蘇斌,秦勤,李楊
女性絕經(jīng)前后冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病危險因素的對比研究
蘇斌1,秦勤2△,李楊2
目的探討女性絕經(jīng)前后冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。–HD)危險因素的變化。方法將283例女性按是否患CHD分CHD組154例,對照組129例;按絕經(jīng)與否分絕經(jīng)前組78例(絕經(jīng)前CHD組34例,絕經(jīng)前對照組44例),絕經(jīng)后組205例(絕經(jīng)后CHD組120例,絕經(jīng)后對照組85例)。記錄患者年齡、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、基礎(chǔ)病史和月經(jīng)情況。檢測總膽固醇(CHO)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(vLDL-C)、載脂蛋白(Apo)AI、ApoB、脂蛋白a(Lpa)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hsCRP)。結(jié)果CHD組的年齡、CHO、TG、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、ApoB、hsCRP水平,高血壓史、糖尿病史、冠心病家族史比例均高于對照組,HDL-C低于對照組;絕經(jīng)前、后CHD組高血壓史、糖尿病史比例,CHO、TG、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、ApoB、hsCRP水平均分別高于其對照組;絕經(jīng)后CHD組HDL-C低于絕經(jīng)后對照組。高血壓、糖尿病、LDL-C是絕經(jīng)前CHD的獨(dú)立危險因素;高血壓、糖尿病、CHO是絕經(jīng)后CHD的獨(dú)立危險因素,HDL-C是保護(hù)因素。絕經(jīng)后CHD組高血壓比例、CHO、LDL-C高于絕經(jīng)前CHD組。結(jié)論絕經(jīng)后女性CHD患者血壓異常和血脂紊亂較絕經(jīng)前更為普遍,應(yīng)積極控制上述因素以改善其預(yù)后。
冠心??;絕經(jīng)期;絕經(jīng)前期;絕經(jīng)后期;危險因素;女性;血脂紊亂
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。–HD)是目前導(dǎo)致女性死亡的主要疾病之一,雖然女性在絕經(jīng)前心血管疾病的發(fā)病率低于男性,但是在絕經(jīng)后心血管疾病的發(fā)病率迅速增加[1]。女性CHD常缺乏典型胸痛癥狀,因而在臨床中未得到足夠重視[2-3],而女性CHD患者的預(yù)后往往較男性患者差[4]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女性在絕經(jīng)后血脂紊亂的發(fā)病率明顯上升[5],血清總膽固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、載脂蛋白(Apo)B在絕經(jīng)后1年中明顯升高,且獨(dú)立于年齡的增長[6],故筆者推測以上指標(biāo)的改變可能與女性絕經(jīng)后CHD發(fā)病率的增加有關(guān)。本研究對女性CHD患者絕經(jīng)前后的危險因素進(jìn)行分析,比較這些危險因素于絕經(jīng)前后的變化,以期為女性CHD的診治提供臨床依據(jù)。
1.1研究對象選取2014年1月—7月于我院住院的女性患者283例,年齡38~83歲,平均(59.7±9.6)歲。其中CHD 組154例,符合1979年WHO的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且行冠脈造影(CAG)檢查證實(shí)主要冠狀動脈(左前降支、左回旋支、右冠狀動脈)中至少有1支內(nèi)徑狹窄≥50%。對照組129例,經(jīng)血液指標(biāo)檢查、胸片、心電圖、超聲心動圖、冠脈CT或CAG檢查排除CHD。再按是否絕經(jīng)分為絕經(jīng)前組78例,其中絕經(jīng)前CHD組34例,絕經(jīng)前對照組44例;絕經(jīng)后組205例,其中絕經(jīng)后CHD組120例,絕經(jīng)后對照組85例?;颊吲R床資料均完整。排除既往服用調(diào)脂類藥物史,絕經(jīng)后服用激素替代治療史,子宮或卵巢切除史,經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)、冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)史,近2周感染史,其他部位血栓性疾病,腫瘤,血液系統(tǒng)疾病,腎功能不全等病史。
1.2方法記錄性別、年齡、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、原發(fā)性高血壓病史、糖尿病史、缺血性腦卒中病史、吸煙史、CHD家族史。詳細(xì)記錄月經(jīng)情況,包括絕經(jīng)年齡和絕經(jīng)年限。晨起抽取空腹血,檢測CHO、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、LDL-C、極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(vLDL-C)、ApoAI、ApoB、脂蛋白a(Lpa),以免疫散射比濁法檢測同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hsCRP)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較行t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較行秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較行χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法;多元二項(xiàng)Logistic回歸分析用于女性絕經(jīng)前后CHD危險因素分析,以雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1CHD組與對照組臨床資料比較CHD組年齡、CHO、TG、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、ApoB、hsCRP水平高于對照組,高血壓史、糖尿病史、CHD家族史比例高于對照組,HDL-C低于對照組(均P<0.05),見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups表1 2組患者基本資料比較
Tab.2 Comparison of clinical data in premenopausal patients between two groups表2 絕經(jīng)前女性患者2組間臨床資料比較
2.2絕經(jīng)前女性患者臨床資料比較見表2。絕經(jīng)前CHD組高血壓史、糖尿病史的比例高于絕經(jīng)前對照組,CHO、TG、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、ApoB、hsCRP水平高于絕經(jīng)前對照組(均P<0.05)。
2.3絕經(jīng)后女性患者臨床資料比較絕經(jīng)后CHD組高血壓史、糖尿病史的比例高于絕經(jīng)后對照組,CHO、TG、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、ApoB、hsCRP水平高于絕經(jīng)后對照組,HDL-C低于絕經(jīng)后對照組(均P<0.05);2組年齡、絕經(jīng)年齡、絕經(jīng)年限、BMI、腦卒中史、吸煙史、CHD家族史、ApoAI、HCY差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表3。
Tab.3 Comparison of clinical data in postmenopausal female patients between two groups表3 絕經(jīng)后女性患者2組間臨床資料比較
2.4絕經(jīng)前女性CHD危險因素分析以是否患CHD(是=1,否=0)作為應(yīng)變量,以高血壓史、糖尿病史、缺血性腦卒中病史、吸煙史、CHD家族史(均賦值:是=1,否=0)、年齡、CHO、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、HCY、hsCRP作為自變量,對絕經(jīng)前女性分別進(jìn)行Logistic逐步回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示高血壓史、糖尿病史、LDL-C升高是絕經(jīng)前女性CHD患者的獨(dú)立危險因素,見表4。
2.5絕經(jīng)后女性CHD危險因素分析以是否患CHD(是=1,否=0)作為應(yīng)變量,以高血壓史、糖尿病史、缺血性腦卒中病史、吸煙史、CHD家族史(均賦值:是=1,否=0)、年齡、絕經(jīng)年齡、絕經(jīng)年限、CHO、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、vLDL-C、Lpa、HCY、hsCRP作為自變量,對絕經(jīng)后女性分別進(jìn)行Logistic逐步回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示高血壓史、糖尿病史、CHO升高是絕經(jīng)后女性CHD患者的獨(dú)立危險因素,HDL-C升高是保護(hù)因素,見表5。
Tab.4 Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for permenopausal female patients with CHD表4 絕經(jīng)前女性CHD危險因素Logistic回歸分析
Tab.5 Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for permenopausal female patients with CHD表5 絕經(jīng)后女性CHD危險因素Logistic回歸分析
2.6女性 CHD患者絕經(jīng)前、后危險因素的比較絕經(jīng)后CHD組高血壓史比例(χ2=4.055)、CHO(t=2.060)、LDL-C(t=2.079)高于絕經(jīng)前CHD組,2組糖尿病史(χ2=2.663)、HDL-C(t=0.939)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
有研究表明,女性的BMI、腰圍、血壓、血糖、血脂譜和Framinham 10年CHD危險評分與絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)相關(guān)。但在校正了年齡因素之后,BMI、血壓、血糖、TG、血清HDL-C和ApoAI的水平在絕經(jīng)前后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但絕經(jīng)后女性CHO、LDL-C明顯高于絕經(jīng)前[7],提示女性絕經(jīng)后CHD危險因素發(fā)生變化,特別是血脂譜的變化,CHD的發(fā)病率也隨之逐漸增加。故筆者推測以上因素可能與女性絕經(jīng)后CHD發(fā)病率的增加相關(guān),但是絕經(jīng)在這個過程中所起的具體作用機(jī)制尚不明確。
血脂紊亂是CHD發(fā)病的主要危險因素之一,女性在絕經(jīng)后發(fā)生血脂譜的改變,包括CHO、LDL-C的升高以及HDL-C的降低,均對CHD的發(fā)病有促進(jìn)作用。SWAN(Study of Women Across the Nation)研究[6]對 3 201例 42~52歲的女性進(jìn)行隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),CHO、LDL-C、ApoB在末次絕經(jīng)的1年內(nèi)明顯升高,且獨(dú)立于年齡的增長。TG與HDL-C的比值是女性全因死亡率和心血管事件的強(qiáng)有力的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子[8-9]。主動脈鈣化、內(nèi)中膜厚度可間接反映動脈粥樣硬化程度,SWAN研究的一項(xiàng)亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),HDL-C與絕經(jīng)前及早期圍絕經(jīng)期女性的主動脈鈣化、內(nèi)中膜厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān),但在晚期圍絕經(jīng)期及絕經(jīng)后無明顯相關(guān)性[10]。一項(xiàng)研究對北京房山地區(qū)4 743例40~59歲女性CHD的危險因素進(jìn)行流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后女性CHD患病率是絕經(jīng)前的2倍。而高血壓、糖尿病、血脂紊亂等CHD的危險因素在絕經(jīng)后女性組的發(fā)病率也較高。但是校正年齡、BMI和多混雜因素后,僅血脂紊亂是絕經(jīng)后女性CHD的危險因素[11]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,高血壓史、糖尿病史在絕經(jīng)前后均為CHD的危險因素,LDL-C為絕經(jīng)前女性CHD的危險因素,CHO為絕經(jīng)后女性CHD的危險因素,HDL-C是絕經(jīng)后女性CHD的保護(hù)因素。進(jìn)一步將這些危險因素進(jìn)行比較發(fā)現(xiàn),絕經(jīng)后女性CHD患者的高血壓史比例、CHO、LDL-C水平明顯高于絕經(jīng)前女性CHD患者。提示絕經(jīng)后女性CHD患者的血壓異常及血脂紊亂較絕經(jīng)前女性CHD患者更為普遍,因此對于絕經(jīng)后女性患者除了關(guān)注心絞痛癥狀外,合并有以上危險因素的患者應(yīng)同時提高警惕,加強(qiáng)篩查,并積極控制危險因素以改善預(yù)后。筆者推測絕經(jīng)可能主要通過對脂代謝以及血壓調(diào)節(jié)對女性CHD的發(fā)病產(chǎn)生影響,而對糖代謝的影響不大。其機(jī)制可能是通過女性絕經(jīng)后性激素水平的變化而導(dǎo)致了血脂譜的改變[12],但仍有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。絕經(jīng)對于血壓調(diào)節(jié)的影響目前報(bào)道較少,有可能是年齡增長的結(jié)果,亦有可能存在其他機(jī)制,有待更多的研究以進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
近年來有研究提出hsCRP和HCY作為CHD新的危險因素,可能通過炎癥反應(yīng)、調(diào)節(jié)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能等發(fā)揮作用[13-14]。本研究中絕經(jīng)前后組hsCRP水平均高于對照組。但Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示hsCRP并非女性CHD的獨(dú)立危險因素。絕經(jīng)前后CHD組HCY與對照組差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究與其他研究結(jié)果不一致,可能是由于hsCRP及HCY在女性CHD患者中作用不顯著,或樣本量不同所致。
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(2014-09-01收稿2014-09-25修回)
(本文編輯陳麗潔)
Comparison study of risk factors between premenopausal and postmenopausal female patients with coronary heart disease
SU Bin1,QIN Qin2△,LI Yang2
1 Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300070,China;2 Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Chest Hospital
△Corresponding AuthorE-mail:qinqin6351@163.com
ObjectiveTo explore changes of risk factors between premenopausal and postmenopausal female patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).MethodsA total of 283 female patients were divided into CHD group(n=154)and control group(n=129)according to whether they suffered from CHD or not.Patients were further stratified into two groups according to menopausal situation:premenopausal group(n=78,including premenopausal CHD group of 34 cases and premenopausal control group of 44 cases)and postmenopausal group(n=205,including postmenopausal CHD group of 120 cases and postmenopausal control group of 85 cases).Clinical data of age,body mass index(BMI),medical history and menses situation were recorded.The levels of cholesterol(CHO),triglycerides(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(vLDL-C),apolipoprotein AI(ApoAI),apolipoprotein B (apoB),lipoprotein a(Lpa),homocysteine(HCY)and high-sensitive C-reactive protein(hsCRP)were also detected.Results There were significantly higher levels of age,CHO,TG,LDL-C,vLDL-C,Lpa,ApoB,hsCRP,and the ratio of hypertension history,diabetic history,coronary heart disease family history in CHD group than those of control group.The level of HDLc was significantly lower in CHD group than that of control group.The ratio of hypertension history,diabetic history and levels of CHO,TG,LDL-C,vLDL-C,Lpa,ApoB,hsCRP were significantly higher in both premenopausal and postmenopausal CHD groups than those of their control groups.The level of HDL-C was significantly lower in postmenopausal CHD group than that of postmenopausal control group(P<0.05).Hypertension history,diabetic history and LDL-C were the independent risk factors of premenopausal CHD.Hypertension history,diabetic history and CHO were the independent risk factors of postmenopausal CHD,and HDL-C was the protecting factor of CHD.The ratio of hypertension history,the level of CHO and LDL-C were significantly higher in postmenopausal CHD group than those of premonopausal CHD group.ConclusionThe abnormal blood pressure level and dyslipidemia are more prevalent in postmenopausal female patients with CHD than premenopausal female patients.We should control these risk factors to improve the prognosis.
coronary disease;menopause;premenopause;postmenopause;risk factors;female;dyslipidemia
R543.3
ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.03.019
1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)(郵編300070);2天津市胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
蘇斌(1988),男,碩士在讀,主要從事心血管內(nèi)科方面的研究
△E-mail:qinqin6351@163.com