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        血漿D?二聚體水平與肺動(dòng)脈血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān)性研究

        2015-04-23 02:04:38方春曉季穎群李智勇張中和
        中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2015年12期
        關(guān)鍵詞:中位值二聚體肺動(dòng)脈

        方春曉,安 俊,季穎群*,孫 博,李智勇,張中和

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        血漿D?二聚體水平與肺動(dòng)脈血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān)性研究

        方春曉1,安 俊1,季穎群1*,孫 博2,李智勇2,張中和1

        (大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院:1呼吸科,2放射科,大連 116011)

        分析血漿D?二聚體(DD)水平與肺動(dòng)脈血栓負(fù)荷的相關(guān)性。順次選取 2009年1月至2011年8月間大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院采用CT肺動(dòng)脈造影(CTPA)首次確診急性肺血栓栓塞癥(PTE)患者69例。采用Mastora評(píng)分系統(tǒng)獲得肺動(dòng)脈阻塞指數(shù)(PAOI;PAOI>21.3%提示預(yù)后不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加);CT影像測(cè)得右(RV)及左(LV)心室短軸直徑,計(jì)算兩者比值(RV/LV>0.9提示右心功能不全)。采用免疫比濁法測(cè)定血漿DD。血漿DD濃度中位值為765μg/L(95%CI:750~1205μg/L),PAOI中位值為16.77%(95%CI:16.49%~23.26%)。血漿DD水平與整體肺動(dòng)脈PAOI呈正相關(guān)(=0.417,=0.000)。PAOI>21.3%患者的血漿DD濃度(993μg/L)高于PAOI≤21.3%的患者(663μg/L),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-2.991,=0.003)。血漿DD水平與RV/LV之間呈正相關(guān)性(=0.272,=0.024)。RV/LV>0.9患者的血漿DD濃度(880μg/L)高于RV/LV≤0.9的患者(634μg/L),兩者之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-2.070,=0.038)。整體肺動(dòng)脈PAOI與RV/LV之間呈正相關(guān)(=0.390,=0.001)。血漿DD水平與PTE發(fā)病時(shí)間呈負(fù)相關(guān)(=-0.407,=0.000);PAOI與發(fā)病時(shí)間無(wú)相關(guān)性(=-0.140,=0.245)。老年組(年齡>60歲)患者,其DD水平(727μg/L)和PAOI(14.84%)與非老年組(年齡≤60歲;792.5μg/L,20.97%)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-0.180,=0.857;=-1.382,=0.167)。規(guī)范抗凝3個(gè)月后,DD和PAOI水平均顯著下降(=-6.976,=0.000;=-7.009,=0.000),二者具有相關(guān)性(=0.609,=0.000)。(1)DD水平與CTPA肺動(dòng)脈新鮮血栓負(fù)荷和RV/LV呈正相關(guān),有助于急性PTE患者臨床評(píng)估病情、指導(dǎo)治療和判斷預(yù)后。(2)老年組與非老年組急性PTE患者的DD和PAOI水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        D?二聚體;肺栓塞;肺動(dòng)脈阻塞指數(shù);CT肺動(dòng)脈造影

        肺血栓栓塞癥(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)是一種常見(jiàn)并具有潛在致死性的疾病,占心血管系統(tǒng)死亡原因第3位,僅次于心肌缺血及腦血管疾病[1]。由于血漿D?二聚體(D-dimer,DD)水平檢測(cè)具有快速、定量、價(jià)格低、重復(fù)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),其對(duì)PTE的陰性預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值現(xiàn)已得到公認(rèn)。近年有研究表明血漿DD水平與PTE嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),也可作為PTE短期及中期死亡率的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[2,3]。另外,CT肺動(dòng)脈造影(computed tomographic pulmonary angiography,CTPA)已成為確定PTE診斷的一線檢查方法,不僅可直接觀察是否存在血栓及血栓位置、形態(tài),還可量化血栓負(fù)荷[肺動(dòng)脈阻塞指數(shù)(pulmonary artery obstruction index,PAOI)],并測(cè)量心血管參數(shù),從而評(píng)估PTE嚴(yán)重程度[4,5]。本文研究血漿DD水平與CTPA肺動(dòng)脈血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān)性。

        Galle等[6]首次提出急性PTE患者DD水平(Asserachrom D-dimer)與通氣/灌注(V/Q)掃描的肺灌注缺損程度相關(guān)。隨后,Kucher等[7]研究表明PTE患者采用校正的Mille指數(shù)方法,血栓負(fù)荷與DD水平(法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司全自動(dòng)免疫分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)定)呈正比。另外,Ghanima等[8]報(bào)道了采用Qanadli評(píng)分法,DD水平與CTPA的血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān)。Jeebun等[9]也通過(guò)Qanadli評(píng)分法證實(shí)DD水平與CTPA的血栓負(fù)荷和右室功能不全相關(guān)。

        然而,Qanadli評(píng)分法僅僅將肺動(dòng)脈阻塞程度分為完全阻塞或部分阻塞予以評(píng)分[8?10]。Mastora評(píng)分系統(tǒng)則對(duì)Qanadli評(píng)分法進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充,其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于通過(guò)五分制法對(duì)每支肺動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行阻塞程度評(píng)估,進(jìn)一步提供了肺動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端血栓的肺灌注狀態(tài)。Mastora評(píng)分是最佳的肺動(dòng)脈阻塞嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)估方法,因?yàn)椴皇峭ㄟ^(guò)近端血管阻塞程度來(lái)推測(cè)遠(yuǎn)端血管情況。上述二者的不同之處非常重要,因?yàn)榻搜茏枞⒉皇怯绊戇h(yuǎn)端血管血流的必要條件,所以,每一支中心肺動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行各自評(píng)分。而且,Mastora評(píng)分系統(tǒng)采用血流動(dòng)力學(xué)“敏感”的五分制方法對(duì)每一支動(dòng)脈分支進(jìn)行阻塞等級(jí)評(píng)估[11?13]。

        目前尚無(wú)采用Mastora評(píng)分法探討PTE嚴(yán)重程度與血漿DD水平相關(guān)性的報(bào)道。本研究目的是應(yīng)用Mastora評(píng)分法探索CTPA影像嚴(yán)重程度與血漿DD水平是否相關(guān)。

        1 對(duì)象與方法

        1.1 研究對(duì)象

        順次選取2009年1月至2011年8月大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院采用CTPA首次確診為急性PTE,并在確診前后24h內(nèi)測(cè)定血漿DD水平的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):明確診斷慢性血栓栓塞性肺動(dòng)脈高壓、既往明確靜脈血栓栓塞癥病史、血液系統(tǒng)疾病和妊娠。入選患者共69例,男性34例(49.3%),女性35例(50.7%),年齡22~85(58±15)歲。并將入選病例分為老年組(>60歲)和非老年組(≤60歲),老年組31例,男性16例,女性15例;非老年組38例,男性18例,女性20例。記錄性別、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病、誘發(fā)因素、發(fā)病時(shí)間(從出現(xiàn)PTE癥狀至CTPA確診時(shí)間)、臨床表現(xiàn)等。

        1.2 血漿DD檢測(cè)

        應(yīng)用高敏免疫比濁法測(cè)定血漿DD水平,正常人血漿DD<300μg/L。

        1.3 CTPA成像

        所有患者行CT胸部平掃和肺動(dòng)脈增強(qiáng)掃描,應(yīng)用GE light-speed 16排螺旋CT。掃描參數(shù):管電壓120kV,管電流260mA,準(zhǔn)直器寬度16×0.625mm,層厚1.25mm,螺距0.938∶1,掃描范圍為肺部,轉(zhuǎn)數(shù):0.6s/r。增強(qiáng)掃描:肘靜脈以4ml/s注入碘普羅胺(優(yōu)維顯,碘濃度為370g/L)進(jìn)行增強(qiáng)掃描,注射造影劑與顯像的延遲時(shí)間為14s。CTPA影像閱讀由至少>2名肺血管專業(yè)影像學(xué)醫(yī)師進(jìn)行雙盲閱片。

        1.4 PAOI

        采用Mastora[11]評(píng)分系統(tǒng)量化血栓負(fù)荷(PAOI),PAOI>21.3%提示早期預(yù)后不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[12]。

        1.5 右心室及左心室短軸直徑比值

        CTPA影像四腔心層面測(cè)定右心室(right ventricule,RV)及左心室(left ventricule,LV)短軸直徑,計(jì)算兩者比值(right/left ventricular short axis diameter ratio,RV/LV),RV/LV>0.9提示右心室功能不全(right ventricular dysfunction,RVD)[13,14]。

        1.6 隨訪

        3個(gè)月后隨訪,復(fù)查血漿DD水平和CTPA。

        1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

        應(yīng)用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。應(yīng)用Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)及檢驗(yàn)、2檢驗(yàn)、Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)或Wilcoxon帶符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn)。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        2 結(jié) 果

        2.1 兩組患者臨床資料比較

        兩組患者在性別以及有無(wú)誘發(fā)因素、基礎(chǔ)疾病、暈厥、下肢深靜脈血栓形成的臨床資料方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表1)。

        表1 兩組患者臨床資料比較

        Precipitating factors include trauma, surgery, immobility, and oestrogen use. Underlying disesases include chronic heart disease, chronic lung disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, varicosity, diabetes mellitus, and connective tissue disease. The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis is confirmed by computed tomographic venography or compression ultrasound

        2.2 血漿DD水平與PAOI、RV/LV的相關(guān)性

        69例患者血漿DD濃度中位值為765μg/L(95%CI:752~1207μg/L),PAOI中位值為16.77%(95%CI:16.49%~23.26%)。血漿DD水平與整體肺動(dòng)脈PAOI呈正相關(guān)(=0.417,=0.000;圖1)。血漿DD水平與RV/LV呈正相關(guān)(=0.268,=0.027;圖2A)。PAOI與RV/LV呈正相關(guān)(=0.390,=0.001;圖2B)。

        圖1 D?二聚體與肺動(dòng)脈阻塞指數(shù)的關(guān)系

        Figure 1 Correlation between D-dimer and pulmonary artery obstruction index

        圖2 右心室與左心室短軸直徑比值與D?二聚體、肺動(dòng)脈阻塞指數(shù)的關(guān)系

        Figure 2 Correlations among RV/LV, D-dimer and PAOI RV/LV: right/left ventricular short axis diameter ratio; PAOI: pulmonary artery obstruction index. A: correlation between RV/LV and D-dimer; B: correlation between RV/LV and PAOI

        PAOI>21.3%的患者29例(42.03%),其血漿DD中位值為993μg/L(95%CI:856~1841μg/L),PAOI≤21.3%患者40例(57.97%),其血漿DD中位值663μg/L(95%CI:572~846μg/L),兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=?2.991,=0.003;圖3A)。根據(jù)受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線可得血漿DD濃度為746μg/L時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)PAOI>21.3%的敏感度為36.6%,特異度為28.6%(曲線下面積為0.287;圖4);其中血漿DD>746μg/L的患者35例,PAOI均值為24.99%±15.65%;而DD≤746μg/L的患者34例,PAOI均值為14.29%±9.49%,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=3.447,=0.031)。

        圖3 不同組別患者D?二聚體濃度比較

        Figure 3 Comparison of D-dimer level in different groups RV/LV: the ratio of end-diastolic right ventricular diameter to leftventricular diameter; PAOI: pulmonary artery obstruction index. A: comparison of D-dimer level between the groups with PAOI>21.3% and PAOI≤21.3%; compared with PAOI≤21.3%,*=0.003. B: comparison of D-dimer level between the groups with RV/LV>0.9 and RV/LV≤0.9; compared with RV/LV≤0.9,#=0.038

        RV/LV>0.9的患者37例(53.6%),其血漿DD中位值為880μg/L(95%CI:767~1392μg/L),RV/LV≤0.9的患者32例(46.4%),其血漿DD中位值為634μg/L(95%CI:519~1211μg/L),兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=?2.070,=0.038;圖3B)。根據(jù)ROC曲線可得血漿DD濃度為721μg/L時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)RVD的敏感度為64.9%,特異度為62.5%(曲線下面積為0.645;圖5);其中血漿DD>721μg/L的患者36例,RV/LV均值為1.095±0.334,而DD≤721μg/L的患者33例,RV/LV均值為0.934±2.267,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=2.206,=0.001)。

        圖4 D?二聚體用于預(yù)測(cè)PAOI>21.3%的ROC曲線

        Figure 4 ROC curve for prediction of PAOI>21.3% by D-dimer PAOI: pulmonary artery obstruction index

        圖5 D?二聚體用于預(yù)測(cè)RVD的ROC曲線

        Figure 5 ROC curve for prediction of RVD by D-dimer RVD: right ventricular dysfunction

        2.3 血漿DD水平、PAOI與發(fā)病時(shí)間的相關(guān)性

        69例患者發(fā)病時(shí)間中位數(shù)為2d(1h~15d)。血漿DD水平與發(fā)病時(shí)間之間呈負(fù)相關(guān)(=-0.407,=0.001;圖6)。整體肺動(dòng)脈PAOI與發(fā)病時(shí)間不存在相關(guān)性(=-0.140,=0.252;圖7)。

        2.4 血漿DD水平與PTE和(或)深靜脈血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的關(guān)系

        單純PTE(無(wú)DVT)者18例,DD中位值611.5μg/L(95%CI:458.93~1426.62μg/L);PTE伴DVT者51例,血漿DD水平807μg/L(95%CI:726.66~1259.40μg/L),兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-0.806,=0.420)。

        2.5 年齡與血漿DD水平、PAOI的關(guān)系

        老年組和非老年組血漿DD水平中位值分別為727μg/L(95%CI:638.43~1203.23μg/L)、792.5μg/L(95%CI:670.31~1397.86μg/L),兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-0.180,=0.857)。兩組PAOI中位值分別為14.84%(95%CI:12.79%~21.11%)、20.97%(95%CI:17.02%~27.50%),兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(=-01.382,=0.167)。

        圖6 D?二聚體水平與發(fā)病時(shí)間的關(guān)系

        Figure 6 Correlations between D-dimer level and pulmonary thromboembolism onset time

        圖7 PAOI與發(fā)病時(shí)間的關(guān)系

        Figure 7 Correlations between PAOI and PTE onset time PAOI: pulmonary artery obstruction index; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism

        2.6 治療和隨訪

        69例PTE患者中,2例溶栓治療,67例抗凝治療。3個(gè)月后隨訪,其中65例(失訪4例)患者規(guī)范抗凝并復(fù)查血漿DD水平和CTPA,DD水平和PAOI均顯著下降(=-6.976,=0.000;=-7.009,=0.000;圖8),兩者具有相關(guān)性(=0.609,=0.000),其中44例患者(67.69%)復(fù)查CTPA提示血栓完全吸收,余21例患者PAOI值波動(dòng)于0.65%~5.16%;血漿DD水平中位值下降至190μg/L(95%CI:179.69~238.61μg/L),恢復(fù)到正常值范圍內(nèi)。

        3 討 論

        本研究結(jié)果證實(shí),血漿DD水平與整體肺動(dòng)脈PAOI呈正相關(guān),表明DD水平(765μg/L)與CTPA影像所示血栓負(fù)荷(16.77%)程度呈正比,即血栓或栓子負(fù)荷越多,血漿DD水平越高,與較低血栓負(fù)荷相比,較高栓子負(fù)荷能產(chǎn)生較多的纖維蛋白降解產(chǎn)物,上述結(jié)果與Galle等[6]、Kucher等[7]、Ghanima等[8]及Jeebun等[9]研究結(jié)果相似。并且,我們創(chuàng)新性地同時(shí)隨訪CTPA和DD,結(jié)果表明,規(guī)范抗凝3個(gè)月后大部分患者(67.69%)血栓完全吸收,部分(32.31%)殘留血栓患者PAOI水平也明顯下降(0.65%~5.16%);而血漿DD水平中位值(190μg/L)則恢復(fù)到正常值范圍內(nèi),兩者仍具有相關(guān)性。因此,我們可通過(guò)定期監(jiān)測(cè)DD水平評(píng)估急性PTE患者的血栓負(fù)荷,進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)治療和判斷預(yù)后。

        圖8 治療前后D?二聚體濃度和PAOI變化

        Figure 8 Comparison of D-dimer level and PAOI before and after treatment PAOI: pulmonary artery obstruction index. A: comparison of D-dimer level before and after treatment; compared with before treatment,*=0.000. B: comparison of PAOI before and after treatment; compared with before treatment,#=0.000

        Engelke等[12]研究證實(shí),PAOI>21.3%是PTE患者早期死亡的重要預(yù)測(cè)因子,其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可增加約6.7倍(=0.017);而PAOI≤21.3%的患者經(jīng)規(guī)范抗凝后可獲得較長(zhǎng)期生存率。多項(xiàng)研究[13?15]證實(shí)CTPA影像提示右室功能不全(RV/LV>0.9)的PTE患者預(yù)后不良。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí),血漿DD水平和PAOI均與RV/LV呈正相關(guān);PAOI>21.3%的患者血漿DD中位值高于PAOI≤21.3%的患者;RV/LV>0.9的患者血漿DD中位值高于RV/LV比值≤0.9的患者。因此,我們可通過(guò)定期監(jiān)測(cè)DD水平評(píng)估急性PTE患者病情嚴(yán)重程度和危險(xiǎn)分層。

        另外,本研究創(chuàng)新性地探索了DD和PAOI水平與發(fā)病時(shí)間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果證實(shí),血漿DD水平與發(fā)病時(shí)間之間呈負(fù)相關(guān);而整體肺動(dòng)脈床的PAOI與發(fā)病時(shí)間不存在相關(guān)性。從而進(jìn)一步表明,血漿DD水平是與“新鮮”血栓負(fù)荷呈正相關(guān)的。

        近年來(lái),多項(xiàng)回顧性研究[16?19]證實(shí)DD的閾值與年齡相關(guān),建議使用年齡校正的DD閾值,即年齡>50歲患者,DD閾值為年齡×10μg/L(包括Vidas?、Tinaquant?、HemosIL-DD?,Liatest?和MDA?等檢測(cè)方法),然而,對(duì)于明確診斷PTE的患者,年齡與DD和PAOI的關(guān)系尚未得到關(guān)注,本研究創(chuàng)新性地對(duì)比研究老年組(>60歲)和非老年組(≤60歲)DD和PAOI水平,結(jié)果表明二者在兩組患者中差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        4 結(jié) 論

        DD水平與CTPA肺動(dòng)脈新鮮血栓負(fù)荷和RV/LV呈正相關(guān),因其檢測(cè)方法的簡(jiǎn)便性、可重復(fù)性和應(yīng)用普遍性,有助于急性PTE患者的臨床評(píng)估病情、指導(dǎo)治療和判斷預(yù)后。老年與非老年急性PTE患者的DD和PAOI水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        [1] B?lohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A. Pulmonary embolism. Part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism[J]. Exp Clin Cardiol, 2013, 18(2): 129?138.

        [2] Klok FA, Djurabi RK, Nijkeuter M,. High D-dimer level is associated with increased 15-d and 3 months mortality through a more central localization of pulmonary emboli and serious comorbidity[J]. Br J Haematol, 2008, 140(2): 218?222.

        [3] Grau E, Tenías JM, Soto MJ,. D-dimer levels correlate with mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: findings from the RIETE registry[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(8): 1937?1941.

        [4] Nural MS, Elmali M, Findik S,. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in the assessment of severity of acute pulmonary embolism and right ventricular dysfunction[J]. Acta Radiol, 2009, 50(6): 629?637.

        [5] van der Meer RW, Pattynama PM, van Strijen MJ,. Right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary obstruction index at helical CT: prediction of clinical outcome during 3-month follow-up in patients with acute pulmonary embolism[J]. Radiology, 2005, 235(3): 798?803.

        [6] Galle C, Papazyan JP, Miron MJ,. Prediction of pulmonary embolism extent by clinical findings, D-dimer level and deep vein thrombosis shown by ultrasound[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2001, 86(5): 1156?1160.

        [7] Kucher N, Schroeder V, Kohler HP. Role of blood coagulation factorⅩⅢ in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Correlation of factor ⅩⅢ antigen levels with pulmonary occlusion rate, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and clot firmness[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2003, 90(3): 434?438.

        [8] Ghanima W, Abdelnoor M, Holmen LO,. D-dimer level is associated with the extent of pulmonary embolism[J]. Thromb Res, 2007, 120(2): 281?288.

        [9] Jeebun V, Doe SJ, Singh L,. Are clinical parameters and biomarkers predictive of severity of acute pulmonary emboli on CTPA[J]? Q J Med, 2010, 103(2): 91?97.

        [10] Qanadli SD, El Hajjam M, Vieillard-Baron A,. New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism: comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2001, 176(6): 1415?1420.

        [11] Mastora I, Remy-Jardin M, Masson P,. Severity of acute pulmonary embolism: evaluation of a new spiral CT angiographic score in correlation with echocardiographic data[J]. Eur Radiol, 2003, 13(1): 29?35.

        [12] Engelke C, Rummeny EJ, Marten K. Acute pulmonary embolism on MDCT of the chest: prediction of cor pulmonale and short-term patient survival from morphologic embolus burden[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 186(5): 1265?1271.

        [13] Quiroz R, Kucher N, Schoepf UJ,. Right ventricular enlargement on chest computed tomography: prognostic role in acute pulmonary embolism[J]. Circulation, 2004, 109(20): 2401?2404.

        [14] Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S,. Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)[J]. Eur Heart J, 2008, 29(18): 2276?2315.

        [15] Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G,. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)[J]. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(43): 3033?3069.

        [16] Harper PL, Theakston E, Ahmed J,. D-dimer concentration increases with age reducing the clinical value of the D-dimer assay in the elderly[J]. Intern Med J, 2007, 37(9): 607?613.

        [17] Douma RA, Le GG, Sohne M,. Potential of an age adjusted D-dimer cut-off value to improve the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in older patients: a retrospective analysis of three large cohorts[J]. BMJ, 2010, 340: c1475.

        [18] Douma RA, Tan M, Schutgens RE,. Using an age-dependent D-dimer cut-off value increases the number of older patients in whom deep vein thrombosis can be safely excluded[J]. Haematologica, 2012, 97(10): 1507?1513.

        [19] Schouten HJ, Koek HL, Oudega R,. Validation of two age dependent D-dimer cut-off values for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis in suspected elderly patients in primary care: retrospective, cross sectional, diagnostic analysis[J]. BMJ, 2012, 344: e2985.

        (編輯: 周宇紅)

        Correlation of D-dimer level with clot burden of pulmonary embolism: report of 69 cases

        FANG Chun-Xiao1, AN Jun1, JI Ying-Qun1*, SUN Bo2, LI Zhi-Yong2, ZHANG Zhong-He1

        (1Department of Respiratory Diseases,2Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China)

        To determine the correlation of plasma level of D-dimer (DD) with clot burden of pulmonary embolism.A prospective study was performed on 69 consecutive patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) confirmed by computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in our hospital from January 2009 to August 2011. A pulmonary artery obstruction index (PAOI, Mastora score) >21.3% indicated severe obstruction of PTE. A right ventricle/left ventricle (RV/LV) >0.9 indicated RV dysfunction. The plasma level of DD was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay.The median DD level was 765μg/L (95%CI: 750?1 205μg/L) and that of PAOI was 16.77% (95%CI: 16.32%?23.06%). Plasma DD level was positively correlated with PAOI (=0.417,=0.000). The patients with PAOI >21.3% had significantly higher DD levels than those with PAOI ≤21.3% (993663μg/L,=-2.991,=0.003). DD level was positively correlated with RV/LV (=0.272,=0.024). The patients with RV/LV >0.9 had obviously higher DD levels than those with RV/LV ≤0.9 (880634μg/L,=-2.070,=0.038). There was a positive correlation between PAOI and RV/LV (=0.390,=0.001). Negative correlation was found in the PTE onset time with DD level (=-0.407,=0.000), but not with PAOI (=-0.140,=0.245). There was no significant difference in the DD level and PAOI between the elderly patients (>60 years old) and those younger (≤60 years old) (727.0792.5μg/L,=-0.180,=0.857; 14.84%20.97%,=-1.382,=0.167). After 3 months’ standard anticoagulant therapy, both DD level and PAOI were decreased in the cohort (=-6.976,=0.000;=-7.009,=0.000), and their decreases were correlated (=0.609,=0.000).DD level is positively correlated with CTPA clot burden and RV/LV respectively, and is helpful in illness assessment, management guidance and prognostic evaluation for the acute PTE patients. There is no significant difference in DD level and PAOI between the patients older and less than 60 years.

        D-dimer; pulmonary embolism; pulmonary artery obstruction index; computed tomographic pulmonary angiography

        (2011BAI11B17).

        R563.5

        A

        10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.12.206

        2015?09?21;

        2015?10?23

        國(guó)家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2011BAI11B17)

        季穎群, E-mail: jiyingqun@163.com

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