Electrochemical couples and physical properties

        Fuller, J; Carlin, RT; Osteryoung, RA

        The room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMLBF4) was demonstrated, as a versatile electrolyte by examining three representative electrochemical couples: ferrocene and tetrathiafulvalene oxidations and lithium ion reduction. Square-wave voltammetric data for ferrocene oxidation were fit to a reversible one-electron process using the COOL11 algorithm to give a half-wave potential of 0.490 V vs. Al/Al(III) and a diffusion coefficient of 5.1 × 10-7cm2/s-1. The two-electron oxidation of tetrathiafulvalene was reversible and proceeded through two consecutive one-electron steps; although data collected at lower square-wave frequencies indicated a slow precipitation of the TTF+species. Lithium ion was reduced to lithium metal at a Pt electrode following the addition of water to the EMLBF4 electrolyte, whereas Lithium ion reduction at an Al wire produced-the beta-LiAl alloy. Conductivities and kinematic viscosities of EMIBF4 were measured from 20 to 100 degrees C and had values of 14 mS cm-1and 0.275 cm2s-1, respectively, at 25 degrees C.

        kinetic-parameters; molten-salts; voltammetry

        猜你喜歡
        研究
        FMS與YBT相關(guān)性的實(shí)證研究
        2020年國(guó)內(nèi)翻譯研究述評(píng)
        遼代千人邑研究述論
        視錯(cuò)覺在平面設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用與研究
        科技傳播(2019年22期)2020-01-14 03:06:54
        關(guān)于遼朝“一國(guó)兩制”研究的回顧與思考
        EMA伺服控制系統(tǒng)研究
        基于聲、光、磁、觸摸多功能控制的研究
        電子制作(2018年11期)2018-08-04 03:26:04
        新版C-NCAP側(cè)面碰撞假人損傷研究
        關(guān)于反傾銷會(huì)計(jì)研究的思考
        焊接膜層脫落的攻關(guān)研究
        電子制作(2017年23期)2017-02-02 07:17:19
        小sao货水好多真紧h无码视频| 精品久久人妻一区二区| 亚洲精品中文字幕导航| 精品国产第一国产综合精品| 欧美老熟妇欲乱高清视频| 国产福利小视频在线观看| 91国语对白在线观看| 人妻少妇不满足中文字幕 | 国产香蕉视频在线播放| 亚洲av天天做在线观看| 亚洲毛片网| 亚洲av永久综合网站美女| 国产青青草在线观看视频| 日本高清h色视频在线观看| 亚洲天堂免费视频| 国产黄色看三级三级三级| 国产亚洲视频在线播放| 情侣黄网站免费看| 无码一区东京热| 亚洲av网一区二区三区成人| 波多野结衣不打码视频| 2019年92午夜视频福利| 亚洲AV小说在线观看| 日本a爱视频二区三区| 国产成人无码精品久久二区三区 | 日韩 亚洲 制服 欧美 综合| 午夜亚洲www湿好爽| 国产一区二区欧美丝袜| 在线观看一区二区蜜桃| 在线看片免费人成视频电影| 国产精品麻豆最新AV| 久久综合激激的五月天| 日韩精品中文一区二区三区在线| 乌克兰粉嫩xxx极品hd| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲| 日本频道一区二区三区| 免费超爽大片黄| 免费可以在线看A∨网站| 亚洲国产成人精品一区刚刚| 99久久无码一区人妻| 亚洲中文字幕无码专区|