倪偉勇,錢昭軍
(1.麗水市公安局刑事科學(xué)技術(shù)研究所,浙江 麗水 323000; 2.麗水市公安局經(jīng)濟開發(fā)區(qū)分局,浙江 麗水323000)
肋骨骨折鑒定時間研究
倪偉勇1,錢昭軍2
(1.麗水市公安局刑事科學(xué)技術(shù)研究所,浙江 麗水 323000; 2.麗水市公安局經(jīng)濟開發(fā)區(qū)分局,浙江 麗水323000)
目的 對肋骨骨折的法醫(yī)臨床鑒定時間進行探討。方法 對40例定期復(fù)查的肋骨骨折鑒定案件的CT表現(xiàn)和時間相關(guān)性進行研究。結(jié)果 26例被鑒定人外傷后2、4、6w CT檢查所見的肋骨骨折部位數(shù)量有增多趨勢,外傷4w后檢查所示骨折部位數(shù)量趨于穩(wěn)定。復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)的肋骨骨折有79.3%表現(xiàn)為肋骨內(nèi)側(cè)或者外側(cè)局部輕微的骨皮質(zhì)斷裂不完全性骨折,20.7%未能觀察到骨折線,僅表現(xiàn)為局部密度增高和骨痂生長。結(jié)論 對肋骨骨折
DOΙ: 10.16467/j.1008-3650.2015.02.007
法醫(yī)臨床學(xué);司法鑒定;肋骨骨折;鑒定時間
肋骨骨折是法醫(yī)臨床鑒定中較常見的損傷之一,《人體損傷程度鑒定標準》頒布施行之后,肋骨骨折部位由于數(shù)量上的差別存在輕傷一級、輕傷二級和輕微傷三個損傷程度結(jié)果;《道路交通事故受傷人員傷殘評定》(GB18667-2002)中,由于肋骨骨折數(shù)量的差別存在Ⅷ級、Ⅸ級、Ⅹ級三個傷殘等級;《人體損傷殘疾程度鑒定標準(試行)》2.9.26也規(guī)定了5根以上肋骨骨折構(gòu)成九級殘疾。
本文通過對40例定期復(fù)查的肋骨骨折鑒定案例多層螺旋CT檢查所發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨折部位與時間的關(guān)系進行回顧研究,對肋骨骨折的鑒定時間進行探討,為法醫(yī)臨床鑒定人員選擇適宜的鑒定時間,避免認定的損傷出現(xiàn)遺漏或鑒定意見出現(xiàn)錯誤提供了參考。
1.1 資料來源
對麗水市2011年~2013年受理的肋骨骨折案件中定期復(fù)查的40例案例進行回顧,上述被鑒定人均在外傷后2、4、6w復(fù)查胸部CT。其中女性9例,年齡45 ~62歲,平均年齡48.4歲;男性31例,年齡26~78歲,平均年齡49.7歲。
1.2 肋骨骨折的判定標準和方法
以觀察到骨折線或者骨痂生長為判定骨折的標準。對上述被鑒定人外傷后當日及外傷后2、4、6w的胸部CT片進行復(fù)閱,復(fù)查掃描儀器為GE Brightspeed Elite 16層螺旋CT或Philips Brilliance 16層螺旋CT。
2.1 復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)肋骨骨折情況
定期復(fù)查的40例中,有14例經(jīng)復(fù)查所見肋骨骨折部位無變化,占35%;有26例經(jīng)復(fù)查所見肋骨骨折部位有增多,占65%。復(fù)查所見肋骨數(shù)量及變化情況見表1。
2.2 復(fù)查新發(fā)現(xiàn)的肋骨骨折部位分布情況
經(jīng)復(fù)查新發(fā)現(xiàn)的肋骨骨折位于腋前線之前的54處,占62%;腋后線至腋前線22處,占25%;腋后線之后11處,占17%。復(fù)查所見肋骨骨折部位、數(shù)量及變化情況見表2。
表1 復(fù)查所見肋骨數(shù)量及變化情況Table1 Changes of rib fracture quantity by reexamination
表2 復(fù)查所見肋骨骨折部位、數(shù)量及變化情況Table2 Changes of rib fracture position and quantity by reexamination
2.3 復(fù)查新發(fā)現(xiàn)的肋骨骨折的類型
經(jīng)復(fù)查新發(fā)現(xiàn)的87處肋骨骨折,其中69處可觀察到骨折線和骨痂生長,均為不完全性骨折,表現(xiàn)為肋骨內(nèi)側(cè)或者外側(cè)局部輕微的骨皮質(zhì)斷裂(見圖1A、B、C),占79.3%;18處僅觀察到局部的骨痂生長(見圖1D、E、F),未見明顯骨折線且均位于2~7肋骨前肋,占20.7%。
圖1 胸部CT片。A:外傷當天右第6肋未見明顯異常;B:外傷后第2w復(fù)查見右第6肋前肋外側(cè)緣皮質(zhì)斷裂,周圍骨痂生長;C:外傷后第4w復(fù)查見右第6肋前肋骨痂生長,骨折線消失;D:外傷當天右第3肋未見明顯異常;E:外傷后第2w復(fù)查見右第3肋前肋局部密度增高;F:外傷后第4w復(fù)查見右第3肋前肋骨痂生長。Fig.1 CT images of chest.A: no obvious abnormality of the 6thright rib on the day of injury; B: external cortex fracture on the anterior extremity of the 6thright rib and callus growth around it in 2 weeks; C: callus growth on the anterior extremity of the 6thright rib and disappearance of fracture line in 4 weeks; D: No obvious abnormal trauma of the 3rdright rib on the day of injury; E: local density increase on the anterior extremity of the 3rdright rib in 2 weeks; F: callus growth on the anterior extremity of the 3rdright rib in 4 weeks.
肋骨為細長弓狀的扁骨,共12對,呈系列斜行骨弓排列,在前面通過肋軟骨與胸骨銜接,后面與胸椎構(gòu)成胸肋關(guān)節(jié)。第1~7肋與胸骨直接相連稱真肋;第8~12肋不與胸骨直接相連稱假肋;其中第11、12肋因末端游離又稱浮肋。肋骨之間借助相互交錯的肋間肌和肋間外肌相互作用近似于彎曲平行排列,當肋骨受力后超過肋骨的彈性強度極限便發(fā)生骨折,肋骨的骨折多系彎曲變形所致。
3.1 復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)肋骨骨折部位增加的病理基礎(chǔ)
肋骨骨折在胸部外傷中最為常見。肋骨骨折的愈合可以分為三個階段:血腫機化期、骨痂形成期和骨痂塑形期[1]。肋骨骨折后,早期由于呼吸運動以及局部血腫機化、破骨細胞清除死骨,部分細微的骨折線變得明顯;血腫機化后,骨折端部位骨膜反應(yīng)為膜成骨痂,血腫機化形成的纖維血管性肉芽組織大部分變?yōu)檐浌枪丘?,隨著骨痂中鈣鹽逐步沉積,在CT影像所見上密度逐漸增高,容易被識別。
3.2 早期檢查不能判定肋骨骨折的原因
隨著多層螺旋CT的普及,以及容積再現(xiàn)(VR)、曲面重建(CPR)、表面遮蓋法(SSD)等重組技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,肋骨骨折的早期檢出率有了很大的提高。當肋骨骨折線比較明顯時常規(guī)X線平片即可發(fā)現(xiàn);在平片隱匿、重疊部位的輕微骨皮質(zhì)中斷也能為多層螺旋CT掃描所發(fā)現(xiàn)[2];老年人由于骨質(zhì)疏松,骨皮質(zhì)菲薄,局部的骨折線不明顯,前肋大部分由骨松質(zhì)組成,骨皮質(zhì)菲薄,且含有機質(zhì)較多,受力變形后常常觀察不到骨折線,或者僅表現(xiàn)為骨皮質(zhì)的局部扭曲,由于部分肋骨骨折沒有明顯的骨皮質(zhì)中斷,在早期不能作為肋骨骨折的診斷依據(jù),隨著骨折愈合過程中骨痂的形成和塑形,才能在CT影像上被辨別,從而診斷為肋骨骨折。因此胸部外傷早期影像學(xué)檢查的結(jié)果不能作為法醫(yī)臨床鑒定的結(jié)論性依據(jù)[3]。
3.3 肋骨骨折漏診的原因
在臨床治療中,主要是針對肋骨骨折的并發(fā)癥進行治療,對肋骨骨折的數(shù)量關(guān)注度不夠,當發(fā)現(xiàn)與臨床癥狀、體征相符合部位的明顯骨折后,對其它細微的骨折沒有發(fā)現(xiàn);對不能立即確定為骨折的部位以骨皮質(zhì)扭曲(變形、凹陷)報告或報告為可疑骨折建議復(fù)查。臨床常規(guī)胸部CT掃描及骨重建采取5mm層厚,當骨折線的走行方向與CT軸位近似平行時或由于CT的局部容積效應(yīng)容易遺漏細微骨折,而層厚大于1mm以上的CPR、MPR重建圖像極易出現(xiàn)漏診[4]。
3.4 肋骨骨折鑒定中法醫(yī)學(xué)檢查的注意點
在肋骨骨折或者疑似肋骨骨折的鑒定中,需詢問被鑒定人受傷過程,詳細詢問胸部疼痛的部位、性質(zhì)、與呼吸的關(guān)系及緩解方式等癥狀,仔細檢查胸部的體表損傷、壓痛的部位、胸廓擠壓征等體征。提高讀片能力,不僅要掌握肋骨骨折的各種表現(xiàn)形態(tài),還要注意肋骨周圍軟組織腫脹、胸膜下小血腫等間接征象。在審閱影像學(xué)資料時,由于一張膠片往往有30幀以上甚至達64幀圖像,許多醫(yī)院提供的是紙片而不是膠片,圖像分辨率遠不及臨床醫(yī)生讀片時所見,所以當審閱的結(jié)果與影像學(xué)有出入時應(yīng)當要求辦案單位拷貝相應(yīng)的CT數(shù)碼圖片送檢或去醫(yī)院調(diào)閱數(shù)碼圖片。需要特別注意的是,在法醫(yī)臨床鑒定中,雖然各種螺旋CT后處理技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對及時發(fā)現(xiàn)和診斷肋骨骨折有及其重要的意義,但是由于呼吸運動和掃描參數(shù)的不同對重建的圖像有較大的影響,有可能出現(xiàn)偽影和遺漏[5],確診肋骨骨折應(yīng)當以軸位圖像為準,重建圖像為輔。在初次受理鑒定時,對被鑒定人應(yīng)當要求在外傷后4w復(fù)查一次胸部CT,并在告知單上注明復(fù)查時請醫(yī)院采用薄層掃描,有條件的被鑒定人可以在外傷后2、4w復(fù)查兩次以動態(tài)觀察,當肋骨骨折數(shù)量有變化時更有利于說理分析。
3.5 掌握肋骨骨折鑒定時間的意義
在法醫(yī)臨床鑒定工作中,特別是基層公安機關(guān)人體損傷程度鑒定中,由于辦案期限的限制,委托單位往往希望在盡量短的時間內(nèi)作出鑒定。過早地依據(jù)影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果出具鑒定意見容易因為肋骨骨折部位的漏診導(dǎo)致鑒定意見出現(xiàn)錯誤。在外傷4w后復(fù)查CT再進行人體損傷程度鑒定,能夠依據(jù)骨痂的生長明確判斷肋骨骨折的部位,可以有效避免認定的損傷出現(xiàn)遺漏或鑒定意見出現(xiàn)錯誤。
[1] 吳在德.外科學(xué)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2003: 746-747.
[2] 賈應(yīng)武,蔣兆飛.螺旋CT三維成像在肋骨骨折法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定中的應(yīng)用[J].刑事技術(shù),2003, 2(28): 34.
[3] 王吉,應(yīng)丹琦.16層螺旋CT重組技術(shù)及隨訪在隱匿性肋骨骨折中的診斷價值[J].中國輻射衛(wèi)生,2013, 3(22): 358-359.
[4] 楊磊,王錫明.64層螺旋CT后處理對不確定性肋骨骨折的診斷價值[J].醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志,2012, 8(22): 1388-1390.
[5] 馮建軍,趙如泉.CT三維重建誤診多發(fā)肋骨骨折1例[J].刑事技術(shù),2014, 2(38): 9.
引用本文格式:倪偉勇,錢昭軍.肋骨骨折鑒定時間研究[J].刑事技術(shù),2015,40(2):114-117.
Forensic Evaluation of the Time of Rib Fracture
NΙ Wei-yong1, QΙAN Zhao-jun2
(1.Ιnstitute of Criminal Science and Technology, Lishui Public Security Bureau, Zhejiang Lishui 323000, China; 2.Economic Development Zone Branch, Lishui Public Security Bureau, Zhejiang Lishui 323000, China)
Objective Rib fracture is a common injury in clinical forensic identifi cation.According to the current injury degree and disability grade identification standard, different counts of rib fracture will result in different identification of injury degree and disability grade.The theoretic exploration of identification time of rib fracture can give an appropriate identifi cation time for forensic clinical identifi cation staff and avoid missed diagnosis or mistakes.Methods A retrospective study of 40 injury cases involved in rib fracture from 2011 to 2013 in Lishui was conducted.Chest multi-slice CT scanning was performed right immediately, and 2, 4, 6 weeks after injury, respectively.The correlation between the CT fi ndings and timing was studied.The count and location of rib fracture were calculated for each CT examination.The missed diagnosis cases were classifi ed.Bone fractures associated with both fracture line and callus growth and bone fracture with callus growth only in CT scanning were differentiated.The reason for the change of rib fracture count was analyzed.Results Of the 40 cases, 14 and 26 cases showed no changes and an increase in rib fracture sites, respectively.Ιn the newly found 87 rib fractures by reexamination, 62% of them (54) were anterior to the anterior axillary line, 25%(22) were between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line, 17%(11) were posterior to the posterior axillary line.Fracture lines and callus growth could be seen in 69 of the 87 rib fractures.All of them were incomplete fractures, which manifested as mild local interrupted bone cortex in the internal or external sites of ribs.Only local callus growth without obvious fracture lines could be seen in the other 18 fracture sites, which all located on the 2~7 anterior ribs.The count of rib fracture increased in 26 patients with CT scanning in 2 and 4 weeks following injury, while it tended to be steady after 4 weeks.Conclusions Fracture healing can be divided into three stages, including organization of hematoma stage, porotic stage and callus remodeling stage.Ιn the early stage of rib fracture, the fracture line becomes more obvious by the breathing movement, organization of hematoma and the process of osteoclast eliminating the dead bone.But rib fracture may be missed diagnosis because of the unobvious fracture line in the early stage after injury.Rarefaction of bone and thin of bone cortex are main factors which is caused by the old age or the position of anterior rib to make the fracture line unobvious to display in CT images.As the repairing of fracture and calcium deposition in the callus, a gradual increase in density can be found in CT scanning.The direction of the fracture line close to the axle of the CT scanning could cause missed diagnosis of the hairlike fracture line.The thickness of layer over 1mm of CPR and MPR images would easily cause missed diagnosis.Our study shows that injury degree identifi cation followed by CT examination in 4 weeks after injury in individuals with rib fractures is recommended because rib fracture site could be confi rmed by callus growth.Missed diagnosis or mistakes can effectively be avoided in this way.
forensic clinical medicine; judicial identifi cation; rib fracture; identifi cation of time鑒定案例,在外傷4w后復(fù)查CT再進行人體損傷程度鑒定,可以有效避免損傷認定發(fā)生遺漏或鑒定意見出現(xiàn)錯誤。
倪偉勇(1982—),男,主檢法醫(yī)師,大學(xué)本科,研究方向為法醫(yī)病理學(xué)和法醫(yī)臨床學(xué)。 E-mail:30083507@163.com
DF795.4
A
1008-3650(2015)02-0114-04
2014-03-14