亓 慧,王麗娟,欒 鋒,劉惠濤
(煙臺大學化學化工學院,山東煙臺264005)
應用技術
毛細管電泳法測定化妝品中的煙酸和煙酰胺
亓 慧,王麗娟,欒 鋒,劉惠濤
(煙臺大學化學化工學院,山東煙臺264005)
建立了一種測定化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的毛細管電泳法,成功應用于面霜、乳液和化妝水的檢測.樣品中的待測物直接用水提取進行檢測,以60 cm(有效長度為50.5 cm) ×75 μm的熔融石英毛細管為分離通道,紫外檢測波長210 nm,30 mbar壓力下進樣5 s.電泳分離條件為:10 mmol/L磷酸氫二鈉溶液,pH值9.2,運行電壓25 kV,溫度25℃.2種物質在7 min內實現(xiàn)完全分離.煙酸和煙酰胺分別在1~200 μg/mL和5~500 μg/mL范圍內峰面積與濃度呈良好的線性關系,線性相關系數(shù)R>0.999.煙酸和煙酰胺的檢測限分別為0.35 μg/mL、0.67 μg/mL,加標回收率在97.9%~107.7%,相對標準偏差RSD≤4.5%.該方法具有分離速度快、操作簡便、分析時間短、成本低、環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點.
化妝品;毛細管電泳;煙酸;煙酰胺
煙酸(NA,尼克酸)和煙酰胺(NAM,煙堿酰胺或尼克酰胺)統(tǒng)稱為維生素B3且均為水溶性維生素.煙酰胺是一種有效且耐受性良好的抗氧化劑,它有助于改善皮膚表面油脂的分泌、減少皮表水分的流失,還可以抑制黑色素的產生、減少色素沉著[1].研究表明,煙酰胺具有去黃、除皺、祛斑等功效且可以有效改善皮膚狀況[2-4].煙酸也因具有美白、除皺、抗炎等功能應用于化妝品中.煙酸和煙酰胺在化妝品中的推薦含量一般為0.5%~2.0%.
煙酸和煙酰胺的檢測方法有HPLC[5-6]、CE[7-9]、流動注射法[10]、LC-MS[11-12]、容量分析[13]、微生物分析[14]、離子色譜法[15-16]、熒光分析[17]和K?nig反應[18],主要用于食品、血漿和尿液的分析檢測.化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的分析方法有HPLC[19-22]和膠束毛細管電泳(MEKC)[23].GB/T 29664—2013[24]中用高效液相色譜法檢測化妝品中的煙酸和煙酰胺,但其樣品處理方法復雜,萃取后需過固相萃取柱,且其色譜柱為SB-Ap柱.本研究所建立的毛細管電泳法(Capillary Electrophoresis,CE)操作簡單,準確度高,是檢測化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的有效方法.
1.1 儀器設備
CAPEL 105型毛細管電泳儀(俄羅斯LUMEX公司);色譜工作站為Chrom&Spec software for chromatography,vertion 1.5x;石英毛細管柱60 cm×75 μm i.d.,有效長度50.5 cm(俄羅斯LUMEX公司);STARTER 3100 pH計(上海奧豪斯儀器有限公司);KQ5200E型超聲波清洗器(昆山市超聲儀器有限公司).
1.2 試劑與材料
煙酸和煙酰胺標準品(購自于AccuStandard Inc (New Haven,USA));乙腈、甲醇、丙酮均為市售色譜純;硼砂、氫氧化鈉、磷酸、磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸氫二鈉均為分析純.不同品牌的化妝品樣品(乳液A,乳液B,面霜和化妝水)購自當?shù)爻?實驗用水均為超純水.
1.3 電泳條件
采用壓力進樣方式,在30 mbar下進樣5 s,分離電壓25 kV,檢測波長210 nm.背景電解質溶液以10 mmol/L的磷酸氫二鈉制備.新毛細管使用前用超純水沖洗10 min,0.5 mol/L氫氧化鈉溶液沖洗40 min,超純水沖洗10 min.每天毛細管首次使用前用超純水沖洗5 min,0.2 mol/L氫氧化鈉溶液沖洗20 min,超純水沖洗5 min,運行緩沖液沖洗10 min,每兩次運行之間用超純水沖洗1 min,運行緩沖液沖洗10 min.所用溶液均經0.45 μm濾膜過濾.
1.4 標準溶液和樣品制備
標準制備:先將煙酸和煙酰胺標準品用超純水分別配制成1 000 μg/mL的儲備液.混合標準使用液由儲備液混合并稀釋相應的倍數(shù)制得.所有標準溶液于避光4℃下可穩(wěn)定保存一個月.
樣品制備:分別稱取3.3 g乳液A、0.3 g乳液B和0.3 g面霜于3個100 mL的容量瓶中,用超純水定容.超聲30 min,5 000 r/min離心20 min.取出上清液,經0.45 μm有機膜過濾后分析測定.稱取0.3 g化妝水于500 mL容量瓶中,用超純水定容,0.45 μm有機膜過濾分析測定.
2.1 CE條件的優(yōu)化
2.1.1 最佳吸收波長的選擇在190~400 nm范圍內分別對煙酸和煙酰胺的水溶液進行紫外光譜掃描,所得譜圖如圖1所示.根據(jù)掃描結果選擇210 nm為檢測波長.
圖1 煙酸和煙酰胺的紫外吸收光譜圖Fig.1 The UV spectra of NA and NAM in water
2.1.2 緩沖溶液種類和pH值的選擇采用壓力進樣的方式,在30 mbar下進樣5 s,分離電壓為25 kV對緩沖溶液的種類和pH值進行優(yōu)化.分別選取20 mmol/L的硼砂溶液(pH值9.0~11.0間隔1.0)、磷酸氫二鈉溶液(pH值5.0~9.0間隔1.0; 9.0~11.0間隔0.5)和磷酸二氫鈉溶液(pH值2.0~5.0間隔1.0)作為背景電解質溶液,結果顯示選用磷酸氫二鈉緩沖體系可得到較短的分析時間和較好的峰形.經過進一步的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)當磷酸氫二鈉溶液不調pH值時可得到較好的實驗結果,因而選擇背景電解質溶液為磷酸氫二鈉溶液,不用調節(jié)其pH值.
2.1.3 緩沖溶液濃度的選擇采用壓力進樣的方式,在30 mbar下進樣5 s,分離電壓為25 kV,選取濃度為10、15、20、25、30 mmol/L的磷酸氫二鈉為背景電解質溶液,結果顯示選用10 mmol/L磷酸氫二鈉緩沖體系可得到較短的分析時間和較好的峰形,因而選擇磷酸氫二鈉緩沖溶液濃度為10 mmol/L.
2.1.4 有機改性劑的選擇在緩沖溶液中適當加入有機試劑可以改變背景電解質的組成和極性,降低焦耳熱、改善分離效果.本實驗對3種有機改性劑進行了考察.固定緩沖溶液磷酸氫二鈉的濃度為10 mmol/L,分別加入10%的甲醇、乙醇和乙腈,觀察有機試劑對分離效果的影響.結果顯示加入乙腈后會對峰形有明顯的改善,因而選擇加入乙腈有機改性劑.
2.1.5 有機改性劑加入量的選擇固定緩沖溶液磷酸氫二鈉的濃度為10 mmol/L,分別加入體積分數(shù)為5%、8%、10%、15%、20%、25%的乙腈溶液,結果顯示當加入8%的乙腈時可明顯的改善峰形且有較短的分析時間,因而選擇乙腈的加入量為8%.
綜上所述,CE分離檢測煙酸和煙酰胺的最佳實驗條件為:在210 nm檢測波長下,緩沖溶液為10 mmol/L的磷酸氫二鈉溶液,加入8%的乙腈.采用壓力進樣方式,在30 mbar下進樣5 s,分離電壓為25 kV.在最佳條件下煙酸和煙酰胺的混合標準溶液的CE譜圖見圖2.
2.2 方法驗證
2.2.1 線性關系分別配制一系列不同濃度的煙酸和煙酰胺標準溶液(煙酸的濃度分別為1、10、50、100、200 μg/mL,煙酰胺的濃度分別為5、50、100、200、500 μg/mL),在上述電泳條件下進樣,結果表明在上述濃度范圍內煙酸和煙酰胺的峰面積與濃度具有良好的線性關系,其回歸方程和相關系數(shù)(R)如表1所示.
圖2 最佳條件下標準溶液的電泳譜圖Fig.2 Electropherograms of standard mixture
表1 煙酸和煙酰胺的線性回歸方程Tab.1 Calibration curves of NA and NAM
2.2.2 精密度連續(xù)5 d對化妝品加標樣品進行測定,每天測定5次.分別計算日間精密度和日內精密度,結果如表2所示.由表2數(shù)據(jù)可知,該方法的精密度良好.
2.2.3 檢測限和定量限檢測限(LOD)和定量限(LQD)分別按公式3σ/s和10σ/s計算,其中σ是空白信號的標準偏差,s是校準曲線的斜率.實驗結果如表3所示.
表2 煙酸和煙酰胺精密度實驗結果Tab.2 Precision for the analysis of NA and NAM%
表3 煙酸和煙酰胺的檢測限和定量限Tab.3 LOD、LOQ data for the analysis of NA and NAM
2.3 樣品測定和回收率
將所建立的CE法應用于乳液(A和B)、面霜(C)和化妝水(D)樣品分析.樣品和樣品加標的測定譜圖(以面霜為例)如圖3所示.
樣品的測定結果和添加回收率的實驗結果見表4,煙酸的加標回收率為97.9%~107.7%,煙酰胺的加標回收率為99.1%~100.9%
Fig.3 樣品和樣品加標電泳圖Fig.3 The electrophoregrams of the sample and spiked samples
表4 化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的添加回收率Tab.4 Recoveries for the determination of NA and NAM in sample
續(xù)表
本研究建立了一種簡單快速分離檢測化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的毛細管電泳法.樣品的前處理方法簡單,回收率高.該方法具有分離效率高,靈敏度好,操作簡單且環(huán)境污染小等優(yōu)點,是檢測化妝品中煙酸和煙酰胺的環(huán)境友好型方法.
[1]Ramos-e-Silva M,Celem L R,Ramos-e-Silva S,et al. Anti-aging cosmetics:Facts andcontroversies[J].Clinics in Dermatology,2013,31(6):750-758.
[2]Bissett D,Miyamoto K,Sun P,et al.Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing,wrinkling,red blotchiness,and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin[J].International Journal of Cosmetic Science,2004,26(5):231-238.
[3]Otte N,Borelli C,Korting H.Nicotinamide—biologic actions of an emerging cosmetic ingredient[J].International Journal of Cosmetic Science,2005,27(5):255-261.
[4]Bissett D L,Oblong J E,Berge C A.Niacinamide:AB vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance[J].Dermatologic Surgery,2005,31(s1):860-866.
[5]毛希琴.高效液相色譜法測定化妝品中的煙酸和煙酰胺[J].日用化學工業(yè),2012,42(6):469-472.
[6]Zafra-Gómez A,Garballo A,Morales JC,et al.Simultaneous determination of eight water-soluble vitamins in supplemented foods by liquid chromatography[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(13):4531-4536.
[7]Iwaki M,Murakami E,Kikuchi M,et al.Simultaneous determination of nicotinic acidand its metabolites in rat urine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with photodiode-array detection[J].Journal of Chromatography B:Biomedical Sciences and Applications,1998,716(1):335-342.
[8]Lu Yuanqi,Wu Chunhua,Yuan Zhuobin.Determination of hesperetin,cinnamic acid and nicotinic acid inpropolis with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography[J].Fitoterapia,2004,75(3):267-276.
[9]Iwaki M,Murakami E,Kakehi K.Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods for the analysis of nicotinic acid and its metabolites[J].Journal of Chromatography B:Biomedical Sciences and Applications,2000,747(1):229-240.
[10]Hassan R O,F(xiàn)aizullah A T.Determination of nicotinamide by stopped-flow injection method in pharmaceutical formulations[J].Arabian Journal of Chemistry,2013,6(4):393-400.
[11]Catz P,Shinn W,Kapetanovic IM,et al.Simultaneous determination of myristyl nicotinate,nicotinic acid,and nicotinamide in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using methyl ethyl ketone as a deproteinization solvent[J].Journal of Chromatography B,Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences,2005,829(1):123-135.
[12]Ma Ming,Luo Xubiao,Chen Bo,et al.Simultaneous determination of water-soluble and fat-soluble synthetic colorants in foodstuff by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1103(1):170-176.
[13]Castanheira I,Batista E,Valente A,et al.Quality assurance of volumetric glassware for the determination of vitamins in food[J].Food Control,2006,17(9):719-726.
[14]Tsukatani T,Suenaga H,Ishiyama M,et al.Determination of water-soluble vitamins using a colorimetric microbial viability assay based on the reduction of water-soluble tetra-zolium salts[J].Food Chemistry,2011,127(2):711-715.
[15]Saccani G,Tanzi E,Mallozzi S,et al.Determination of niacin in fresh and dry cured pork products by ion chromatography:experimental design approach for the optimisationof nicotin-ic acid separation[J].Food Chemistry,2005,92(2):373-379.
[16]Valls F,Sancho M T,F(xiàn)ernández-Mui?o M A,et al. Simultaneous determination of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in cooked sausages[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2000,48(8):3392-3395.
[17]Krasnova A,Aguilar-Caballos MP,Gómez-Hens A.Selective determination of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide using terbium(III)sensitised luminescence[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2001,441(2):249-256.
[18]Capella-Peiró M E,Carda-Broch S,Monferrer-Pons L,et al.Micellar liquid chromatographic determination of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide after precolumn K?nig reaction derivatization[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2004,517(1):81-87.
[19]Muszalska I,Kiaszewicz K,Ksoń D,et al.Determination of nicotinamide(vitamin B3)in cosmetic products using differentialspectrophotometryandliquidchromatography (HPLC)[J].Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2013,68(11): 1007-1013.
[20]Jeon J S,Lee M J,Yoon M H,et al.Determination of arbutin,niacinamide,and adenosine in functional cosmetic products by high-performance liquid chromatography[J].Analytical Letters,2014,47(10):1650-1660.
[21]Yang Yu,Strickland Z,Kapalavavi B,et al.Industrial application of green chromatography-I:Separation and analysis of niacinamide in skincare creams using pure water as the mobile phase[J].Talanta,2011,84(1):169-174.
[22]Lin Chenghui,Wu Hsin lung,Huang Yeoulih.Combining high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line microdialysis sampling for the simultaneous determination of ascorbyl glucoside,kojic acid,and niacinamide in bleaching cosmetics[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2007,581(1):102-107.
[23]Sun Hongli,Wu Yiwei.Field-amplified sample injection for the determination of iso-nicotinamide and nicotinamide in whitening cosmetics and supplemented foodstuffs by MEKC[J]. Analytical Methods,2013,5(20):5615-5621.
[24]GB/T 29664—2013,化妝品中維生素B3(煙酸、煙酰胺)的測定高效液相色譜法和高效液相色譜串聯(lián)質譜法[S].
Determination of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide in Cosmetics by Capillary Electrophoresis
QI Hui,WANG Li-juan,LUAN Feng,LIU Hui-tao
(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Yantai University,Yantai 264005,China)
A simple,rapid and accurate method for the determination of nicotinic acid(NA)and nicotinamide (NAM)in cosmetics by capillary electrophoresis(CE)is developed and successfully applied in creams,lotions,and toning lotions.A fused silica capillary(75 μm×60 cm,with effective length of 50.5 cm)is used,the detection wavelength is 210 nm,the injection pressure is 30 mbr,and the injection time is 5 s.The real samples are extracted with water.After sonication and centrifuging,the extract is analyzed by CE directly.Separation is performed by CE using 10 mmol/L disodium hydrogen phosphate as running buffer,an applied voltage of 25 kV with UV detection at 210 nm.Two targets are separated completely within 7 min.The results show that CE method has a good performance for NA and NAM analysis with linearity(R>0.999),precision(≤4.5%),accuracy (97.9%-107.7%),and enough sensitivity.
cosmetic;capillary electrophoresis;nicotinic acid;nicotinamide
O657
A
(責任編輯 周雪瑩)
1004-8820(2015)02-0146-05
10.13951/j.cnki.37-1213/n.2015.02.013
2014-06-19
山東省自然科學基金資助項目(ZR2012BM016).
亓慧(1990-),女,山東萊蕪人,碩士研究生.
劉惠濤(liuht-ytu@163.com),教授,博士后,主要研究方向為色譜分析.