楊華新
不論是語法填空,還是短文改錯,都常??疾楣潭ù钆?。如果考生熟練掌握好固定搭配,這類考點,可以在句,甚至是詞的層面就可以輕易解決。但事實上,即便是優(yōu)秀考生,有時也會失分。據(jù)他們說,主要是固定搭配涉及面廣,種類多,易混淆,運用起來張冠李戴?;诖?,為了幫助考生提高語法填空和短文改錯固定搭配方面的得分率,筆者結合自己多年的高三教學經(jīng)驗,特意對全國卷該部分的常見考法及高頻考點歸類整理如下。
一、考生須熟記以下常考的固定搭配
1. 冠詞的固定搭配
全國卷英語高考對冠詞的考查,并非僅僅局限于區(qū)分“特指”和“泛指”那般簡單,在固定搭配中考查冠詞也是很常態(tài)的考法。以下冠詞的固定搭配就是高頻考點:
含不定冠詞的固定詞組:
in a mess亂七八糟 in a ...condition處于……狀態(tài)
in a hurry匆匆忙忙 have a gift for在……有天賦
at a loss不知所措 all of a sudden突然
once in a while偶爾 once upon a time從前
go on a diet節(jié)食 keep a diary寫日記
as a result結果 do sb. a favor幫某人一個忙
keep an eye on照看 give sb. a lift給某人提供順風車
a waste of浪費 have a word with和某人談話
a series of一系列 at an end接近尾聲
含定冠詞的固定詞組:
on the spot / scene在現(xiàn)場 make the most / best of充分利用
at the moment此時此刻 take the place of取代;替代
in the daytime在白天 in the distance在遠方
in the end最終 on the whole總體上
at the same time同時 on the left / right在左/右邊
in the air / sky在空中 for the time being暫時
in a word總之 in the 1980s二十世紀八十年代
in the beginning起初 all over the world全世界
by the way順便說一下
必須注意的是,有了短文改錯作為載體,與零冠詞有關的一些固定搭配,也開始“大行其道”,成為考查對象。如:
at noon在中午 at night在晚上
at dawn 在黎明 at dusk在黃昏
in public當眾 by bus坐公共汽車
make great progress取得很大的進步
2. 介詞的固定搭配
全國卷英語高考對介詞的考查,主要是“形容詞+介詞”和“介詞+名詞”這兩種搭配。但在語法填空或短文改錯中,譬如apart from和according to這類詞組,往往也會被考查,故考生們千萬不可掉以輕心。由于介詞種類繁多,且不同的介詞又有不同的搭配,因此不少考生都感到介詞短語的記憶比較散亂,難記易忘。鑒于此,筆者建議考生最好把同一個介詞的相關搭配放在一起記憶。拿with為例,如下:
be angry with sb. 因某事而生某人的氣
be strict with sb. 在……對某人嚴格
be crowded with 擁擠 be filled with 裝滿;充滿
be connected with 連接 be flooded with 充斥;涌入
be compared with 比較 be popular with 受歡迎
be covered with 覆蓋 be patient with 對……無耐心
be faced with 面臨 be frank with 對……坦白
be infected with 感染 be concerned with 關于
be busy / engaged /occupied with 忙于
be pleased / satisfied / content with 對……滿意
be fed up with 厭倦 be familiar with 對……熟悉
3. 連詞的固定搭配
高考除了對連詞的常規(guī)用法進行考查外,有時也會考查固定搭配。以下是連詞常用的固定搭配:
either... or... 要么……要么……
neither...nor... 既不……也不……
whether...or... 是/不論……還是……
not only..., but(also)... 不但……而且……
when it comes to... 當涉及到……
was / were doing sth. when... 正在做某事,突然……
be about to do sth. when... 正要做某事,突然……
be on the point of doing sth. when... 正要做某事,突然……
There was a time when... 曾有一段時間;曾經(jīng)
4. 代詞的固定搭配
全國卷英語高考對代詞的考查也是五花八門,細致入微。以下列舉一些考生容易失分的關于代詞的固定搭配:
take it for granted that... 認為……理所當然
make it a rule that... 把……作為規(guī)定
make it clear that... 聲明
make it +adj. for sb. to do sth. 令得某人做某事很……
find / think / consider it+adj. to do sth. 發(fā)覺/認為做某事很……
make oneself heard/understand 使自己被聽到/理解
5. 動詞的固定搭配
命題者也常常在短文改錯中用以下的方式考查考生:
少一介詞:不及物動詞后+賓語。如:belong to sb.寫成belong sb.。
多一介詞:及物動詞+介詞+賓語。如:visit sb.寫成visit to sb.。
張冠李戴:用錯動詞或副詞。如:把put out誤用作put off,turn on用成了take on等。
6. 非謂語的固定搭配
為應對語法填空,考生除了掌握最基礎的非謂語語法知識外,也不可忽略特殊搭配的積累。如:
judging from / by 由……判斷
generally speaking 籠統(tǒng)來講
all things considered 全盤考慮;整體看來
be worth doing 值得做某事
only to see/ find/ discover 結果卻看見/發(fā)現(xiàn)
to tell you the truth 實話實說
to make things worse 更糟糕的是
weather permitting 天氣允許的話
7. 名詞為復數(shù)形式的固定搭配
考生們在做語法填空時,凡涉及固定搭配中的名詞時,要注意其單復數(shù)形式;同理,命題者極有可能在短文改錯中也會將其設為考點。常見的固定搭配有:
shake hands with 和……握手
make friends with 與……交朋友
make preparations for 為……做準備
be in high / low spirits 情緒高漲/低落
to make things / matters worse 更糟糕的是
be as follows 如下
have effects on / have an effect on 對……有影響
make efforts to do / make an effort to do 努力做某事
make contributions to / make a contribution to 為……做貢獻
8. 特殊的固定句型
There is no denying that... 毋庸置疑
There is no need to do sth. 沒必要做某事
There is no point in doing sth做某事沒有意義
It is no use / good doing sth.做某事沒用/不好
It is / was...that / who... 正是……
It was not long before... 很快……
Its(high)time that sb. did sth. 該是某人做某事的時候了
It is / was the+序數(shù)詞+time that sb. has / had done sth. 某人第……次做某事
9. 易混的詞或詞組
before(用完成時態(tài))/ ago(用過去時態(tài))
because(接句子)/ because of(接名詞/詞組)
have been to(到過)/ have gone to(去了)
ten years ago(用一般過去時)/ since ten years ago(用現(xiàn)在完成時)
long before(很久以前)/ before long(不久之后)
make sense of(理解)/ make sense(有意義,說得通)
take advantage of(利用)/ take advantage over(比……有優(yōu)勢)
be tired of(對……厭倦)/ be tired from(因……而疲憊)
pay in cash(用現(xiàn)金支付)/ pay by check(用支票支付)
in 1990(在1990年)/ in the 1990s(在20世紀90年代)
in the morning(在早上)/ on the morning of last Monday(上周一早上)
in summer(在夏天)/ in the summer of 1997(在1997年夏天)
in the past(在過去,用于一般過去時態(tài))/ in the past few years(在最近幾年,用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài))
with time going by = as time goes by(隨著時間的推移,with是介詞,而as是連詞)
in charge of(負責……)/ in the charge of(由……負責)
at table(在吃飯)/ at the table(在桌子旁邊)
at a time(一次)/ at one time(曾經(jīng),同時)/ at the time(當時;那時)
a number of(許多)/ the number of(……的數(shù)目)
a most + adj.(一個非?!模? the most +adj.(最……的)
a second time(又一次)/ the second time(第二次)
take place(發(fā)生)/ take the place of(取代;替代)
charge sb. with sth.(因某事指控某人)/ charge sb. for sth.(因某事收費)
be proud of = take pride in(引以為豪)
be confident of = have confidence in(對……有信心)
二、高考真題分析
1. 語法填空 在空白處填入適當內容(1個單詞)或所給詞的正確形式。
(1)________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.(2015 課標卷 II)
解析:At 考查固定搭配at the same time“同時”。
(2)It took years of work ________(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014 課標卷 I)
解析:to reduce考查固定句式It takes+時間+to do sth.“做某事花……時間”。
(3)I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.( 2014 課標卷 II)
解析:to考查固定搭配next to“緊鄰;緊接”。
(4)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ________(stop)until...(2014課標卷 II)
解析:to stop考查固定搭配refuse to do sth.“拒絕做某事”。
(5)Still,the boy kept ________(ride).(2014課標卷 II)
解析:riding考查固定搭配keep doing sth.“繼續(xù)/持續(xù)做某事”。
(6)Nick said,“The only reason a man would sell salt ________ a low price would be because he was desperate for money.(2013廣東卷)
解析:at考查固定搭配at a low / high price.“以低 / 高價”。
(7) I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ________ the reservation.(2014廣東卷)
解析:for 考查固定搭配charge sb. for(doing)sth.“因(做)某事而收費”。
(8)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.(2015廣東卷)
解析:when考查固定句型was / were doing...when...“正在做……突然……”。
2. 短文改錯 以下每個句子都有一處錯誤,請指出并改正過來。
(1)In other words,we would be separated for long time.(2010大綱)
解析:在long前面加a,因為for a long time是固定詞組,“很長一段時間”。
(2)In a fact, he even scared my classmates away...(2013課標卷 I)
解析:把a去掉,因為in fact是固定詞組,“實際上”。
(3)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.(2014課標卷 I)
解析:在as后面加a,因為as a result是固定詞組,“結果”。
(4)...and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes.(2014課標卷 I)
解析:把by改為with,因為with the help of是固定詞組,“在……的幫助下”。
(5)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listen music.(2014課標卷 II)
解析:在listen后面加to,因為listen to是固定詞組,“聽;傾聽”。
(6)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.(2015課標卷 I)
解析:在in后面加the,因為in the countryside是固定詞組,“在農(nóng)村”。
(7)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.(2015課標卷 I)
解析:把on改為with,因為with the development of是固定詞組,“隨著……的發(fā)展”。
(8)My best friend, Aigulie, used to share her Nang to me.(2015課標卷 I)
解析:把to改為with,因為share...with是固定詞組,“和……分享”。
三、實戰(zhàn)演練
(一)語法填空 在空白處填入適當內容(1個單詞)或所給詞的正確形式。
1. He is always responsible ________ for whatever he does.
2. She spoke in such ________ low voice that she couldnt make herself heard.
3. The students are busy making ________(prepare)for the coming exams.
4. He was absent from the lecture ________ some reason.
5. People were sleeping soundly ________ the destructive earthquake occurred.
6. Strictly ________ (speak),what you said just now is not exactly correct.
7. Id appreciate it ________ you could do me a favor and help me out.
8. He had no choice but ________ (wait) aimlessly for another two hours.
9. If you go on behaving like that,youll risk ________ (lose)your job.
10. When he woke up,he found himself lying in ________ open air.
(二)單句改錯 以下每個句子都有一處錯誤,請指出并改正過來。
1. So busy am I that I spend little time on my son every week.
2. The other day,she paid visit to the Summer Palace and enjoyed herself.
3. His parents forced him choose the major he wasnt interested in.
4. Were supposed to exchange our study methods to each other.
5. The project is now in charge of Mr. Green,our close friend.
6. Old as he is,the man is in a good health.
7. Ill take you up as soon as you arrive at the train station.
8. As students,we should make effort to realize our dreams.
9. Tom got up,dressed him and went to work in a hurry.
10. I dont make sense what you said just now. Can you explain it in detail?
答案與解析
(一)語法填空
1. for 因be responsible for是固定搭配,意為“對……負責”。
2. a因in a low voice“低聲地”。
3. preparations 表示“為……做準備”,用固定搭配make preparations for。
4. for 因for...reason 是固定搭配,意為“出于……原因”。
5. when 因was / were doing... when...“正在做某事……突然”。
6. speaking 因Strictly speaking是獨立主格結構,意思是“嚴格來說”。
7. if 固定句型Id appreciate it if...意為“假如……的話,我會不勝感激”。
8. to wait 特殊句型have no choice but to do意為“除了做……外,別無選擇”。
9. losing 因risk doing sth. 是固定用法,意為“冒險做某事”。
10. the 因in the open air是固定詞組,意為“在戶外”。
(二)單句改錯
1. 把on改為with ,因此處是表示“花時間陪某人”而不是“花時間在……上”。
2. 在visit前面加a,因為pay a visit to“拜訪;參觀”是固定搭配。
3. 在choose前面加to,因“強迫某人做某事”用force sb. to do sth.是固定句式。
4. 把to改為with,因“和……交流/交換……”用exchange…with…。
5. 在charge前面加the,因此處指“由……負責/掌管”,用詞組in the charge of。
6. 去掉a,“身體健康”可用固定詞組be in good health來表示。
7. 把take改為pick,因為“用車接載某人”用pick sb. up這一詞組。
8. 在effort前面加an,或把effort改成efforts,因為“努力做某事”可以用詞組make an effort to do sth.或者make efforts to do sth.來表示。
9. 把him改為himself,因dress oneself 意為“某人自己穿衣服”。
10. 在what前面加of,因為make sense of表示“理解”,而make sense則是“有意義;說得通”之意。
(作者單位:廣東江門開平市第一中學)
責任編輯 蔣小青