趙苗苗, 張 杰, 李 覺
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院心肺血管中心,上海 200092)
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·臨床研究·
血清尿酸和踝臂指數(shù)聯(lián)合檢測對慢性腎病的篩檢作用
趙苗苗, 張 杰, 李 覺
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院心肺血管中心,上海 200092)
目的 了解血清尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA)和踝臂指數(shù)(ankle brachial index, ABI)單獨(dú)與慢性腎病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)的關(guān)系。方法 本研究選取北京和上海8所大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院年齡≥35歲具有動脈硬化高危因素的內(nèi)科住院患者3732例,將其中具有完整基線資料的3557例作為研究對象。以logistic回歸分析評估SUA和ABI與CKD的關(guān)系;以ROC曲線探討二者聯(lián)合檢測對CKD篩檢的應(yīng)用價值。結(jié)果 logistic回歸分析調(diào)整性別、年齡和其他變量后,SUA四分位分組,以Q1為參照,Q2、Q3、Q4的調(diào)整OR值及95%CI分別為2.274(95%CI,1.696~3.049),3.770(95%CI,2.833~5.015)和8.532(95%CI,6.435~11.312)。以正常對照組為參照,PAD臨界組、輕度至中度PAD組、重度PAD組的調(diào)整OR值及95%CI分別為1.499(95%CI,0.932~2.411),1.996(95%CI,1.206~3.306)和2.636(95%CI,1.641~4.236)。在全人群、男性和女性中SUA和ABI聯(lián)合篩檢CKD,ROC曲線下AUC分別為0.731、0.734和0.755,相對應(yīng)的SUA單獨(dú)篩檢ROC曲線下AUC分別為0.702、0.698和0.741。結(jié)論 SUA水平升高是CKD的獨(dú)立危險因素,ABI越低發(fā)生CKD的可能性越大。在高危人群中,SUA和ABI聯(lián)合檢測對CKD具有重要的篩檢價值。
血清尿酸; 踝臂指數(shù); 聯(lián)合篩檢價值; 慢性腎??; 中國住院患者
近年來,全球慢性腎病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)的發(fā)生逐年上升,已成為嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的公共衛(wèi)生問題。中國各地區(qū)因生活方式和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的差異,CKD發(fā)生情況有所不同[1-4]。有研究[5]顯示,我國成年人群中CKD的患病率為10.8%,據(jù)此估計我國現(xiàn)有成年CKD患者大約1.2億人。大多數(shù)CKD患者早期沒有明顯癥狀,因此,早期對CKD進(jìn)行篩檢尤其對高危人群是有效預(yù)防和減緩CKD進(jìn)程及降低一系列并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險的重要措施。
國內(nèi)外臨床及流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示血清尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA)水平在CKD發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[6-7]。踝臂指數(shù)(ankle brachial index, ABI)是踝收縮壓與上臂收縮壓的比值,臨床上常用以篩選外周動脈疾病(peripheral arterial disease, PAD)。有研究[8-9]表明在CKD患者中PAD的發(fā)生率顯著升高,且異常的ABI低值或高值是CKD的獨(dú)立危險因素[10-12]。
目前還沒有文獻(xiàn)報道SUA和ABI聯(lián)合檢測對CKD的篩檢作用。本研究目的在于了解高危人群中SUA和ABI單獨(dú)與CKD的關(guān)系,同時探討二者聯(lián)合檢測對CKD的篩檢價值。
1.1 一般資料
連續(xù)收集2004年7月至2005年1月上海和北京地區(qū)8所大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)科住院患者為研究對象。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同時具備下列條件: 年齡≥35歲,且具有動脈硬化危險因素(包括糖尿病、高血壓、血脂紊亂、腦卒中史、冠心病史和吸煙史)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 年齡和動脈硬化危險因素不符合入選條件者,嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎功能衰竭者。本次研究經(jīng)同濟(jì)大學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),每位研究對象在被調(diào)查前均經(jīng)知情同意。
1.2 調(diào)查方法
基線資料的收集采用問卷調(diào)查的方法,每位患者測量ABI的同時,由經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的流行病學(xué)專業(yè)人員收集研究對象的一般情況、生活方式、疾病史等信息;血生化樣品均在早晨空腹至少12h的情況下采集;ABI值的測量統(tǒng)一使用5MHz手持超聲探頭,(儀器型號: EliteModel.100R),血壓計袖帶氣囊寬10cm,長40cm,測量時研究對象采取仰臥位。ABI值為脛后動脈或足背動脈收縮壓與前臂收縮壓的最高值之比,本研究取左右ABI中的較小值,ABI≤0.9定義為PAD。本研究刪除ABI>1.4的數(shù)據(jù),以減少假陰性[13]。按照美國PAD患者治療指南,根據(jù)ABI水平的不同,將研究對象分為4組: 重度PAD組(ABI: ≤0.40)、輕度至中度PAD組(ABI: 0.41~0.90)、臨界組(ABI: 0.91~0.99)、正常對照組(ABI: 1.00~1.40)。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
正常嘌呤飲食狀態(tài)下,非同日2次空腹SUA水平男性≥416μmol/L,女性≥357μmol/L,即可診斷為高尿酸血癥(hyperuricemia, HUA)。
根據(jù)美國臨床實踐指南(K/DOQI)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),腎臟損傷或腎功能下降持續(xù)≥3個月診斷為CKD[14]。腎臟損傷表現(xiàn)為病理性異常、影像學(xué)異?;蚰I臟損傷指標(biāo)異常(血或尿成分異常)。應(yīng)用簡化MDRD公式估算腎小球濾過率(GFR)[21],即GFR[ml/(min·1.73m2)]=186×SCr-1.154×(年齡,歲)-0.203×0.742(女性)。以估算GFR<60ml/(min·1.73m2)定義為腎功能下降。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
2.1 一般情況
共調(diào)查高?;颊?732例,其中3557例具有完整的基線資料,進(jìn)入統(tǒng)計分析。研究對象的平均年齡為(66.96±11.12)歲,男性1885例(53%)。共有CKD患者841例(23.6%),HUA患者797例(22.4%),PAD患者927例(26.1%)。
2.2 基線特征
CKD組患者的年齡、女性構(gòu)成比、TG、SBP、SUA、糖尿病史、冠心病史及腦卒中史均高于非CKD組,而ABI值前者低于后者,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,見表1。
表1 CKD組和正常組的基線特征比較Tab.1 Baseline characteristics of subjects with CKD and without CKD ±s,n(%)]
1mmHg=0.133kPa
2.3 CKD的危險因素
以CKD為因變量,基線分析中差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的因素為自變量,擬合多因素logistic回歸模型。結(jié)果顯示高齡、女性、SBP升高、HUA、PAD、糖尿病史和冠心病史是CKD的獨(dú)立危險因素,見表2。
2.4 SUA和ABI與CKD的關(guān)系
CKD患病率隨著SUA水平的升高有增加的趨勢;隨著ABI水平的降低,CKD患病率逐漸升高。SUA四分位1~4組的CKD患病率及不同ABI亞組的CKD患病率見圖1,各組間患病率的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。采用多因素logistic回歸分析,調(diào)整年齡、性別、TG、SBP、糖尿病史、冠心病史和腦卒中史后,不同SUA水平組與第一組相
表2 CKD相關(guān)危險因素的多因素logistic回歸分析Tab.2 Multiple logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with CKD
圖1 不同SUA水平組和ABI亞組的CKD患病率Fig.1 Prevalence of CKD by quartile of SUAlevels and ABI subgroups
比較及不同ABI組與正常對照組比較的分析結(jié)果見圖2。
圖2 不同SUA水平組和ABI亞組發(fā)生CKD的OR值及95%CIFig.2 Adjusted ORs and 95%CI for CKD of SUAlevels and ABI subgroups
2.5 SUA和ABI聯(lián)合檢測對CKD的篩檢作用
采用ROC曲線對SUA和ABI聯(lián)合檢測對CKD進(jìn)行篩檢與SUA單獨(dú)篩檢CKD進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果顯示在全人群中二者聯(lián)合篩檢ROC曲線下面積(area under the curve, AUC)為0.731(95%CI,0.711~0.751),SUA單獨(dú)篩檢AUC為0.702(95%CI,0.682~0.722);在男性中聯(lián)合篩檢AUC為0.734(95%CI,0.705~0.763),SUA單獨(dú)篩檢AUC為0.698(95%CI,0.668~0.727);在女性中聯(lián)合篩檢AUC為0.755(95%CI,0.728~0.781),SUA單獨(dú)篩檢AUC為0.741(95%CI,0.714~0.767),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001),見圖3。
圖3 全人群(A)、男性(B)和女性(C)中SUA和ABI聯(lián)合篩檢與SUA單獨(dú)篩檢CKD的ROC曲線Fig.3 ROC curves for CKD in all population(A), males(B)and females(C)by using SUA and ABI compared to SUA aloneA: 全人群;B: 男性;C: 女性
CKD目前已成為全球威脅健康的公共衛(wèi)生問題,給家庭、社會帶來了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和精神負(fù)擔(dān)。近年來,腎臟病學(xué)界關(guān)注重點(diǎn)由慢性腎衰竭及其替代治療前移至CKD早期。本研究結(jié)果顯示SUA水平升高是CKD的獨(dú)立危險因素,ABI越低發(fā)生CKD的可能性越大。在高危人群中,SUA聯(lián)合ABI對CKD具有重要的篩檢價值。
大多數(shù)CKD患者早期沒有癥狀或癥狀較輕,因此早期對CKD進(jìn)行篩檢可以及早地發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療、進(jìn)而延緩或阻止疾病的進(jìn)程,降低治療費(fèi)用,為患者家人及社會減輕疾病負(fù)擔(dān)。有針對性的CKD篩查其成本效益與乳腺癌、宮頸癌和結(jié)直腸癌篩查的成本效益大體相似。目前全球范圍內(nèi)開展了一些有針對性的CKD篩檢項目。2007年澳大利亞在社區(qū)高危人群中進(jìn)行CKD篩檢,目標(biāo)人群包括年齡>50歲,患有糖尿病、高血壓或一級腎衰竭患者[15]。2010年新南威爾士在高危住院患者中推行Kidney Health Check(KHC)計劃[16],通過對CKD的早期篩檢延緩其發(fā)生發(fā)展。
本研究選擇了具有動脈硬化危險因素的內(nèi)科住院患者為目標(biāo)人群,目標(biāo)人群中CKD患病率為23.6%,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過一般人群。ABI值的測量因其無創(chuàng)性及操作方便的特點(diǎn),適合在大人群的篩檢項目中應(yīng)用。本研究首次在高危住院患者中應(yīng)用SUA和ABI聯(lián)合檢測對CKD進(jìn)行篩檢,發(fā)現(xiàn)在全人群、男性和女性中二者聯(lián)合篩檢ROC曲線下AUC分別為0.731(95%CI: 0.711~0.751)、0.734(95%CI: 0.705~0.763)和0.755(95%CI: 0.728~0.781),相對應(yīng)的SUA單獨(dú)篩檢ROC曲線下AUC為0.702(95%CI: 0.682~0.722)、0.698(95%CI: 0.668~0.727)和0.741(95%CI: 0.714~0.767),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。研究結(jié)果表明SUA聯(lián)合ABI對CKD具有較強(qiáng)的預(yù)測價值,此結(jié)果為CKD的篩檢提供理論依據(jù)。
本研究屬于橫斷面研究,SUA及ABI與CKD的因果關(guān)系有待于前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步加以證實。綜上所述,SUA水平越高發(fā)生CKD的可能性越大,低ABI值增加了CKD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險。SUA聯(lián)合ABI在高危人群中對CKD具有較強(qiáng)的篩檢價值。因此高危人群可以同時檢測SUA及ABI值對CKD進(jìn)行篩檢,以做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早預(yù)防、早治療。
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Combined measurement of serum uric acid and ankle brachial index for screening of chronic kidney disease
ZHAOMiao-miao,ZHANGJie,LIJue
(Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Center, Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)
Objective To evaluate the combined measurement of serum uric acid (SUA) and ankle brachial index (ABI) for screening of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods A total of 3732 inpatients aged over 35 years and at high risk of atherosclerosis were enrolled from eight university-affiliated hospitals in Beijing and Shanghai. Complete baseline data were obtained from 3557 of them. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the association of SUA and ABI with CKD and ROC curves were performed to evaluate the combined measurement of SUA and ABI for screening of CKD, compared to using SUA alone. Results After multivariable adjustment for age, gender, and other confounders, patients with the second, third and fourth quartile of SUA value had theORs of 2.274 (95%CI, 1.696-3.049), 3.770 (95%CI, 2.833-5.015) and 8.532(95%CI, 6.435-11.312) respectively, when the lowest quartile used as reference. Compared to the individuals with an ABI≥1.00, theORs for patients with ABI: 0.91-0.99, 0.41-0.90,≤0.40 were 1.499 (95%CI, 0.932-2.411),1.996(95%CI, 1.206-3.306) and 2.636(95%CI,1.641-4.236) after multivariable adjustment. AUCs of ROC curves for combined SUA and ABI to screen for CKD were 0.731, 0.734, and 0.755 in all population, males and females, respectively; while the corresponding AUCs for SUA alone were 0.702, 0.698 and 0.741, respectively. Conclusion A high SUA level is independently associated with a high risk of CKD. There is an inverse association between ABI and CKD. The combined measurement of SUA and ABI can be more effective for screening of CKD among the people at high risk.
serum uric acid; ankle brachial index; combined screening value; chronic kidney disease; Chinese hospital inpatients
10.16118/j.1008-0392.2015.04.015
2015-03-19
上海市氣象與健康重點(diǎn)實驗室開放基金(QXJK201404)
趙苗苗(1989—),女,碩士研究生.E-mail: mmz_1989@163.com
李 覺.E-mail: jueli@#edu.cn
R 692
A
1008-0392(2015)04-0075-05