?
術(shù)前口服可樂定對脊柱手術(shù)患者全麻蘇醒的影響
鄧嘉陵1,李軍祥2,楊小霖2
(1.四川省南充市東方醫(yī)院麻醉科;2.川北醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科,四川南充637000)
【摘要】目的:觀察脊柱手術(shù)患者術(shù)前口服可樂定對全麻蘇醒的影響。方法:將64例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ級,18~60歲,擇期行椎管減壓、脊柱融合手術(shù)的患者隨機分為術(shù)前口服可樂定組(200 μg)和安慰劑組(維生素C 600 mg)。麻醉誘導采用芬太尼2 μg/kg、異丙酚1~2 mg/kg及維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg。氣管插管后機械通氣,調(diào)整吸入異氟烷濃度維持BIS 40~50,間斷給予維庫溴銨維持肌松。調(diào)整呼吸參數(shù)維持ETCO235~40 mmHg。記錄患者一般資料,芬太尼、異丙酚用量、麻醉時間、拔管時間、低血壓或高血壓發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:可樂定組患者芬太尼用量少于安慰劑組(2.11±0.87 vs 3.68±0.93,P<0.05),拔管時間早于安慰劑組(9.88±6.12 vs 13.62±9.74,P<0.05),異丙酚用量、低血壓及心動過緩發(fā)生率組之間沒有統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:脊柱手術(shù)的患者,術(shù)前給于可樂定能減輕麻醉所需麻醉藥的用量,加快麻醉后復蘇,并且不增加低血壓和心動過緩的發(fā)生率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】可樂定,異氟烷,全身麻醉,麻醉復蘇
脊柱手術(shù)通常伴隨明顯的失血和血流動力學的波動,并需要大劑量的阿片類藥物來抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[1-3]。強鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的快速清除和/或快速耐受,可能會增加術(shù)后疼痛的發(fā)生[4]。行脊柱手術(shù)的患者術(shù)前多伴有慢性疼痛,圍術(shù)期多使用阿片類、NSAIS類或其他治療慢性疼痛的藥物。因此需要提供類阿片藥物或者減少痛覺過敏的麻醉技術(shù)以阻止醫(yī)源性的術(shù)后痛覺過敏[5]。目前廣泛的做法是將強效的阿片類藥物與非阿片類藥物或者α2受體興奮劑復合使用[6]。本研究旨在觀察術(shù)前口服可樂定對阿片類藥物的需求和術(shù)后麻醉復蘇的影響。
1.1納入標準
64例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ級,18~60歲,擇期行椎管減壓、脊柱融合手術(shù)的患者。
1.2排除標準
孕婦,心、肝、腎、呼吸系統(tǒng)的疾病,活動或智力障礙,對α2受體激動劑過敏,在使用β受體阻滯劑、α2受體激動劑、抗驚厥類藥物、精神類藥物等的患者。
1.3方法
將符合納入標準的患者隨機分別于術(shù)前口服鹽酸可樂定片(200 μg)或維生素C 1片(600 g),患者不知道具體分組。患者常規(guī)監(jiān)測ECG、無創(chuàng)動脈血壓(NIBP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2),局麻下行橈動脈穿刺置管,監(jiān)測動脈血壓(ABP)。麻醉誘導采用芬太尼2 μg/kg、異丙酚1~2 mg/kg及維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg。3 min后行氣管插管。麻醉維持使用O2、Air、異氟烷(FiO250%)。維持ETCO235~40 mm-Hg。調(diào)整異氟烷濃度維持BIS 40~50。調(diào)節(jié)呼吸參數(shù)維持ETCO235~40 mmHg,間斷給予維庫溴銨維持肌松。當HR或SBP高于基礎(chǔ)值的20%給予異丙酚0.5 mg/kg,若效果不佳再給于芬太尼0.5 μg/kg;當SBP低于基礎(chǔ)值的20%,使用麻黃堿10~15mg靜注;當HR低于50次/min時,給予阿托品0.25~0.5 mg靜注??p合皮膚時,調(diào)低異氟醚給予濃度至維持呼末濃度的50%,皮膚縫合結(jié)束時停止吸入異氟烷。給予新斯的明50 μg/kg拮抗殘余肌松藥作用。當患者清醒,自主呼吸能維持SPO2>95%,并能按指令活動上肢時,拔除氣管導管。
1.4評估指標
記錄患者一般資料、芬太尼及異丙酚用量、麻醉時間、拔管時間(停止異氟烷到拔管時間)、低血壓或高血壓發(fā)生率。
1.5統(tǒng)計學分析
據(jù)采用均數(shù)±標準差或百分數(shù)表示,使用SPSS15.0分析。計數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗,計量資料采用t檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1一般資料比較
兩組患者一般資料比較沒有統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)中情況比較
可樂定組患者芬太尼用量少于安慰劑組(2.11±0.87 vs 3.68±0.93,P<0.05),拔管時間早于安慰劑組(9.88±6.12 vs 13.62±9.74,P<0.05),異丙酚用量和低血壓(51.6% vs 60.6%)及心動過緩(12.9% vs 12.1%)發(fā)生率兩組之間沒有統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表2。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較(±s)
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較(±s)
可樂定組(n =31)安慰劑組(n =33) P值年齡(歲)46.7±10.3 48.4±13.2 0.071性別(男/女)14/17 17/16 0.063體重(kg) 55.2±7.3 60.3±6.7 0.491麻醉時間(h)4.1±1.1 3.6±0.9 0.138
表2 兩組患者術(shù)中情況和麻醉恢復情況比較
α2受體興奮劑具有協(xié)同阿片類藥物的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而不增加痛覺過敏和副作用的發(fā)生,甚至能減少阿片類藥物的痛覺過敏[7-10]。α2受體興奮劑和阿片類藥物通過不同的受體調(diào)節(jié)鎮(zhèn)痛作用,α2受體興奮劑增加阿片類的鎮(zhèn)痛作用而不增加其副作用,并同時具有鎮(zhèn)靜、抗交感作用。本實驗通過術(shù)前給予可樂定后對麻醉藥物的需求、麻醉后復蘇、血流動力學變化的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),可樂定組在維持相同的麻醉深度情況下,能明顯減少患者對芬太尼的需求量,這很大程度上與α2受體興奮劑具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛作用,并且具有抗交感的作用有關(guān)。Woodcock等[11],Marchal等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在ENT手術(shù)患者單次給予可樂定會減少麻醉所需異氟烷濃度。
術(shù)前使用可樂定(2.5~5 μg/kg)會延長異氟烷麻醉后蘇醒時間,本研究使用200 μg(3.3 μg/kg)可樂定術(shù)前給藥麻醉蘇醒時間為(9.88±6.12)min,麻醉蘇醒時間短于Goyagi等[13]的研究結(jié)果。兩個研究的蘇醒時間的差距可能是因為Goyagi等[10]的研究沒有采用BIS監(jiān)測麻醉深度容易導致麻醉過深,并且其停用異氟烷的時機也較晚,從而導致麻醉蘇醒時間較長。
低血壓和心動過緩是α2受體興奮劑常見的并發(fā)癥。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前給予可樂定200 μg組的患者和對照組患者兩者的發(fā)生沒有差異??梢娦g(shù)前給予可樂定200 μg沒有增加術(shù)中低血壓和心動過緩的發(fā)生率。
總之,脊柱手術(shù)的患者,術(shù)前給予可樂定能減輕所需麻醉藥用量,加快麻醉后恢復。
參考文獻
[1]Poon KS,Wu KC,Chen CC,et al.Hemodynamic changes during spinal surgery in the prone position[J].Acta Anesthesiol Taiwan,2008,46(2 ):57-60.
[2]Edgcombe H,Carter K,Yarrow S.Anesthesia in the prone position [J].Br J Anesth,2008,100(2):165-183.
[3]Elgafy H,Bransford RJ,McGuire RA,et al.Blood loss in major spine surgery: are there effective measures to decrease massive hemorrhage in major spine fusion surgery[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976),2010,35(9 suppl): S47-56.
[4]Guignard B,Bossard AE,Coste C,et al.Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):409-417.
[5]Vorobeychik Y,Chen L,Bush MC,et al.Improved opioid analgesic effect following opioid dose reduction[J].Pain Med,2008,9 (8):724-727.
[6]Rajpal S,Gordon DB,Pellino TA,et al.Comparison of perioperative oral multimodal analgesia versus IV PCA for spine surgery [J].J Spinal Disord Tech,2010,23(2):139-145.
[7]Meert TF,De Kock M.Potentiation of the analgesic properties of fentanyl-like opioids with α2-adrenoceptor agonists in rats[J].Anesthesiology,1994,81(3):678-688.
[8]Schlimp CJ,Pipam W,Wolrab C,et al.Clonidine for remifentanilinduced hyperalgesia: a double-blind randomized,placebo-controlled study of clonidine under intra-operative use of remifentanil in elective surgery of the shoulder[J].Schmerz,2011,25(3): 290-295.
[9]Belgrade M,Hall S.Dexmedetomidine infusion for the management of opioid-induced hyperalgesia[J].Pain Med,2010,11 (12): 1819-1826.
[10]Zheng Y,Cui S,Liu Y,et al.Dexmedetomidine prevents remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and decreases spinal tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B subunit [J].Brain Res Bull,2012,87(4):427-431.
[11]Woodcock TE,Millard RK,Dixon J,et al.Clonidine premedication for isoflurane-induced hypotension.Sympathoadrenal responses and a computer-controlled assessment of the vapour requirement[J].Br J Anesth,1988,60(4):388-394.
[12]Marchal JM,Gómez-Luque A,Martos-Crespo F,et al.Clonidine decreases intraoperative bleeding in middle ear microsurgery[J].Acta Anesthesiol Scand,2001,45(5):627-633.
[13]Goyagi T,Tanaka M,Nishikawa T,et al.Oral clonidine premeditation reduces the awakening concentration of isoflurane[J].Anesth Analg,1998,86(2):410-413.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時間: 2015-3-5 12∶47網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址: http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1254.R.20150305.1247.021.html
The effects of oral clonidine for premedication of anesthetic recovery on the spinal operation patients
DENG Jia-ling1,LI Jun-xiang2,YANG Xiao-lin2
(1.Department of Anesthesiology,Nanchong Oriental Hospital;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China)
【Abstract】Objective: To observe the effects of oral clonidine premedication on the general anesthesia and recovery in patients undergoing spinal surgery.Methods: Sixty-four ASA levelⅠ-Ⅱpatients (18-60 years old)undergoing major spine surgery were randomly allocated to two groups.One group received oral clonidine (200 μg)and the other received placebo (Vitamin C 600 mg)for premedication.Standard anesthesia protocols were followed for induction Fentanyl 2 μg/kg,Propofol 1~2 mg/kg and Vecuronium Bromide 0.1 mg/kg.The mechanical ventilation was performed after the tracheal intubation.And the concentration of isoflurance was adjusted and maintained at the level of BIS 40~50.The Vecuronium Bromide was given inconsistently in order to keep the muscular relaxation.The reference data of breathing is adjusted at the level of ETCO235~40 mmHg.Heart rate,blood pressure,and end-tidal concentrations of isoflurane were monitored.Hypotensive episodes were treated with bolus doses of ephedrine or phenylephrine.Results: The demographic data,duration of anesthesia,propofol requirement were not significant between the two groups.The total dose of fentanyl (2.11±0.87 vs.3.68±0.93)and the recovery time (9.88±6.12vs.13.62±9.74)were decreased in clonidine group.There was no statistical difference in the change of hemodynamic parameters,the incidence of hypotension or bradycardia between the two groups.Conclusion: Clonidine for premedication can reduce the requirement of opoids,facilitate the recovery from inhaled isoflurane anesthesia,and does not increase the incidence of hypotension or bradycardia.
【Key words】Clonidine; Isoflurane; General Anesthesia; Anesthesia recovery
通訊作者:楊小霖,E-mail: yang_xl_yang@126.com
作者簡介:鄧嘉陵(1971-),男,重慶合川人,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事臨床麻醉和疼痛診療工作。
基金項目:南充市科技局支撐項目(110A0076)
收稿日期:2014-09-26
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-3697.2015.01.21
【文章編號】1005-3697(2015)01-0090-03
【中圖分類號】R614.2
【文獻標志碼】A