Vocational education was once looked down upon by people. Many parents of examinees of College Entrance Examinations prefer paying large sums of sponsorship and tuition fee， sending their children to an obscure university and getting a diploma to giving them vocational trainings. However， such opinion is changing rapidly. Vocational education is becoming popular and more and more parents are paying attention to vocational education， traditional academic education is subjected to the strong impact of vocational education.

在中國(guó)，職業(yè)教育曾經(jīng)一度被人帶著有色眼鏡來(lái)看待，很多高考生家長(zhǎng)寧肯花大把的贊助費(fèi)、高昂的學(xué)費(fèi)讓孩子去一個(gè)名不見(jiàn)經(jīng)傳的大學(xué)讀四年，拿回個(gè)畢業(yè)證書(shū)，也不愿意把孩子送去進(jìn)行職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，但現(xiàn)在，這種觀念正在改變。職業(yè)教育成了香餑餑，越來(lái)越多的家長(zhǎng)開(kāi)始重視起職業(yè)教育，傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)歷教育正在經(jīng)受職業(yè)教育的強(qiáng)大沖擊。

“People become unemployed after graduating from ordinary universities， they should go to vocational training schools!”， “IT trainings are not bad， people can study near their home， pay less money than going to universities， and turn out to have a good job.”

In some countries， vocational education is an important part of education， but not in the junior middle school stage， but the senior middle school stage. In many countries， enrollment of vocational education is part of the enrollment of senior middle school stage and makes up high proportion. Especially in Indonesia， Thailand， Korea and Israel， the proportion can be up to 40%. The proportion in Czech Republic and Australia is about 70%， that in Belgium， Germany， Italy， the Netherlands and Switzerland is 60%， and in France， Denmark and Finland is 50%. Viewed from an overall perspective， the development of vocational education is weaker than European and OECD countries.

German vocational education is very advance. Technicians are of very good skills. In this country more than half of the students choose vocational trainings as their educational direction. Meanwhile， ordinary senior middles and vocational schools can exchange students after they have studied for two years， i.e.， students with poor academic performance of ordinary senior high school can go to vocational school to acquire skills， while students with good academic performance of vocational schools can study in ordinary senior high school and prepare for entering university. What is more， many senior high school students with good academic performance are not hurry to enter famous university， they tend to go to vocational schools to acquire some skills， and then acquire theory in university， such students are more easily to have achievements.

“普通大學(xué)畢業(yè)也就是失業(yè)，去讀職業(yè)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校吧！”、“IT培訓(xùn)也不錯(cuò)，就在家門(mén)口上學(xué)，花的錢(qián)比上大學(xué)少，還能有份不錯(cuò)的工作。”與以往不同的是，現(xiàn)在很多家長(zhǎng)從實(shí)際出發(fā)，選擇送孩子接受職業(yè)教育。在一些國(guó)家，職業(yè)教育是教育的重要組成部分，但不是在初中階段而是在高中階段。職業(yè)教育招生作為高中階段招生的一部分，在很多國(guó)家都有相當(dāng)高的比例。其中在印度尼西亞、泰國(guó)、韓國(guó)和以色列該比例達(dá)到約40%左右。而相應(yīng)的該比例在捷克共和國(guó)和澳大利亞約為70%，比利時(shí)、德國(guó)、意大利、荷蘭、瑞士該比例為60%，法國(guó)、丹麥、芬蘭等國(guó)該比例為50%。從整體上看，亞洲地區(qū)的職業(yè)教育要比歐洲和OECD國(guó)家發(fā)展弱得多。

德國(guó)的職業(yè)教育非常先進(jìn)，技術(shù)工人水平很高。在這個(gè)國(guó)家半數(shù)以上的學(xué)生都選擇了職業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)作為自己的教育方向，同時(shí)普通高中與職業(yè)學(xué)校在學(xué)生入學(xué)兩年后，生源可以互動(dòng)，即普通高中成績(jī)差的學(xué)生可以轉(zhuǎn)入職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)技能，而職業(yè)學(xué)校成績(jī)好的學(xué)生可以進(jìn)入普通高中學(xué)習(xí)，為上大學(xué)做準(zhǔn)備。最難能可貴的是，很多成績(jī)好的高中畢業(yè)生并不急于進(jìn)名牌大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，而是先進(jìn)職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)一門(mén)技術(shù)，然后再去大學(xué)學(xué)理論，這樣的學(xué)生以后更容易做出成就。

In contrast， in China， many junior high school students choose to go to senior high schools after graduation， and they only go to vocational schools when they are not enrolled by senior high schools. In addition， not many people go to vocational schools， because many children of rural areas tend to go to work directly after they graduate from junior high school without standard vocational trainings. At present， there are interactions between the vocational education， mechanic colleges and universities education and higher education. However， it is difficult for senior high schools and vocational schools to exchange students. It is almost impossible for students of vocational schools to go to senior high schools， and few senior high school students choose to go to vocational schools.

Besides in abroad， it is a common practice that the salary of a senior skilled worker is higher than that of a senior engineer. However， it is impossible in China at present， in that senior engineers usually have had university education or rich working experience. They are very qualified and get the title after being accessed in many aspects， their skills are higher， and therefore their salaries are higher.

相比較而言，在中國(guó)，大多數(shù)的學(xué)生初中畢業(yè)后的首選是上高中，上不了高中才選擇職業(yè)學(xué)校，而且上職業(yè)學(xué)校的人數(shù)不多，許多農(nóng)村的孩子初中畢業(yè)后就直接去打工，根本沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)正規(guī)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。目前中國(guó)職業(yè)、技工院校教育與高等教育之間已有了互通。但是高中與職業(yè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生很難進(jìn)行生源互動(dòng)，職業(yè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生幾乎不可能進(jìn)高中學(xué)習(xí)，也很少有高中生選擇上職業(yè)學(xué)校的。

除中國(guó)之外，一個(gè)通行的規(guī)律是：一個(gè)高級(jí)技工的工資要高于一名高級(jí)工程師。而在國(guó)內(nèi)，目前是不可能的。高級(jí)工程師一般都受過(guò)大學(xué)教育或工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，非常有資歷，經(jīng)過(guò)各項(xiàng)評(píng)估才獲得的職稱(chēng)，水平較高，待遇自然也高。

Since at present the skills of technicians who come from ordinary vocational education is limited， and most of them take up ordinary primary work of skills without any development in technology innovation and high-difficulty technology， so their salaries are not high. Their salaries can be even lower compared with some administrative staff.

Though the current situation of vocational education in China is turning good， there are many places that need improvement. Most of the popularity of vocational education is owing to utilitarian and practical causes. Compared with foreign vocational education， the largest difference is that the purposes of students are different. In abroad， since there is no pressure of employment， students often go to vocational trainings schools out of their passion for a certain career， or their interest in handling some equipment. Parents usually encourage their students to do what they like， because it is easier to have achievements; however， in China， due to pressure of employment， people who ask their children to choose vocational education just want them to master a skill， and find jobs easily. Some do not even have relationship with personal interests， but is a way of making a living. Therefore， most of the graduates of vocational schools in China are operation staff rather than innovators.

由于中國(guó)目前普通職業(yè)教育培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的技術(shù)人員水平有限，大部分從事著普通的初級(jí)技術(shù)工作，而并沒(méi)有在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、高難度技術(shù)方面有所發(fā)展，所以待遇并不高。與一些行政人員相比，待遇相同甚至還要低些。

盡管現(xiàn)在中國(guó)的職業(yè)教育現(xiàn)狀有了好轉(zhuǎn)，但由于起步晚，的確存在很多需要改進(jìn)的地方。職業(yè)教育在中國(guó)變得火熱帶有很大部分功利性、實(shí)際的原因。與國(guó)外職業(yè)教育相比，最主要的區(qū)別是學(xué)生上學(xué)的目的不一樣。在國(guó)外，由于沒(méi)有就業(yè)的壓力，孩子上職業(yè)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校是因?yàn)橄矚g從事某個(gè)行業(yè)，或喜歡動(dòng)手操作某些儀器，家長(zhǎng)也鼓勵(lì)孩子做自己喜歡的事，做喜歡的事情容易出成績(jī)；而在國(guó)內(nèi)，由于就業(yè)的壓力，老百姓讓孩子選擇職業(yè)教育的目的純粹是為了掌握一門(mén)技能，為了好就業(yè)，有的甚至與個(gè)人興趣沒(méi)有太大的關(guān)系，只是一個(gè)生存的飯碗而已。由此，中國(guó)培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的大部分是操作工人，而不是創(chuàng)新者。