席祥
定語從句是高中英語教學中的一個非常重要的語法,也是高考的一個熱點,它在閱讀中出現的頻率很高,尤其是科普類文章,由此可見,定語從句的學習和掌握在英語學習中有著重要的意義。
1.定語從句的定義:修飾某一個名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句;用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。
3.定語從句的位置:緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之后。
4.引導詞:引導定語從句的詞(包括關阿系代詞和關系副詞)。
(1)關系代詞:that/ which /who/whom /whose/ as
(2)關系副詞:when/where/why
5.引導詞的位置:位于定語從句之前(先行詞之后)?!綼s除外】
6.引導詞的功能(作用):
(1)連接先行詞和定語從句。
(2)在定語從句中充當一定的成分(關系代詞充當主語、賓語、表語,關系副詞充當狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型:
(1)限制性定語從句:限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約的作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確,所以不可以用逗號將其與主句隔開,也不可將其省略,否則句意就不完整。
①直接由引導詞引導定語從句
The man who youre talking to is my friend.
②由介詞+關系代詞(whom/which)引導
The man to whom youre talking is my friend.
介詞的選用是高考的重點,可采用還原法,把定語從句的關系代詞還原到句子里面,在該詞的前面加上適當的介詞,就很容易判斷。例如:
The man ( ) whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
還原:Italked the man at the meeting .(about)
The palace ( ) which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
還原:I often pay a visit the place.(to)
③由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which) ,some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most等詞、數詞、分數或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has seven children, three of whom are abroad.
We have many books, none of which is/are interesting.
(2)非限制性定語從句: 非限制性定語從句與先行詞關系不十分密切,只是對其作一些附加說明,不起限定制約作用,如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍完整。
He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.
A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
8.定語從句注意事項:
(1)如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關系代詞一般只用that,不用which。
(2)如果先行詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, very等詞修飾,關系代詞常用that,不用which, who或whom。
(3)非限制性定語從句中,不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.
(4)which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語、賓語、表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似。例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5)先行詞既指人又指物,關系代詞應該用that。
(6)關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構,因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用。例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
(7)定語從句中主謂一致問題。
This is one of the rooms that are free now.
one of +可數名詞的復數+關系代詞(做主語)+V +其他,謂語動詞的數由可數名詞的復數決定,如果one之前有限定詞,謂語動詞的數則由one決定。
He was the only one of the boys who was late for class.
(8)as 引導非限制性定語從句,代替整個主句,對其進行說明,常用于as we all know, as is known to all, as is it, as is said above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中,通常由逗號將其與主句隔開,as 有“正如……”,“就像……”之意。
As we all know, the earth is round. (as 在從句中作賓語)。