余梓逵,宋 穎,柳 林
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全視網(wǎng)膜光凝治療不同階段缺血型視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞的療效分析
余梓逵,宋 穎,柳 林*
(上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院眼科,上海 200127)
評價全視網(wǎng)膜光凝(PRP)治療對不同階段缺血型視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞(CRVO)的療效。2011年6月至2014年4月來上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院眼科門診通過視功能、裂隙燈、擴瞳眼底及眼底熒光血管造影(FFA)檢查診斷為缺血型CRVO的患者,根據(jù)激光治療時是否存在虹膜新生血管(INV)將患者分為無INV的A組(34眼)和已出現(xiàn)INV的B組(7眼)。所有患者均接受PRP治療,并根據(jù)病情變化和FFA的結(jié)果在隨訪中予補充光凝。隨訪6個月~3年,平均(19.3±8.5)個月,觀察PRP在減少和預防缺血型CRVO嚴重并發(fā)癥及光凝等方面的差異。A、B兩組患者在發(fā)病年齡上差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。經(jīng)PRP治療后,B組患者最終的激光次數(shù)和總光凝點數(shù)均顯著多于A組(<0.05);B組患者新生血管性青光眼(NVG)的發(fā)生率較高(<0.05),但兩組間的玻璃體出血(VH)的發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05);兩組患者在治療前后的視力差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。本研究提示缺血型CRVO患者在沒有出現(xiàn)INV之前進行PRP,最終嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率相對較低,所需光凝次數(shù)和點數(shù)均較少。
視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞,缺血型;全視網(wǎng)膜光凝;虹膜新生血管
視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)是一種嚴重損害>50歲人群視功能的眼底血管性疾病,缺血型患者如不能及時適當治療可造成嚴重的并發(fā)癥,如玻璃體出血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)、虹膜新生血管(iris neovascularization,INV)及新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)等,最終均可造成患眼失明。對于缺血型CRVO的基本治療,至今仍然是全視網(wǎng)膜光凝(panretinal photocoagulation,PRP)[1,2],但對于激光治療的時機尚有不同觀點。目前主要有兩種選擇,一是對缺血型CRVO患者進行預防性PRP,以減少失明風險;二是先對患者進行觀察,如發(fā)現(xiàn)虹膜出現(xiàn)新生血管,即做PRP[3]。本文擬對處于不同階段的缺血型CRVO進行PRP,分析其療效和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。
2011年6月至2014年4月來上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院眼科門診就診的CRVO患者,均做視力、裂隙燈、擴瞳眼底及眼底熒光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,F(xiàn)FA)檢查。缺血型CRVO的確定標準:FFA顯示視網(wǎng)膜無灌注區(qū)≥10個視盤面積者,或出現(xiàn)INV者。本組病例不包括已經(jīng)發(fā)生VH或因角膜水腫或瞳孔過小而無法進行光凝的CRVO患者。符合缺血型CRVO診斷標準的患者共41例41眼,其中無INV者34眼,有INV者7眼,基線視力HM/BE~0.6。
根據(jù)激光治療時是否存在INV將患者分為無INV的A組(34眼)和已出現(xiàn)INV的B組(7眼),后者包括開始屬于未定型、但在隨訪過程中出現(xiàn)了INV的CRVO患者。所有患者均接受PRP治療,本研究使用IRIS Oculight倍頻532激光器,在接觸式廣角激光鏡下做PRP,一般每周1次,3次完成,并根據(jù)病情變化及FFA的結(jié)果,如INV不消退或眼底仍存在片狀毛細血管無灌注區(qū),或視網(wǎng)膜、視盤上有新生血管,在隨訪中予補充光凝;如治療過程中發(fā)生VH或角膜混濁水腫無法繼續(xù)光凝,則治療暫?;蚪K止。激光參數(shù)選擇光凝反應Ⅱ級,光斑直徑200~300μm,點與點之間間隔半個到一個光斑直徑距離。隨訪6個月~3年,平均(19.3±8.5)個月。統(tǒng)計最終兩組患者的光凝次數(shù)、平均激光點數(shù)、VH的發(fā)生率、NVG的發(fā)生率和視功能等情況。
本研究的A、B兩組患者在發(fā)病年齡上差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[(62.4±12.8)(64.5±11.4)歲,>0.05]。
隨訪期內(nèi),A組患者激光治療3~5次,B組3~7次,B組的光凝次數(shù)和總光凝點數(shù)均較A組多(<0.05;表1)。
表1 兩組患者光凝次數(shù)和總光凝點數(shù)比較
Group A: without iris neovascularization; Group B: with iris neovascularization. Compared with group A,*<0.05
A組患者在隨訪期內(nèi)未有NVG的發(fā)生,而B組患者在入組時有1眼已經(jīng)存在NVG,經(jīng)激光治療后,仍有2眼以NVG告終,兩組患者在NVG發(fā)生率上差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05;表2)。
表2 兩組患者NVG發(fā)生率的比較
Group A: without iris neovascularization; Group B: with iris neovascularization; NVG: neovascular glaucoma; PRP: panretinal photocoagulation. Compared with group A,*<0.05
A組患者在治療過程中有4眼發(fā)生VH;B組患者在治療過程中無VH的發(fā)生,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計兩組間在VH發(fā)生率上差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表3)。
表3 兩組患者VH的發(fā)生率比較
Group A: without iris neovascularization; Group B: with iris neovascularization; VH: vitreous hemorrhage; PRP: panretinal photocoagulation
兩組患者在治療前后的視力差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),但B組患者最終有2眼無光感(表4)。
表4 兩組患者治療前后視力比較
Group A: without iris neovascularization; Group B: with iris neovascularization; HM/BE: hand motion before eye
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)是老年人常見的眼底血管性疾病,發(fā)病僅次于糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變。其中>90% CRVO患者發(fā)病年齡>50歲,男性略多于女性,其發(fā)病與高血壓、高血脂、高血糖及高血黏度等有較密切的關系[2,4]。CRVO根據(jù)其視功能及眼底缺血狀況可區(qū)分為非缺血型及缺血型,后者如不及時治療,發(fā)生VH及NVG的概率較高。盡管近年來出現(xiàn)了一些新的治療方法,如眼內(nèi)注射類固醇激素治療CRVO所引起的黃斑水腫[5,6],抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)藥物治療眼內(nèi)新生血管和減輕黃斑水腫[7?11],以及通過激光誘導形成視網(wǎng)膜脈絡膜靜脈吻合等方法[12],均取得了一定的療效,但對于缺血型CRVO來說,最根本的抑制新生血管形成的方法依然是PRP,而且治療費用相比眼內(nèi)注射抗VEGF等藥物要低廉得多;定期注射抗VEGF藥物,對減輕及吸收黃斑水腫具有肯定的效果,但不能完全阻止視網(wǎng)膜無灌注區(qū)的擴大[13,14]。PRP通過凝固高耗氧的視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細胞及光感受器,使得眼底的低氧缺血狀況得以緩解,減少視網(wǎng)膜無灌注區(qū),從而減少了眼內(nèi)VEGF的產(chǎn)生,最終抑制眼內(nèi)新生血管形成、促使已有的新生血管消退、減少VH等嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,如果缺血型CRVO不進行激光治療干預,最終約有60%的患眼將發(fā)生NVG,>20%患者發(fā)生眼底新生血管形成及VH[15]。
本組病例研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),如果在尚未出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的情況下,先行對缺血型CRVO患者(A組)行PRP,經(jīng)觀察最終沒有發(fā)生NVG及喪失視功能的病例;在34眼中,有4眼(11.8%)發(fā)生VH,較文獻[15]不進行光凝干預的VH的發(fā)生率降低近1倍。在出現(xiàn)INV后再治療的7眼中(B組),有5眼INV消失,最終沒有嚴重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,包括沒有發(fā)生VH,但有2眼INV雖經(jīng)多次光凝仍無法消退,最后以NVG告終,視功能喪失。就光凝次數(shù)和總PRP點數(shù)來說,A、B兩組之間差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義,B組患眼所接受的光凝次數(shù)和點數(shù)均多于A組。從最終視力來看,兩組患者在PRP治療后均無顯著改善,但B組有2眼因NVG最終喪失光感。
對于缺血型CRVO的激光治療時機,至今仍有不同觀點。CRVO研究組認為,即使對缺血型CRVO做預防性PRP,能降低INV的發(fā)生率,但不能完全阻止其產(chǎn)生;相反,在出現(xiàn)INV后立即做PRP,INV更易消退,所以建議對缺血型CRVO患者先觀察,待發(fā)現(xiàn)INV后再做PRP[3]。近來,有學者僅針對CRVO的缺血區(qū)進行早期預防光凝,既可減輕因為廣泛PRP導致的損傷,又起到減輕眼內(nèi)缺血的作用[16]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于缺血型CRVO患者,在沒有出現(xiàn)INV時就做PRP,最終發(fā)生NVG和視功能喪失的比例明顯減少。我們的結(jié)果傾向于做預防性光凝更好,可能原因:(1)發(fā)生INV的病例可能病程較長,沒有在出現(xiàn)INV后的第一時間就做PRP;(2)發(fā)生INV的病例本身可能眼底缺血狀況較重。由于我們發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床上存在INV的患者很多已經(jīng)喪失了激光治療的條件,所以B組患者數(shù)量偏少,可能對結(jié)果的判定產(chǎn)生一定的影響。但這也反過來說明等待INV出現(xiàn)后再行光凝有很大的風險和不確定性。因此,我們的結(jié)論是,就我國目前的國情來說,對缺血型CRVO患者做預防性PRP比較容易掌控,可以避免大部分患眼嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Efficiency of panretinal photocoagulation in treatment of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion at different stages
YU Zi-Kui, SONG Ying, LIU Lin*
(Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China)
To evaluate the therapeutic effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in the treatment of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) at different stages.From June 2011 to April 2014, all the patients with ischemic CRVO diagnosed in our department by visual function, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, funduscopy under dilated pupil and fluorescein angiography were recruited in this study. Before PRP, the cohort was divided into 2 groups according to the existence of iris neovascularization (INV), that is, group A (34 eyes without INV) and group B (7 eyes with INV). All patients receivedstandard PRP treatment in a period of 2 to 3 weeks, and the additional laser treatments were given during the follow-up period based on the results of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) or clinical manifestations. They were followed up for 6 months to 3 years [(19.3±8.5) months]. The incidence of severe complications and the times of laser treatment were observed and compared between the 2 groups.There was no statistical difference in the term of age of onset between the 2 groups (>0.05). When PRP finished, the times of laser treatment and the total number of laser spots needed were significantly greater in group B than those in group A (<0.05). The incidence of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) was obviously higher in group B (<0.05), but there was no statistical difference in vitreous hemorrhage (VH) between the 2 groups (>0.05). No significant difference was found in the visual acuity before and after treatment in both groups (>0.05).For ischemic CRVO, the incidence of severe complications is relatively low, and the times of laser treatment and the total number of laser spots are also less when PRP is performed before the occurrence of INV.
central retinal vein occlusion, ischemic; panretinal photocoagulation; iris neovascularization
R774.1
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671?5403.2015.01.003
2014?12?16;
2015?01?13
柳 林, E-mail: 18918358758@163.com