邱裕友,唐翠松,胡 劍,吳 興,華 婷,湯光宇
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·基礎(chǔ)研究·
催產(chǎn)素干預(yù)兔骨質(zhì)疏松模型骨微結(jié)構(gòu)變化規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
邱裕友,唐翠松,胡 劍,吳 興,華 婷,湯光宇
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院放射科,上海 200072)
目的 采用顯微CT(Micro-CT)評(píng)估催產(chǎn)素(oxytocin, OT)干預(yù)骨質(zhì)疏松(osteoporosis, OP)后的骨質(zhì)及骨微結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)序變化規(guī)律。 方法 60只20周齡新西蘭雌性大白兔隨機(jī)分為對照組、OP模型組和OT干預(yù)組,每組20只。對照組施行假手術(shù),OP組行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)(ovariectomy, OVX)。OT組在兔OVX術(shù)后第2周起,每天皮下注射催產(chǎn)素持續(xù)8周或至實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止,對照組和OP組則皮下注射生理鹽水。三組分別在術(shù)后第0、4、8、10、12周處死,獲取兔左后股骨上段行Micro-CT掃描,計(jì)測骨組織礦物質(zhì)密度(tissue mineral density, TMD)和主要骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),三組間結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果 OP組TMD、骨體積分?jǐn)?shù) (bone volume fraction,BV/TV)、骨小梁數(shù)目(trabecular number,Tb.N)、骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness,Tb.Th)從第8周開始較對照組明顯降低 (P<0.05),骨結(jié)構(gòu)模型指數(shù)(structure model index,SMI)、骨小梁間隙(trabecular space,Tb.Sp)則較對照組明顯升高(P<0.05)。OT組TMD直到第12周較對照組明顯降低(P<0.05),而BV/TV、Tb.N從第8周開始較OP組明顯增加(P<0.05),Tb.Th從第10周開始較OP組增加(P<0.05),SMI、Tb.Sp從第8周開始較OP組明顯降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 OP模型兔早期活體OT干預(yù)可有效減緩骨質(zhì)衰敗程度,Micro-CT能動(dòng)態(tài)觀察其病理生理變化過程,OT可能是一種有效防治OP的藥物。
骨質(zhì)疏松;顯微CT;骨組織礦物質(zhì)密度;催產(chǎn)素
骨質(zhì)疏松癥(osteoporosis,OP)是一種骨質(zhì)密度減低、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)衰敗為特征的系統(tǒng)代謝性骨病,常伴發(fā)脆性骨折事件[1-2]。目前,OP以二磷酸鹽為代表抗骨質(zhì)吸收治療藥物,可引起骨硬化癥的副作用[3-5];而甲狀旁腺素(parathyrin, PTH)有明顯罹患骨肉瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和“代謝時(shí)間窗”限制[6-7]。
骨組織礦物質(zhì)密度(tissue mineral density,TMD)是反映骨強(qiáng)度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指標(biāo)。Micro-CT技術(shù)可以全面、精確、無創(chuàng)地測量骨微結(jié)構(gòu),在實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物OP研究方面得到了廣泛應(yīng)用[8]。研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)物卵巢切除術(shù)后(ovariectomy, OVX)后,骨小梁厚度可以增厚、變薄、先變薄后增厚抑或無變化,結(jié)論不一。
催產(chǎn)素(oxytocin, OT)能促進(jìn)其向成骨分化,抑制向脂肪細(xì)胞分化[10]。本研究通過OT干預(yù)兔OP模型,在術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)利用Micro-CT測定股骨上段標(biāo)本的TMD及骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),探討OT干預(yù)OP骨質(zhì)及骨微結(jié)構(gòu)變化的規(guī)律,為進(jìn)一步明確OT的治療價(jià)值提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 動(dòng)物及實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
本實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),并嚴(yán)格遵照動(dòng)物保護(hù)及使用準(zhǔn)則施行。60只20周齡骨發(fā)育成熟新西蘭大白兔(體質(zhì)量 1.8~3.2kg,同濟(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物材料部提供)隨機(jī)分為對照組(Sham組)、OP模型組(OP組)、OP模型+OT干預(yù)組(OT組),每組20只。3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔經(jīng)靜脈注射3%異戊巴比妥鈉(30mg/kg)后行Sham手術(shù)或OVX手術(shù)。OT組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔自O(shè)VX術(shù)后2周起,每日皮下注射1mg/kg OT至第8周或?qū)嶒?yàn)截止點(diǎn),對照組和OP組則每日皮下注射15ml生理鹽水。3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔OVX術(shù)前及術(shù)后5d均注射抗生素預(yù)防感染(青霉素4×105U·kg-1,2次/d),給予12h光照、12h黑暗循環(huán),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)兔籠飼養(yǎng),飼養(yǎng)溫度20~25℃,相對濕度為40%~65%,自由進(jìn)水、食物,術(shù)前及術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)均稱體質(zhì)量。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)兔在術(shù)后0、4、8、10、12周時(shí)間點(diǎn)、經(jīng)過量麻醉(50mg/kg)處死,采集左股骨上段骨標(biāo)本,行Micro-CT掃描和骨病理學(xué)檢測[11]。
1.2 離體Micro-CT掃描
離體右后股骨上段骨標(biāo)本的Micro-CT掃描在復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬公共衛(wèi)生中心完成。股骨上段骨標(biāo)本掃描參數(shù)如下:X線管電壓80kV;管電流450μA;掃描時(shí)間400ms/層;角度增益0.5°,掃描方式360°;平均幀數(shù)2×2;探測器組件模式 1;視野80×45m,各向同性分辨率45μm × 45μm × 45μm;獲得圖像數(shù)720[12-13]。定量分析系統(tǒng)采用GE Healthcare eXplore MicroView V.2.0后處理軟件,錐形束掃描和三維重建技術(shù)獲取2D圖像,三維定位圖像顯示感興趣野(region of interest,ROI)為5mm (AP) × 6mm (RL) × 17mm (FH) 的矩形框(圖1)。骨標(biāo)本分析參數(shù)包括:TMD、骨體積分?jǐn)?shù)(bone volume fraction,BV/TV),結(jié)構(gòu)模型指數(shù)(structure volume fraction, SMI), 骨小梁數(shù)目(trab-ecular number, Tb.N), 骨小梁厚度 (trabecular thickness, Tb.Th)和骨小梁間隙(trabecular space, Tb.Sp)[14]。
圖1 骨標(biāo)本Micro-CT掃描ROI選取 Fig.1 ROI selection in Micro-CT scan
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 Micro-CT掃描參數(shù)可重復(fù)性
Micro-CT掃描由專業(yè)技術(shù)員操作,TMD、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)測定如方法部分所述。TMD、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)取同一ROI掃描數(shù)據(jù)的3次平均值,變異系數(shù)(coefficient of variation,CV)分別如下:TMD為1.87%~2.01%, BV/TV為0.72%~0.85%,SMI為0.94%~1.27%,Tb.N為0.81%~0.96%,Tb.Th為0.69%~0.86%,Tb.Sp為0.88%~1.07%。
2.2 骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)測定
3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔左股骨上段標(biāo)本骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)測定結(jié)果見表1。3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔股骨上段標(biāo)本術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)TMD變化和二維顯微圖像見圖2~3。對照組TMD值初始呈逐漸降低趨勢,至假手術(shù)后10周較基點(diǎn)(第0周)明顯降低(t=9.25,P=0.025)。OP組TMD在OVX術(shù)后第8周、10周、12周分別較對照組降低30.3%(P=0.037)、45.9% (P=0.003)、58.6% (P<0.001),BV/TV、Tb.N值亦較對照組相應(yīng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)明顯降低,而SMI、Tb.Sp值則明顯上升(P<0.001)。OT組TMD值自術(shù)后第8周較OP組明顯增加(t=24.57,P<0.001),至術(shù)后第12周較對照組顯著降低,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=11.47,P=0.012)。與OP組比較,OT組BV/TV于第8、10、12周分別增加11.25% (P=0.023),29.19% (P<0.001),32.37% (P<0.001),Tb.N值分別增加15.21% (P=0.017),20.57% (P=0.005),和29.47% (P<0.001),Tb.Th值在第10周、第12周分別增加17.09% (P<0.001)、14.19% (P<0.001),SMI和Tb.Sp值在第8周分別降低10.24% (P=0.032) 和8.47% (P=0.041),在第10周分別降低16.77% (P=0.020)和14.47% (P=0.033),在第12周分別降低 24.48% (P=0.018) 和18.67% (P=0.011)。
表1 3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)股骨上段主要骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)Tab.1 Micro-structural parameters of proximal femur trabecula in three groups at different time points after operation
(續(xù)表1)
注:各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與對照組比較,*P<0.05; 各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與OP組比較,#P<0.05;各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與基點(diǎn)(0周)比較,☆P>0.05
圖2 3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)TMD變化趨勢圖Fig.2 Average TMD over time in the three rabbit groups各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與對照組比較,*P<0.05;各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與OP組比較,#P<0.05; 各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與基點(diǎn)(0周)比較,**P<0.05
圖3 3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)股骨上段標(biāo)本二維顯微CT圖Fig.3 2D micro-CT images of the proximal femurs in three groupsA為對照組假手術(shù)后第12周,顯示骨質(zhì)衰敗相對較輕,骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)仍存在;B、C、D為OP組OVX術(shù)后第4、8、12周,顯示隨時(shí)間推進(jìn)松質(zhì)骨結(jié)構(gòu)持續(xù)衰敗,小梁結(jié)構(gòu)減少,小梁間隙增寬;E、F為OT組OVX術(shù)后第4、12周,顯示骨松質(zhì)小梁結(jié)構(gòu)退化較OP組明顯較輕微
2.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)兔體質(zhì)量測定
3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔各時(shí)間點(diǎn)體質(zhì)量測量結(jié)果見表2。OT組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔體質(zhì)量各時(shí)間點(diǎn)有輕微差異,但3組間基點(diǎn)及各實(shí)驗(yàn)節(jié)點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)兔體質(zhì)量變化無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表2 3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)體質(zhì)量變化情況Tab.2 Weight changes of the rabbits in three groups at different time points after operation
注:各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與對照組比較,*P>0.05;各時(shí)間點(diǎn)與OP組比較,#P>0.05
OVX大鼠模型當(dāng)前已成為研究絕經(jīng)后OP的經(jīng)典動(dòng)物模型,但相較于OVX兔模型仍存在一定的局限性。例如,大鼠終生維持活躍骨重建,骨骺閉合遲緩,不能達(dá)到真正骨骼成熟,缺乏骨Haversian系統(tǒng),雌激素缺失后期不出現(xiàn)成骨細(xì)胞功能損害,且骨架小不適于影像學(xué)研究[15]。新西蘭大白兔為中等大小的動(dòng)物,骨骼轉(zhuǎn)化率快,短期內(nèi)即可觀察到骨組織的變化,成年兔有完整Haversian系統(tǒng),與人類相似[11],為成熟的實(shí)驗(yàn)用動(dòng)物之一。兔OP建模操作簡單、費(fèi)用低廉,重復(fù)性佳,因掃描骨體積較大,尤其適于OP的影像學(xué)動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估[15]。
本次實(shí)驗(yàn)選取體質(zhì)量、年齡相仿的實(shí)驗(yàn)兔隨機(jī)分為3組,可排除加齡導(dǎo)致的骨代謝差異性影響。Micro-CT是一種全面、立體、精確、無創(chuàng)測量骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的新技術(shù),能準(zhǔn)確描述松質(zhì)骨三維空間結(jié)構(gòu),早期發(fā)現(xiàn)骨微結(jié)構(gòu)變化。研究[16]證明,Micro-CT評(píng)估OP骨小梁強(qiáng)度的能力明顯較雙能X線骨密度儀敏感、精確。3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔初期(基點(diǎn)0周時(shí))骨質(zhì)保持相對穩(wěn)定,術(shù)后后隨時(shí)間推進(jìn)明顯出現(xiàn)骨衰敗特征。骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)(BV/TV、Tb.N、Tb.Th、Tb.Sp和SMI)的變化趨勢與TMD變化趨勢相一致,對照組假手術(shù)后早期TMD和其他骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)無顯著變化,直至術(shù)后12周骨質(zhì)較基點(diǎn)明顯衰敗,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與加齡導(dǎo)致雌激素水平降低有關(guān)。與對照組比較,OP組TMD自O(shè)VX術(shù)后第8周起出現(xiàn)明顯下降趨勢,證明OP模型成功建立,其他骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)BV/TV、Tb.N、Tb.Th均隨時(shí)間逐漸降低,而Tb.Sp和SMI均隨時(shí)間逐漸升高,反映OP進(jìn)展過程中伴隨有骨小梁變薄、穿孔、斷裂等顯微變化,直至發(fā)生微骨折,連接結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,表現(xiàn)為骨小梁稀疏,骨量減少,小梁間隙增寬,骨小梁從板狀向桿轉(zhuǎn)變,SMI增加。而OT組TMD、BV/TV、Tb.N值自術(shù)后第8周起各時(shí)間點(diǎn)均較OP組明顯增高,而Tb.Th從第10周開始較OP組增加,SMI、Tb.Sp值自術(shù)后第8周起各時(shí)間點(diǎn)均較OP組明顯降低。表明OT干預(yù)能減緩OP骨質(zhì)衰敗的病理生理過程,并且TMD和骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)BV/TV、Tb.N能較Tb.Th更早反映這一病理變化過程。
OT主要生理功能是促進(jìn)分娩期子宮收縮與哺乳期排乳,其在人體終生持續(xù)分泌,并受卵巢激素水平和增齡因素的影響[17]。研究[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)OT對骨代謝存在直接調(diào)節(jié)作用,并證明OT參與調(diào)節(jié)妊娠期母體的骨重建,成骨細(xì)胞和破骨細(xì)胞表面均存在催產(chǎn)素受體。Elabd等[10]證明了OT是間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞成骨/成脂分化的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子之一。他們通過OT干預(yù)多能脂肪分化干細(xì)胞和骨髓干細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)OT及其同聚體可以促進(jìn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向成骨細(xì)胞分化,并同時(shí)抑制其向成脂分化,提示OT在骨髓干細(xì)胞成骨(成脂)分化過程發(fā)揮重要作用。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,絕經(jīng)后婦女骨丟失增加,同時(shí)伴有血漿催產(chǎn)素水平的降低,證明催產(chǎn)素與絕經(jīng)后OP發(fā)生相關(guān)。研究[19]表明,通過調(diào)控外周OT受體,可以促進(jìn)提升成骨細(xì)胞作用,骨的生成和骨量增加。由于OT降低了血循環(huán)中RANKL水平、提高骨保護(hù)素(osteop-rotegerin, OPG)水平,進(jìn)而降低了RANKL/OPG值,從而間接地促進(jìn)了成骨細(xì)胞生成過程,因此,OT有望成為治療OP的重要潛在藥物。
本次實(shí)驗(yàn)存在的不足之處:各時(shí)間點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)兔數(shù)量相對較少,實(shí)驗(yàn)兔個(gè)體間差異導(dǎo)致的骨代謝水平不同可能會(huì)增加實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差。本次研究未建立獨(dú)立的OT干預(yù)健康假手術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)兔組,故而其他影響OP發(fā)展的相關(guān)因素?zé)o法完全排除,在下一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)中將改進(jìn)。OT注射引起的副作用,例如兔自由活動(dòng)度減低、進(jìn)食量變化、呼吸換氣比值均未觀察考量。但是,3組實(shí)驗(yàn)兔在實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確的進(jìn)食和精神異常狀況。實(shí)驗(yàn)兔血漿雌激素水平未監(jiān)測,故而雌激素水平與骨質(zhì)、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)間變化關(guān)系無法評(píng)估。
OP實(shí)驗(yàn)兔模型中骨TMD值與骨微結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的降低趨勢一致,Micro-CT可準(zhǔn)確、無創(chuàng)地探測到OP后骨質(zhì)衰敗特征。實(shí)驗(yàn)兔早期在體OT治療可以有效地緩解骨微結(jié)構(gòu)衰敗進(jìn)程,OT有望成為未來臨床治療OP的一種有效、副作用較少的替代性治療藥物。
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Effect of oxytocin on dynamic changes of bone mass in rabbit osteoporosis model
QIUYu-you,TANGCui-song,HUJian,WUXing,HUATing,TANGGuang-yu
(Dept.of Radiology, Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China)
Objective To investigate the effect of oxytocin (OT) on dynamic changes of bone mass and bone microstructure in a rabbit osteoporosis (OP) model.Methods Sixty 20-week-old female New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into OT, OP and sham groups with 20 animals in each group.Rabbits in OT and OP groups were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), and animals in sham group received sham operation.The rats were injected with vehicle daily for two weeks after operation.Rabbits in OT group were subcutaneously injected with OT 1mg/(kg·d) from wk 2 after OVX for 8 wks or till sacrifice; and rabbits in OP and sham groups received subcutaneous injection of normal saline.The left proximal femurs of the rabbits were examined with micro-CT at wks 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12 after operation.Differences in micro-CT structural parameters among the groups were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.Results The tissue mineral density (TMD), Tb.N, and Tb.Th values in OP group decreased significantly, while SMI, Tb.Sp values increased significantly from wk 8 compared with those in control group.The TMD value of OT group did not decreased significantly until wk 12, while BV/TV, Tb.N values increased from wk 8 compared with those of OP group.The SMI and Tb.Sp values decreased significantly from wk 8 compared with that of OP group.Conclusion Early intervention of oxytocin can attenuate bone degeneration in rabbits with osteoporosis.Micro-CT can dynamically assess the pathological changes of the bone degeneration of osteoporosis.
osteoporosis; micro-CT; tissue mineral density; oxytocin
10.16118/j.1008-0392.2015.05.005
2015-04-21
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81071134,81371517)
邱裕友(1983—),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士.E-mail:13917277240@163.com
湯光宇.E-mail:tgy17@126.com
R 58
A
1008-0392(2015)05-0023-06