劉 燁,王耀彬,陳天金,溫友信,韓向東,陳艷瓊,楊 立
應(yīng)用CTA對無癥狀非糖尿病高危人群冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的研究
劉 燁1,王耀彬1,陳天金1,溫友信1,韓向東1,陳艷瓊1,楊 立2
目的 應(yīng)用冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像技術(shù)(computed tomography angiography,CTA)確定有高危因素,且非糖尿病無冠心病癥狀者冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(coronary atherosclerotic, CA)發(fā)生率,評價(jià)其與高危因素的相關(guān)性。方法 在非糖尿病無冠心病癥狀健康查體的人群中,收集有高危因素(性別、年齡、高血壓、高脂血癥)者并將其分為單項(xiàng)高危因素組、2項(xiàng)及以上高危因素組。統(tǒng)計(jì)有高危因素者冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生率。結(jié)果 單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡和性別對CA的發(fā)生率有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(χ2=4.6,P=0.0032,χ2=6.5,P=0.0108)。高危因素logistic回歸分析得出,年齡與CA的發(fā)生率有相關(guān)性(OR=1.77,CI=1.19~2.66)。高危因素組間比較,多項(xiàng)高危因素CA的發(fā)生率有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(χ2=4.44,P=0.035)。結(jié)論 在非糖尿病無癥狀人群中,CTA能夠在一次掃描提供冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊的重要信息,性別、年齡可能對發(fā)生CA病變帶來更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),作為一項(xiàng)無創(chuàng)性的檢查,CTA在CA的診斷中發(fā)揮重要作用。
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;CT血管成像;危險(xiǎn)因素
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(coronary atherosclerotic, CA)性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個(gè)漫長的過程,無癥狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化常在首次發(fā)病就有致死、致殘的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在癥狀出現(xiàn)前的早期病理階段有效控制致病因素,將延緩或阻止無癥狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)展成臨床心血管疾病。對CA的早期診斷,即尚未引起心肌缺血的臨床診斷,無論對于預(yù)防冠心病臨床事件,還是在高危人群中早期預(yù)防性干預(yù)治療,都有重要意義。目前,對我國非糖尿病無癥狀高危因素人群的CA患者了解甚少。本研究采用雙源螺旋CT血管成像方法(computed tomography angiography,CTA),了解有高危因素且非糖尿病無冠心病癥狀者冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生情況,并評價(jià)其與高危因素的相關(guān)性。
1.1 對象 選擇2007-01至2010-04于解放軍總醫(yī)院特需住院部查體的40~59歲的非糖尿病無冠心病癥狀行心臟冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA檢查的患者,將年齡≥50歲視為具有年齡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素;高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為收縮壓≥140 mmHg和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg,已服用降壓藥或已診斷高血壓病史;高脂血癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)≥5.2 mmol/L和(或)三酰甘油(triglyceride, TG)≥1.7 mmol/L,已服用降脂藥或已診斷高脂血癥病史[1]。按風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,分別分為單項(xiàng)因素組與多項(xiàng)因素組。臨床數(shù)據(jù)可用者,均記錄血壓、血脂。受檢者均為自愿并簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)繼發(fā)性高血壓;(2)患有可能導(dǎo)致血脂異常的疾患:如糖尿病、慢性腎病、胰腺炎,以及其他慢性疾患;(3)不接受/耐受MDCT、CAG檢查者,如碘過敏、心律不齊、β受體阻滯藥禁忌證等;(4)受試者自愿中斷試驗(yàn)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 儀器設(shè)備及掃描方法 采用SIEMENS SOMATOM Definition雙源CT掃描機(jī),掃描參數(shù):管電壓120 kV,管電流380~400 mA,層厚為0.6 mm,螺距0.2~0.4。掃描前舌下噴硝酸甘油氣霧劑約1 mg。常規(guī)行鈣化積分掃描,范圍自氣管隆突下1 cm處至膈面下2 cm。掃描前采用觸發(fā)團(tuán)注模式,興趣區(qū)設(shè)在主動(dòng)脈根部平面,觸發(fā)閾值為100 Hu;對比劑選用碘普羅胺(370 mg/ml),注射總量70~85 ml,注射速率4.5~5.5 ml/s,隨后以5 ml/s注射50 ml生理鹽水。受檢者掃描時(shí)須屏氣8~12 s。原始數(shù)據(jù)重組成多時(shí)相橫軸位影像,傳輸至“Syngo aquisition workplace”工作站,采用容積再現(xiàn)(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR) 進(jìn)行后處理。如患者心率波動(dòng)≤5次/min,采用機(jī)器自動(dòng)設(shè)置的螺距進(jìn)行掃描;患者心率波動(dòng)6~10次/min,則以(患者最低心率~10次/min)為基準(zhǔn)選用相應(yīng)的螺距進(jìn)行掃描;患者心率波動(dòng)>10次/min,則以(患者最低心率~20次/min)為基準(zhǔn)選用相應(yīng)的螺距進(jìn)行掃描。
1.2.2 圖像分析 在完成冠狀動(dòng)脈血管重建后,由2名具有5年以上心血管影像診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射科醫(yī)師對圖像進(jìn)行分析,分析圖像質(zhì)量并判斷有無動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有無及程度。圖像分析分別按以下3個(gè)層面為計(jì)數(shù)單位,即受試者個(gè)體三主支,即右冠狀動(dòng)脈、左冠狀動(dòng)脈(包括左主干)和回旋支;根據(jù)AHA節(jié)段改良的10段分法[2]。冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的判斷,兩個(gè)觀察者如意見不同則協(xié)商后統(tǒng)一或征求第3位專家。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件STATA 13.0,采用頻數(shù)(百分比)描述不同人群CA發(fā)生情況,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以是否發(fā)現(xiàn)CA作為應(yīng)變量,年齡、性別、高血壓等高危因素作為自變量,采用逐步回歸法進(jìn)行多重logistic回歸分析(以作為顯著性水準(zhǔn)),考察無癥狀人群中冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化與高危因素的關(guān)系。按性別分層分析,將年齡、高血壓、高脂血癥高危因素組合,比較含1個(gè)或≥2個(gè)高危因素人群組間發(fā)生率的差異。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者427例,有CA者266例,發(fā)生率為62.3%,沒有CA者161例。單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡和性別對CA的發(fā)生率有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,高血壓及高血脂無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(表1)。高危因素logistic回歸分析得出,年齡與CA的發(fā)生率有相關(guān)性(表2)。含有單項(xiàng)高危因素的共有275例,其中檢出CA157例,發(fā)生率57.09%;含有多項(xiàng)高危因素的共計(jì)162例,檢出CA109例,發(fā)生率67.28%;多項(xiàng)高危因素CA發(fā)生率較單項(xiàng)高危因素高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.4469,P=0.035)。
表1 無癥狀非糖尿病人群中CA與性別、年齡及高危因素的相關(guān)性 (n;%)
表2 無癥狀非糖尿病人群中CA高危因素logistic回歸分析
隨著64排以上MDCT(multi-detector computed tomography)廣泛應(yīng)用于冠狀動(dòng)脈成像,其在評價(jià)管腔狹窄、發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊、判斷斑塊性質(zhì)方面的能力逐步得以肯定。根據(jù)對28項(xiàng)CTA與傳統(tǒng)血管造影對照研究的薈萃分析[3]得出,CTA診斷CA的敏感度達(dá)99%,特異度為89%,陽性預(yù)測值93%,陰性預(yù)測值100%,具有極高的準(zhǔn)確性。
最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明,CTA為那些超過臨床危險(xiǎn)因素基線、且已知或可疑冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)的患者提供了獨(dú)立的預(yù)后信息[4-7]。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果,本組人群中CTA發(fā)現(xiàn)CA者占總?cè)藬?shù)62.3%。在以往采用CTA對無癥狀人群的研究中,粥樣硬化的檢出率為22%~71%[8-11]。各研究之間數(shù)據(jù)變異程度較大,這可能是由于抽樣誤差以及受檢人群人種、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素暴露情況、抽樣方式等差異造成的。盡管本研究所有受檢者并非來自社區(qū)人群,但在除外糖尿病人群后,CA的比例依然較大,提示臨床不應(yīng)放松對無癥狀人群的關(guān)注,并應(yīng)對CA早期診斷給予足夠的重視。在相同的年齡及相同數(shù)量的危險(xiǎn)因素情況下,男性比女性多4倍出現(xiàn)CAD。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能是因?yàn)樵谶@一年齡組[平均(54+7)歲]的女性有這種疾病的概率比男性低。在男性幾乎有1/6的冠脈事件是出現(xiàn)在55歲之前。在至少有3個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的女性,到55歲以后絕對冠脈危險(xiǎn)僅超過10%[12]。
一系列環(huán)境、基因及內(nèi)生性因素都對早期冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生作用,而其中性別、年齡、高血壓、高血脂及吸煙被公認(rèn)為是冠心病的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[13]。本研究中,各風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素組CT發(fā)現(xiàn)粥樣硬化比例分別為男性65.73%、年齡高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)66.41%、高血壓59.13%、高血脂59.91%。在單因素分析中,年齡和性別對CA的發(fā)生率較高,高血壓及高血脂無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。而多因素分析中,多項(xiàng)高危因素CA的發(fā)生率與單項(xiàng)高危因素CA的發(fā)生率有顯著性差異。高危因素logistic回歸分析得出,性別年齡與CA的發(fā)生率有相關(guān)性。這可能反映出各風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素在無癥狀非糖尿病人群中冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化各發(fā)展階段的作用程度不同,性別、年齡可能對發(fā)生CTA可識別CA病變帶來更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。雖然在本次研究中,高血壓和高脂血癥對CA的發(fā)生沒有顯著差異,但仍不能掉以輕心。
本研究與Framingham等[14]的研究有較好的相關(guān)性,均表明CA危險(xiǎn)性的增加與危險(xiǎn)因素聚集性程度呈階梯式上升。然而,臨床冠狀動(dòng)脈CT用于篩查軍隊(duì)人員的試驗(yàn)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),單一的陽性結(jié)果不是改變并降低冠狀動(dòng)脈危險(xiǎn)因素的積極有效的力量[15]。篩查的主要目的是確定患者,并可能通過藥物治療或心肌血管重建術(shù)改善患者的預(yù)后。
在無癥狀非糖尿病人群,CTA能夠在一次掃描提供CA的重要信息,性別、年齡可能對發(fā)生CTA可識別的CA病變帶來更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn),作為一項(xiàng)無創(chuàng)性的檢查,CTA在CA的診斷中發(fā)揮重要作用。
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(2015-06-12收稿 2015-10-20修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 武建虎)
A study of computed tomography angiography (CTA) on coronary atherosclerosis in risk factors asymptomatic population
LIU Ye1, WANG Yaobin1, CHEN Tianjin1, WEN Youxin1, HAN Xiangdong1, CHEN Yanqiong1,and YANG Li2.
1. Radiology Department, 2nd Hospital of Beijing Municipal Corps, Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Beijing 100037, China; 2. Radiology Department, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
Objective To make use of coronary CTA to determine the incidence rate of coronary atherosclerosis for non-diabetic asymptomatic people who have risk factors and evaluate its correlation with risk factors. Methods We recruited non-diabetic asymptomatic people who had high-risk factors (sex, age, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia) and divided them into single high-risk factor group and multiple high-risk factors group. Statistics was conducted on the incidence rate of disease for people who had high-risk factors in coronary atherosclerosis. Results Single risk factor grouping analysis showed that gender and age had significant difference in the incidence of CA(χ2=4.6,P=0.0032,χ2=6.5,P=0.0108) . For risk factors between groups, the incidence of multiple risk factors CA had significant difference (χ2=4.6,P=0.0032,χ2=6.5,P=0.0108). Logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors correlated with age and incidence of CA (OR=1.77,CI=1.19-2.66). Conclusions In asymptomatic non-diabetic population, CTA provides important information about coronary plaque in one scan, gender and age may have a greater risk of CA disease. As a non - invasive examination, CTA plays an important role in the diagnosis of CA.
coronary atherosclerosis; CTA; risk factors
劉 燁,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail: Minnie_lmm@sina.com
1.100037,武警北京總隊(duì)第二醫(yī)院放射科;2.100853 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院放射科
楊 立,E-mail:yangli301@yahoo.com
R543