by Evan Andrews

翻譯：思葦

People / 人物

被逐出校園的四個歷史人物

Four Historical Figures Who Were Kicked Out of School

by Evan Andrews

翻譯：思葦

薩爾瓦多·達利Salvador Dalí

教育或許是取得成功的關(guān)鍵之一，不過讓不守規(guī)矩的學生聊感安慰的是，事實上，有些在歷史上極具影響力的人物在其少年時代也曾經(jīng)被逐出校園。大多數(shù)人被開除是因為惡作劇或者其他年少輕狂的舉動，但也有一部分人——他們被趕出學校的原因正是他們后來賴以成名的品性德行。從薩爾瓦多·達利到埃德加·愛倫·坡，一起來了解一下這四位曾被學校開除的歷史人物吧。

In 1922, future Surrealist icon Salvador Dalí entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid. Dalí had only applied[申請]to the school after being encouraged by his father, and from the beginning, he was none too impressed with its faculty[全體教員]. “I immediately understood that those old professors covered with honors and decorations[獎章]could teach me nothing,” he later wrote. While he became known for his bold[大膽的]painting style, Dalí was suspended[使停學]from the Academy in 1923 for leading a student protest[抗議]against the faculty selection process[過程，步驟]. He returned to San Fernando the following year, only to be expelled for good[永久地]in 1926 after he said that none of his professors were skilled enough to grade his work. Later, Dalí entered the Paris art world, grew his unique[獨特的]upturned[朝上的]moustache and began working together with members of the Surrealist movement. By 1931, hehad worked on two flms and completed The Persistence of Memory, his most well known painting.

1922年，未來的超現(xiàn)實主義代表人物——薩爾瓦多·達利入讀位于（西班牙）馬德里市的皇家圣費爾南多美術(shù)學院。達利是在父親的鼓勵下才去報讀這所學校的，他從一開始就對這里的師資力量完全不感興趣。“我馬上就明白了，這些從頭到腳都是各種頭銜和獎章的老教授根本不會讓我學到東西，”他后來這樣寫道。盡管他以大膽的繪畫風格備受贊譽，但由于帶領學生抗議教師選舉程序問題，達利在1923年被趕出校門。他在第二年回到圣費爾南多復課，但在他表示沒有一位教授有水平評價自己的作品后，他于1926年被永久開除出校。后來，達利進軍巴黎藝術(shù)界，留起了獨特的上翹小胡子，并開始與超現(xiàn)實主義運動的成員合作。到了1931年，他已經(jīng)參與過兩部電影的制作，還完成了其生平最有名的作品——《記憶的永恒》。

超現(xiàn)實主義

超現(xiàn)實主義是在法國開始的文學藝術(shù)流派，源于達達主義，于1920年至1930年間盛行于歐洲文學及藝術(shù)界，對視覺藝術(shù)的影響力深遠。它的主要特征，是以所謂“超現(xiàn)實”、“超理智”的夢境、幻覺等作為藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的源泉，認為只有這種超越現(xiàn)實的“無意識”世界才能擺脫一切束縛，最真實地顯示客觀事實的真面目。超現(xiàn)實主義常被稱為超現(xiàn)實主義運動，或簡稱為超現(xiàn)實。

In 1830, future literary[文學上的]legend Edgar Allan Poe resigned[辭職]a post in the U.S. Army to attend the United States Military[軍事的]Academy at West Point. Poe had previously[先前]left the University of Virginia after drinking and gambling[賭博]his way into a mountain of debt, and it appears that his time at the Point was just as bad. He endured[忍耐]the school’s strict military discipline[紀律]and thrived[茁壯成長]in his studies, but following a fight with his foster father, John Allan, he decided to try and get himself kicked out. He stopped attending classes, and passed his time at a local watering hole[賣酒處]. In total, Poe collected more than 200 offenses[過錯；犯罪]and demerits[過失]on his way to being dismissed from West Point in January 1831. Before leaving, the 22-year-old convinced[說服]several of his classmates to donate[捐贈]money to fund the printing costs for his third book of poems, simply titled Poems.

1830年，未來的文學奇人埃德加·愛倫·坡辭去他在美軍的職務，入讀美國西點軍校。早年的坡在（美國）弗吉尼亞大學念書時由于酗酒問題以及賭博欠下了一屁股債務而離開，現(xiàn)在看來他在西點期間的表現(xiàn)也一樣糟糕。他能夠遵守這里嚴格的軍紀，學習成績很好，但是在與養(yǎng)父約翰·愛倫鬧翻以后，坡決定故意滋事，好讓自己被開除。他不再去上課，在當?shù)匾粋€酒吧里消磨時日。坡在此期間總共犯下了兩百多次違紀過失，在1831年1月被西點軍校開除。離校之前，這個年僅22歲的年輕人成功說服幾個同班同學給他捐錢，為自己的第三本詩歌集湊到了出版費用——這本書被很簡單地命名為《詩集》。

埃德加·愛倫·坡Edgar Allan Poe

注：AWOL或awol是absent without leave的縮寫，即擅離職守的、沒有請假便缺席的。

馬龍·白蘭度Marlon Brando

One of actor Marlon Brando’s most famous flm roles came in 1953’s The Wild One, where he played the leader of a rebel[叛逆者]motorcycle gang. The biker character may have been pretty easy for Brando, a troublemaker who supposedly[據(jù)推測]once rode a motorcycle through the halls of his high school in Libertyville, Illinois. “I was forever being sent to the principal’s[校長]office to be disciplined[懲罰],” Brando later wrote of his high school days. Thanks to poor grades and plenty of bad behavior, ranging from[從……到……]throwing firecrackers to writing a class essay[短文]on a roll of toilet paper, Brando was eventually[最后]expelled from Libertyville High in 1941. He then transferred[轉(zhuǎn)移]to Shattuck Military Academy in Minnesota, where he continued to show no respect for authority[權(quán)威]. In 1943, Brando was put on probation[察看]and confined[限制]to campus for talking back to an officer during a drill[軍事訓練]. When he ignored[無視]the order and headed out for a day on the town, he was charged with being AWOL注and dismissed. Having been expelled from two different schools, Brando moved to New York and started acting. He made his Broadway debut[初次登場]only one year later.

演員馬龍·白蘭度其中一個最有名的銀幕角色出自1953年的《飛車黨》，他在里面飾演一個叛逆機車團伙的老大。對白蘭度來說，這個飛車族角色也許并不是什么難事——據(jù)說這個搗蛋鬼有一次還騎著摩托車從他那位于（美國）伊利諾伊州利伯蒂維爾的高中走廊上飛馳而過。“我老是被打發(fā)去校長辦公室挨訓，”白蘭度后來記述自己的高中生涯時這樣寫道。由于成績太差以及一連串不良行為——從亂丟鞭炮到將作文寫在一卷廁紙上等等，白蘭度最終在1941年被利伯蒂維爾高中開除。他隨后轉(zhuǎn)學到明尼蘇達州的沙特克軍事學院，在那兒繼續(xù)藐視權(quán)威。1943年，由于在一次訓練中對教官頂嘴，白蘭度被罰留校觀察。他無視命令跑到鎮(zhèn)上玩了一天，因而被指控擅離職守（AWOL），最后被開除出校。被兩所學校拒之門外的白蘭度搬到了紐約，開始他的演藝事業(yè)。僅僅一年之后，他就在百老匯首次登臺亮相。

貝尼托·墨索里尼Benito Mussolini

During his school days in the 1880s and 90s, Italian Fascist dictator[獨裁者]Benito Mussolini had a bad reputation[名聲]for bullying, stealing and general defiance[蔑視]toward his teachers. “More than once I came back home with my head bleeding from a blow with a stone,” he later wrote of his many fghts, “but I knew how to defend[防衛(wèi)]myself.” When he was nine, Mussolini’s parents sent him to a strict Catholic boarding school in the hope that the priests could smooth off his rough edges. The boy didn’t take to[喜歡]church discipline, however, and in 1893 he was expelled after he stabbed a fellow student in the hand with a knife and threw an inkpot at a priest who tried to discipline him. Mussolini was sent to another boarding school, where he was nearly expelled a second time for yet another stabbing. Despite seemingly not caring about school, Mussolini later got a teaching certifcation[證明書]and occasionally worked as an educator. Perhaps not surprisingly, the future dictator was known for his sternness[嚴厲], and was nicknamed “the tyrant[暴君]” by his students.

十九世紀八九十年代，意大利法西斯獨裁者貝尼托·墨索里尼當時還是一名學生，以欺負同學、偷雞摸狗和對師長的公然蔑視而臭名昭著。“我不止一次回到家時都是被石頭砸了一臉血，”他后來對自己的多次打架這樣描述道，“不過我懂得如何自衛(wèi)?！本艢q那年，墨索里尼的父母將他送去一所要求嚴格的天主教寄宿學校，希望牧師們能夠磨平他那粗暴的棱角。然而，這個男孩壓根就不喜歡教會的規(guī)條。1893年，他用小刀捅傷了同學的手，還將墨水瓶扔到試圖管教他的牧師身上，因而被逐出校園。墨索里尼隨后被送到另一所寄宿學校，差點因為又一起捅人事件而被再次開除。盡管他看起來對學校毫無興趣，但墨索里尼后來取得了教師資格證，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地從事著教育者的工作。也許不會讓人意外的是，這位未來的獨裁者以嚴厲著稱，學生們還給他起了“暴君”這個花名。

語法小提示

關(guān)于“開除”的表達

既然本文講的是被逐出校園，那么就來看看哪些詞可以表達“開除、解雇”這個意思吧。同學們可以先試著在文中找出表達這個意思的單詞或詞組，再對照下文，看看有沒有找漏哦。

1) kick sb. out (of) 是非正式用法，意指“開除，攆走”，特別指用比較暴力極端的方式。如：He was kicked out of college for cheating.(他因為作弊而被學校開除。)

2) expel [Ik′spel] (過去式和過去分詞均為expelled) 經(jīng)常和from連用，表示“把……(從學校、俱樂部等) 開除”，一般是因為嚴重違反了規(guī)定。如：If I catch you smoking in the school grounds again, you’ll be expelled.(如果再讓我撞見你在學校操場上抽煙，你非被開除不可。)Expel也有“趕走；驅(qū)逐(尤指逐出一個國家)”的意思。如：After the outbreak of fighting, all foreign journalists were expelled. (戰(zhàn)斗開始后，所有外國記者都被驅(qū)逐出境。)

3) dismiss [dIs′mIs]是比較正式的用法，和from連用表示“解雇，開除，免職”之意。如：If you are late again, you’ll be dismissed from your job.(如果你再遲到，就將被解雇。)

以上三個例子都可以在文中找到，我們再來看看短語get the boot ，大家知道它是什么意思嗎？沒錯，也是解雇的意思。解雇和boot(靴子)有什么關(guān)系呢？原來，俚語the boot就是“解雇，革職”的意思，記住boot用單數(shù)而不是復數(shù)哦。所以你可以說“They gave her the boot.”或者“She got the boot.”(她被開除了。)