萬(wàn)水霞， 朱宏斌, 唐 杉， 郭熙盛， 王允青*

(1 安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料研究所， 合肥 230031；2 安徽養(yǎng)分循環(huán)與資源環(huán)境省級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 合肥 230031)

紫云英與化肥配施對(duì)安徽沿江雙季稻區(qū)土壤生物學(xué)特性的影響

萬(wàn)水霞1，2， 朱宏斌1，2, 唐 杉1，2， 郭熙盛1，2， 王允青1，2*

(1 安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料研究所， 合肥 230031；2 安徽養(yǎng)分循環(huán)與資源環(huán)境省級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 合肥 230031)

紫云英； 土壤微生物量碳； 土壤微生物量氮； 土壤酶活性

土壤微生物和土壤酶是土壤生物學(xué)特征的重要指標(biāo)。土壤微生物通過(guò)參與土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動(dòng)和物質(zhì)循環(huán)，在農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)物質(zhì)能量轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中起著重要作用，是農(nóng)業(yè)土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中極其重要和最為活躍的部分[1-2]。土壤酶參與土壤中一切復(fù)雜的生物化學(xué)過(guò)程，包括各種有機(jī)化合物的分解、養(yǎng)分固定與釋放以及各種氧化還原反應(yīng)等，是土壤中物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化方向和動(dòng)力的樞紐[3]。土壤中碳、氮轉(zhuǎn)化的主要過(guò)程都受微生物控制，土壤微生物是土壤氮的源和庫(kù)，是土壤碳、氮轉(zhuǎn)化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，土壤養(yǎng)分有效性又反作用于微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)、活性及生理狀態(tài)[4-5]。施肥是影響土壤質(zhì)量及其可持續(xù)利用最深刻的農(nóng)業(yè)措施之一，它通過(guò)改變土壤微生物活性、數(shù)量(微生物生物量碳、氮)和群落結(jié)構(gòu)，改變土壤碳、氮養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)化速率和途徑，影響土壤供氮能力和碳貯備能力，進(jìn)而影響土壤質(zhì)量。研究不同施肥措施對(duì)土壤微生物特性以及土壤酶活性的影響，對(duì)于相關(guān)物種的種植生產(chǎn)以及區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康的維持具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。

綠肥具有良好的改土培肥作用，綠肥還田不僅能夠改善土壤礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分狀況，有利于后茬作物的生長(zhǎng)，還可減少化肥投入，降低農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本[6]。近年來(lái)對(duì)旱地綠肥翻壓還田土壤的微生物學(xué)特性已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)很多研究[7-8]，對(duì)水稻田土壤的微生物學(xué)特性的研究也有一些報(bào)道[9-10]。但在水稻-綠肥輪作模式下化肥與綠肥配施對(duì)土壤微生物特性影響的深入系統(tǒng)研究鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此，本研究針對(duì)安徽沿江地區(qū)現(xiàn)行的主要冬季綠肥-雙季稻的種植制度，通過(guò)田間定位試驗(yàn)研究紫云英與化肥配施條件下，紫云英不同施用量對(duì)土壤微生物量及酶活性的影響，為安徽雙季稻區(qū)稻田土壤肥力培育及紫云英合理施用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始于2008年，安排在安徽省桐城市呂亭鎮(zhèn)新店村，成土母質(zhì)為河流沖積物發(fā)育的水稻土，作物體系為紫云英—早稻—晚稻。土壤主要農(nóng)化性狀： pH 6.2，有機(jī)質(zhì)17.5 g/kg，全氮1.34 g/kg，堿解氮75 mg/kg，速效磷(P)6 mg/kg，速效鉀(K) 78 mg/kg，緩效鉀(K)246 mg/kg。早稻品種為早秈7038，2008年開(kāi)始早稻每年3月28日左右播種，播種密度大約為每公頃30 萬(wàn)叢，4月28日左右移栽。紫云英為弋江籽，在晚稻收獲后播種，第二年早稻移栽前兩星期收割還田。小區(qū)面積20 m2，4次重復(fù)，隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。小區(qū)埂寬30 cm，高20 cm，用薄膜覆蓋，防止小區(qū)間串水串肥。每小區(qū)在灌排小溝一端設(shè)灌排水口。

試驗(yàn)設(shè)5個(gè)處理： 1)不施紫云英和化肥(對(duì)照，CK)；2)100%化肥，不施紫云英(T1)；3)70%化肥，施紫云英7500 kg/hm2(T2)；4)70%化肥，施紫云英15000 kg/hm2(T3)；5)70%化肥，施紫云英30000 kg/hm2(T4)。其中，100%化學(xué)肥料用量(N、 P2O5、 K2O分別為165、 75、 90 kg/hm2)。除對(duì)照外，各處理均施硫酸鋅15 kg/hm2。試驗(yàn)中的磷肥、鉀肥、鋅肥全部作基肥一次施用，氮肥按基肥50%、 蘗肥30%、 穗肥20%施用。

1.2 樣品采集與分析方法

2013年早稻生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)采集0—20 cm 土樣，具體為： 紫云英施用前、早稻移栽后15、30、50、80 d 隨機(jī)選取0—20 cm土層采集5個(gè)土樣，混勻。樣品帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室后手工揀去植物殘?bào)w、礫石等，過(guò)2 mm 篩，將一部分土樣保存在4℃冰箱用于測(cè)定土壤微生物量碳、氮，剩余部分風(fēng)干過(guò)1 mm 篩和0.15 mm 篩測(cè)定土壤酶活性和土壤養(yǎng)分。

土壤微生物量碳、氮的測(cè)定采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法[11]，其含量計(jì)算用熏蒸和未熏蒸樣品碳含量之差除以回收系數(shù)(KC=0.45，KN =0.45)。土壤酶活性的測(cè)定根據(jù)關(guān)松蔭的方法[12]，脲酶采用苯酚鈉比色法；酸性磷酸酶用磷酸苯二鈉比色法；過(guò)氧化氫酶活性采用高錳酸鉀滴定法；土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)采用常規(guī)土壤農(nóng)化分析方法[11]。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

本研究所有數(shù)據(jù)的基本統(tǒng)計(jì)采用Microsoft Excel 2003軟件完成，方差分析及相關(guān)性分析采用SPPS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 對(duì)稻田土壤微生物量的影響

表1 不同施肥處理稻田土壤微生物生物量

注(Note):A.S.—Astragalussinicus； 表中數(shù)據(jù)為平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 Data in the table are Mean±SD; 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示處理間差異達(dá)到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters with in the same column are significant among treatments at the 5% level.

2.2 對(duì)稻田土壤酶活性的影響

表2 不同處理土壤酶活性

注(Note):A.S.—Astragalussinicus； 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示處理間差異達(dá)到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters with in the same column are significant among treatments at the 5% level.

2.3 對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量的影響

2.4 土壤化學(xué)肥力因素與土壤微生物量及酶活性的關(guān)系

由表4可以看出，土壤微生物量碳、氮與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮均存在極顯著或顯著相關(guān)性。脲酶、酸性磷酸酶含量與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮顯著相關(guān)，酸性磷酸酶與速效磷相關(guān)顯著。而在水稻成熟期過(guò)氧化氫酶活性與土壤各養(yǎng)分之間無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。pH值與土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性均呈負(fù)相關(guān)性。說(shuō)明紫云英還田在一定程度上降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及氮含量。這與劉國(guó)順等[14]的研究結(jié)果基本一致。但這只是一年的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果，具體施用紫云英多年的效果比較還需進(jìn)一步研究。

表3 不同施肥處理對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成要素的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示處理間差異達(dá)到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters with in the same column are significant among treatments at the 5% level.

表4 土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)、微生物量碳氮以及酶活性之間的線性相關(guān)系數(shù)

注(Note): *—P<0.05; **—P<0.01.

3 討論與結(jié)論

土壤微生物量的大小與氣候條件、土壤狀況有關(guān)[19]，但在相同的自然條件下，相同的耕作管理下，施肥是土壤微生物量大小的主要影響因素之一。本研究結(jié)果表明，施肥處理均不同程度地提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量；紫云英與化肥配施處理明顯高于單施化肥處理，并且土壤微生物量隨著紫云英施用量的增大而提高。究其原因，一方面，施入化肥后水稻生長(zhǎng)加快，水稻根系生物量及根系分泌物增加，同時(shí)化肥也為微生物提供大量礦質(zhì)元素，促進(jìn)土壤微生物生長(zhǎng)，表現(xiàn)為土壤微生物量得以提高；另一方面，紫云英還田后在土壤微生物的作用下分解迅速，釋放出大量可溶性有機(jī)物如氨基酸、有機(jī)酸以及無(wú)機(jī)養(yǎng)分[20]，而這些養(yǎng)分又為微生物提供了充足碳源和氮源，促進(jìn)微生物的大量繁殖，相應(yīng)地也促進(jìn)了土壤微生物活性的提高，表現(xiàn)為土壤微生物量的提高。上述結(jié)果與秸稈及綠肥還田對(duì)土壤微生物生長(zhǎng)的影響是一致的[21-22]。

本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在水稻不同生育時(shí)期，土壤微生物量碳、氮的動(dòng)態(tài)變化呈現(xiàn)出相似的規(guī)律性，這與李正等[23]研究結(jié)果相一致，但與武雪萍等[24]研究芝麻餅肥結(jié)果有差異。紫云英還田前，各處理土壤微生物量碳、氮均處于較低值的狀態(tài)，隨著化肥基肥的施入，紫云英的施用，土壤微生物量碳、氮含量開(kāi)始上升，其中T3、T4上升幅度最大，并于水稻移栽30 d左右達(dá)到最大。紫云英施入土壤后腐解，微生物利用其腐解產(chǎn)物作為碳源大量繁殖，將紫云英中的碳同化為微生物體碳[25]，進(jìn)而使微生物量碳含量提高。土壤微生物活性增強(qiáng)促進(jìn)了紫云英有機(jī)物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化與養(yǎng)分的釋放，并轉(zhuǎn)化為較為穩(wěn)定的微生物碳氮等物質(zhì)，土壤中的氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)積累增多。水稻前期養(yǎng)分需求量相對(duì)較小，多余的氮素被微生物同化固定起來(lái)，從而使微生物量氮含量不斷升高。水稻生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)入拔節(jié)期后，養(yǎng)分需要量增加，土壤中碳、氮養(yǎng)分被大量消耗，部分微生物碳、氮又被釋放出來(lái)，進(jìn)而土壤微生物量碳、氮開(kāi)始降低。移栽80 d左右，水稻生長(zhǎng)成熟，此時(shí)水稻生命活動(dòng)減弱，需肥量減少，施用紫云英的處理土壤中殘存的有機(jī)物繼續(xù)腐解，土壤中微生物將再次被激活，微生物活性又有所增強(qiáng)，土壤微生物量碳、氮含量有所回升。這也說(shuō)明施用紫云英使土壤保肥性能提升。

土壤生物學(xué)性狀與土壤養(yǎng)分相關(guān)性分析表明，紫云英與化肥配施有助于增加土壤有機(jī)碳含量，對(duì)土壤氮素供應(yīng)能力具有重要影響。施用紫云英促進(jìn)微生物量提高及酶活性的增強(qiáng)，而微生物量及酶活性的提高又促進(jìn)土壤氮素的固定、轉(zhuǎn)化、保存和釋放，也即提高了土壤的氮素供應(yīng)水平。另外，紫云英的固氮作用也促進(jìn)土壤堿解氮及全氮的提高。紫云英施用與土壤速效磷、鉀無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性，這可能與水稻的吸肥規(guī)律及磷、鉀元素的運(yùn)輸特征有關(guān)。

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Effects ofAstragalussinicusmanure and fertilizer combined application on biological properties of soil in Anhui double cropping rice areas along the Yangtze River

WAN Shui-xia1，2, ZHU Hong-bin1，2, TANG Shan1，2, Guo Xi-sheng1，2, WANG Yun-qing1，2*

(1SoilandFertilizerResearchInstitute,AnhuiAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Hefei230031,China; 2AnhuiProvincialKeyLaboratoryofNutrientRecycling,ResourcesandEnvironment,Hefei230031,China)

【Objectives】Astragalussinicus-rice rotation system has been extended in rice production in order to prevent the ever growing areas of fallow fields. The effects of incorporation ofAstragalussinicuscombined with chemical fertilize of rice production and soil microbial properties were studied in order to provide a theoretical support for improving soil biochemical environment and soil quality, insuring high and steady yield of crops. 【Methods】 Based on the vetch-rice-rice experiment which was set by theSoil and Fertilizer Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2008, microbial biomass C and N contents, soil enzymatic activities and correlation between biological characteristics of the soil and soil nutrients of paddy topsoil (0-20 cm) were analyzed. The soil productivity was evaluated with yield and agricultural traits of rice. The experiment included five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), 100% fertilizer, incorporatingAstragalusinicusof 7500, 15000, 30000 kg/ha with 70% of normal amount of chemical fertilizers. 【Results】 1)Application ofAstragalusinicuscan significantly improve grain yield of rice, increase the effective panicles and seed setting rate, especially in treatment applicationAstragalusinicus15000 kg/ha with 70% amounts o f chemical fertilizers, in which the highest yield of 7604.53 kg/ha was obtained, the effective panicles and seed setting rates are about 228.06% and 36.29% higher than those in CK and 100% fertilizer treatment. 2) Compared with the control, soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN), enzyme activities of soil acid phosphatase and urease are increased in chemical fertilizer treatments while the catalase activity decreased. Compared with the treatments of chemical fertilizer and CK, application ofAstragalussinicuscombined with 70% chemical fertilizer significantly increased SMBC, SMBN, and soil enzyme activities. Which increased with the increasing amount ofAstragalussinicusapplication, and the treatment with 15000-30000 kg/ha ofAstragalussinicusreturning with 70% amounts of chemical fertilizer had better comprehensive effects. During the whole growth period, the contents of soil microbial biomass C and N were increased by 21.03%-142.33% and 19.97%-83.91%, and the activities of soil urease, acid phosphatase, catalase by 10.12%-100.33%,10.22%-43.23%,0.14%-7.28% after turnover ofAstragalussinicus, compared with CK. All the soil microbial biomass, activities of urease, and acid phosphatase had positive and significant relationship with soil organic matter, total N, alkalitic N (P<0.05,P<0.01), but the correlation between hydrogen peroxidase activityand soil nutrients content was not obvious. 【Conclusions】 Long-term application ofAstragalussinicuscombined with chemical fertilizer can significantly increase the rice yield, soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity, improve paddy soil micro-ecological environment. Within the test area and on the condition of appropriate amount of fertilizer 70%, the incoporation of 15000-30000 kg/haAstragalussinicusis appropriate. This combination ratio of Astragalus sinicus and chemical fertilizer is conducive to improve soil productivity, and it is an effective way to improve crop yield and soil fertility in double-cropping paddy field areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.

Astragalussinicus; soil microbial carbon; soil microbial nitrogen; enzyme activity

2014-01-10 接受日期： 2014-05-09

公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))專項(xiàng)(201103005，201203032)；安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)成果轉(zhuǎn)化項(xiàng)目(12040302003)；安徽省科技廳項(xiàng)目(1406c085025)資助。

萬(wàn)水霞(1978—)，女，安徽東至人，碩士，主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)微生物和農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化研究。 * 通信作者 E-mail: yunqingw@126.com

S154.37; S551+.9

A

1008-505X(2015)02-0387-09